首先,本文的题目就值得玩味一番,它与两个原因修辞格有涉:英语有谚语云live and learn(活到老学不了),作者将live改成了love,新意溢出,这是运用了Parody(仿拟)辞格,另外,它又运用了Alliteration(头韵)。 数十年来,研究人员猜度: animals...首先,本文的题目就值得玩味一番,它与两个原因修辞格有涉:英语有谚语云live and learn(活到老学不了),作者将live改成了love,新意溢出,这是运用了Parody(仿拟)辞格,另外,它又运用了Alliteration(头韵)。 数十年来,研究人员猜度: animals that could associate food,mates or rivals with external “clues”might havemore reproductive success.(能够将食物、配偶或“情敌”与外界的信息联系起来的动物就具有更多的繁殖成功的机会。) 最终,通过一项有趣的实验,这种“猜度”得到了证实: Hollis trained seven male fish to expect a mating opportunity by turning on a lightjust before exposing them to a female. After 18 days,the males conditioned to react to the light seemed less aggressiveand mated more quickly and more frequently. 更令人惊奇的是: their spawn(卵)she found that they produced 40 times as many young as thecontrol group. 文章过半,我们才知,标题上的Learn原来指:Fish can learn to anticipate sex.这样,本文的标题似可译:爱与学会求爱。 本文的结尾出现:Hollis also suspects that learning to anticipate events may have…展开更多
Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) is a growth factor found in many body tissues including the heart, intestines, skin, nervous system and in skeletal muscles including muscle spindles (Murase et al., 1994). NT3 is required for the...Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) is a growth factor found in many body tissues including the heart, intestines, skin, nervous system and in skeletal muscles including muscle spindles (Murase et al., 1994). NT3 is required for the survival, correct connectivity and function of sensory (“proprioceptive”) afferents that innervate muscle spindles;these neurons express receptors for NT3 including tropomyocin receptor kinase C. These proprioceptive afferents are important for normal movement (Boyce and Mendell, 2014) and signals from muscle spindles are important for recovery of limb movement (e.g., after spinal cord lateral hemisection)(Takeoka et al., 2014). The level of NT3 declines in most tissues during postnatal development;its level is low in adult and elderly humans and other mammals (Murase et al., 1994). Elevation of NT3 has been shown to improve outcome in various animal models of neurological disease and injury. For example, many groups have shown that delivery of NT3 directly into the central nervous system promotes recovery after spinal cord injury but this often involved invasive routes or gene therapy (Boyce and Mendell, 2014;Petrosyan et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2018).展开更多
T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of later...T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Fran<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ç</span>ais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR))</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span></span><span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial (<img src="Edit_9d1c29ae-1a5f-434a-9fe3-00ef5aeb5d24.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and radial (<img src="Edit_42548459-8f50-4ea1-832d-25e9cfdad034.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soil</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+ 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (</span></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">γ</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dopm</span></sub></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 2 mm), motor (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.5 mm) and fines content (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.063 mm) obtained after (LRT). Materials with a high percent of fines (>20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">And </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the resilient modulus increases about 225</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable to predict</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the volumetric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(<img src="Edit_1a36888c-cad0-4f1c-9c68-b5da0ddc323f.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and deviatoric strain (<img src="Edit_993added-0ec4-49db-ae12-3e540fa49f9c.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with stress path (Δ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Δ</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the lateritic soils. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The predicted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the bulk stress (<img src="Edit_ab550c56-8bab-4806-9ec7-fab794d785eb.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.</span></span></span></span></span>展开更多
文摘首先,本文的题目就值得玩味一番,它与两个原因修辞格有涉:英语有谚语云live and learn(活到老学不了),作者将live改成了love,新意溢出,这是运用了Parody(仿拟)辞格,另外,它又运用了Alliteration(头韵)。 数十年来,研究人员猜度: animals that could associate food,mates or rivals with external “clues”might havemore reproductive success.(能够将食物、配偶或“情敌”与外界的信息联系起来的动物就具有更多的繁殖成功的机会。) 最终,通过一项有趣的实验,这种“猜度”得到了证实: Hollis trained seven male fish to expect a mating opportunity by turning on a lightjust before exposing them to a female. After 18 days,the males conditioned to react to the light seemed less aggressiveand mated more quickly and more frequently. 更令人惊奇的是: their spawn(卵)she found that they produced 40 times as many young as thecontrol group. 文章过半,我们才知,标题上的Learn原来指:Fish can learn to anticipate sex.这样,本文的标题似可译:爱与学会求爱。 本文的结尾出现:Hollis also suspects that learning to anticipate events may have…
基金funded by the Brain Research Trust,the Rosetrees Trust and the International Spinal Research Trusta grant from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme(FP/2007-2013)+5 种基金ERC Grant Agreement n.309731by a Research Councils UK Academic Fellowshipby the Medical Research Council(MRC)and the British Pharmacological Society(BPS)’s Integrative Pharmacology Fundsupported by the Dowager Countess Eleanor Peel Trusta Capacity Building Award in Integrative Mammalian Biology funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council,BPSHigher Education Funding Council for England,Knowledge Transfer Partnerships,MRC and Scottish Funding Council
文摘Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) is a growth factor found in many body tissues including the heart, intestines, skin, nervous system and in skeletal muscles including muscle spindles (Murase et al., 1994). NT3 is required for the survival, correct connectivity and function of sensory (“proprioceptive”) afferents that innervate muscle spindles;these neurons express receptors for NT3 including tropomyocin receptor kinase C. These proprioceptive afferents are important for normal movement (Boyce and Mendell, 2014) and signals from muscle spindles are important for recovery of limb movement (e.g., after spinal cord lateral hemisection)(Takeoka et al., 2014). The level of NT3 declines in most tissues during postnatal development;its level is low in adult and elderly humans and other mammals (Murase et al., 1994). Elevation of NT3 has been shown to improve outcome in various animal models of neurological disease and injury. For example, many groups have shown that delivery of NT3 directly into the central nervous system promotes recovery after spinal cord injury but this often involved invasive routes or gene therapy (Boyce and Mendell, 2014;Petrosyan et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2018).
文摘T<span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">his research was carried out to determine the rheological parameters of lateritic soils in order to contribute to the improvement of the technical documents used for pavement design in tropical Africa. The study is based on the loading repeated of cyclic triaxial tests (LRT) performed at </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">University Gustave Eiffel (formerly Institut Fran<span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ç</span>ais des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR))</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span></span></span></span><span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in Nantes with the application of the European standard EN 13286-7: 2004</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> [<a href="#ref1">1</a>]</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The tests were performed at constant confinement stress and using the stepwise method to determine the resilient axial (<img src="Edit_9d1c29ae-1a5f-434a-9fe3-00ef5aeb5d24.png" alt="" /></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and radial (<img src="Edit_42548459-8f50-4ea1-832d-25e9cfdad034.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) deformation as a function of the axial and radial stresses. Four gravel lateritic soil</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> from different sites selected in Burkina Faso and Senegal were the subject of this research for the triaxial tests. These materials have a maximum diameter of 20 mm and a percentage of fines less than 20%. The LRT tests were carried out on samples compacted at three moisture contents (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 2%, </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">w</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">opm</span></sub> </i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">+ 2%) and at 95% and 100% of optimal dry density (</span></span></span></span><span><span><i><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">γ</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">dopm</span></sub></span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). Test results showed that the characteristic resilient Young’s modulus (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">c</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of gravelly laterites soils depends on the compacted water content and the variation of the grains size distribution (sand (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 2 mm), motor (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.5 mm) and fines content (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial;white-space:normal;background-color:#FFFFFF;">ø</span></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.063 mm) obtained after (LRT). Materials with a high percent of fines (>20%), mortar and sand (Sindia and Lam-Lam) are more sensitive to variations in water content. The presence of water combined with the excess of fines leads to a decrease in modulus around 25% for Lam-Lam and 20.2% for Sindia. Materials containing a low percent of fines, mortar and sand (Badnogo and Dedougou) behave differently. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">And </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the resilient modulus increases about 225</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">67% for Badnogo and 312.24% for Dedougou with the rise of the water content for approximately unchanged the percentage of fines, mortar and sand. Granularity therefore has an indirect influence on the resilient modulus of the lateritic soils by controlling the effects of water on the entire system. </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results of statistical analysis and coefficients of correlation (0.659 to 0.865) showed that the anisotropic Boyce’s model </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable to predict</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the volumetric </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(<img src="Edit_1a36888c-cad0-4f1c-9c68-b5da0ddc323f.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and deviatoric strain (<img src="Edit_993added-0ec4-49db-ae12-3e540fa49f9c.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> with stress path (Δ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">q</span></i></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">/Δ</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) of the lateritic soils. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The predicted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">r</span></sub></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resilient Young’s modulus from anisotropic Boyce’s model varies according to the evolution of </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the bulk stress (<img src="Edit_ab550c56-8bab-4806-9ec7-fab794d785eb.png" alt="" /></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">). A correlation around 0.9 is obtained from the power law model.</span></span></span></span></span>
