Objective:To determine the fecundity of Boops boops(B.boops)from Aegean Sea coast of Turkey.Methods:A total of 470 specimens of B.boops were collected monthly from November in 2008 to October of 2009 in Izmir Bay(cent...Objective:To determine the fecundity of Boops boops(B.boops)from Aegean Sea coast of Turkey.Methods:A total of 470 specimens of B.boops were collected monthly from November in 2008 to October of 2009 in Izmir Bay(central Aegean Sea).Total length and total weight of each fish were measured and the maturity stages of gonads were determined.About 30 mature ovariums were taken to determine fecundity and oocysts were counted by using gravimetric method.Results:About 210 were females(44.7%)and 226 males(48.1%)while 34(7.2%)were hermafrodite in terms of sexuality with sex ratio(female:male)of 0.93:1.00.The fecundity of the bogue was assessed by the gravimetric method with 30 ovaries from females between the total length of 19.6 and 27.6 cm[(mean:23.5±2.1)cm].Estimates of total fecundity varied between 33072 and 66123 oocytes(mean:49008±8826)and fecundity-total length,fecundity-weight relationships were expressed as:F=8207.6e^(0.075TL),F=30297e^(0.003TW)respectively.Conclusions:The results of the study will contribute to the reproductive biology of B.boops and will be useful for management of fisheries.展开更多
以WRF(weather research forecasting)模式模拟了登陆后再入海0713号台风韦帕,同时考虑了中纬度过程不变与过程时变的各类SST海温场对模拟效果的作用。试验中重点分析热力影响因子[即模式的两种微物理方案LIN(Purdue Lin scheme)、WSM6(...以WRF(weather research forecasting)模式模拟了登陆后再入海0713号台风韦帕,同时考虑了中纬度过程不变与过程时变的各类SST海温场对模拟效果的作用。试验中重点分析热力影响因子[即模式的两种微物理方案LIN(Purdue Lin scheme)、WSM6(WRF single-moment 6-class scheme)]以及动力影响因子(即模式的台风BOGUS模型)对各类SST海温场的反应。分别并综合研究了热力、动力、及海温因子对再入海台风的路径及强度模拟所产生的影响。多项成组试验显示,台风过程时变的SST场的使用能够更好地诊断和模拟台风区海气相互作用并改善对再入海台风路径与强度的预测。对0713号台风模拟而言,微物理过程WSM6方案给出的结果(包括路径、气压、风力、以及感热和潜热等要素)比LIN方案更好。采用BOGUS模型对再入海台风的路径模拟有较明显改善。在台风再入海阶段,模拟的海气界面感热通量与潜热通量分布显示,正的感热通量高值区为台风生存提供能量,并对台风移动有较好的指示性;台风潜热通量高值区位于台风风力辐合增强区,此处潜热高值区与台风结构配合,对入海台风活动的持续有正贡献。而过程时变的SST场的使用对台风预测是有利的,其中6h时变的SST较日平均SST效果更显著。展开更多
Impurities from the raw materials, the grinding and the homogenization of the raw materials, the kiln instability and the complexity of the cooling step, all these factors make it difficult to obtain a perfect evaluat...Impurities from the raw materials, the grinding and the homogenization of the raw materials, the kiln instability and the complexity of the cooling step, all these factors make it difficult to obtain a perfect evaluation of the mineralogical composition of Portland clinker. We studied the limitations of the most commonly used quantitative methods and recommend some procedures to obtain reliable and reproducible results of quantitative analyses. Different clinker samples（provided by the Bizerte Cement Company（Tunisia）） were subjected to an elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence and the mineralogical composition was determined by the Bogue calculation and by X-ray powder diffraction combined with the Rietveld method（Different softwares were used： XPert High Score Plus version 2.0 and TOPAS version 4.2）. We then compared the results obtained by the Rietveld method and the Bogue calculation to the specific peak areas of each phase. The content of each phase, determined by the Rietveld method, varied proportionally to the change in peak area; a significant difference in these results was found by using the elementary Bogue calculation.展开更多
The MM5 and its four dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system are used in this paper. Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re...The MM5 and its four dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system are used in this paper. Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the authors generate an optimal initial condition for a typhoon by using the bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of typhoons including a warm-core vertex, the correct center position, and the strong circulation. As a result of BDA using a bogus surface low, dramatic improvement is achieved in the 72 h prediction of typhoon Herb. Through several cases, the initialization by BDA effectively generates the harmonious inner structure of the typhoon, but which is lacking in the original analysis field. Therefore the intensity forecast is improved greatly. Some improvements are made in the track forecast, but more work still needs to be done.展开更多
The formation and development of typhoons are closely related to the disturbed low vortexes at the planetary boundary layer(PBL). The effects of five PBL parameterization schemes(PBL schemes hereinafter) on the trajec...The formation and development of typhoons are closely related to the disturbed low vortexes at the planetary boundary layer(PBL). The effects of five PBL parameterization schemes(PBL schemes hereinafter) on the trajectory,intensity, and distribution of physical quantities are studied using the mesoscale WRF model on Super Typhoon Sanba(2012) during its initial stage. Results show that the five PBL schemes exhibit significant different effects on the simulated intensity and path. The results simulated by QNSE and ACM2 without the Bogus method are close to the best track data in the numerical experiments. When the Bogus method is adopted, the simulated trajectories improve significantly because the initial field is close to the true data. Among the five PBL schemes, QNSE and ACM2 with the Bogus method present improved simulated path and intensity compared with the three other schemes. This finding indicates that the two schemes deal with the initial PBL process satisfactorily, especially in the formation and development of disturbed low vortexes. The differences in the treatment methods of the five PBL schemes affect the surface layer physical quantities and the middle and upper atmospheres during the middle to late periods of the typhoon.Although QNSE and ACM2 present better simulation results than other schemes, they exhibit a few differences in the internal structure of the typhoon. The results simulated by MYJ are worse, and this method may be unsuitable for studying the formation and development of typhoons.展开更多
The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal str...The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.展开更多
As an approach to the technological problem that the wind data of QuikSCAT scatterometer cannot accurately describe the zone of typhoon-level strong wind speed, some objective factors such as the typhoon moving speed,...As an approach to the technological problem that the wind data of QuikSCAT scatterometer cannot accurately describe the zone of typhoon-level strong wind speed, some objective factors such as the typhoon moving speed, direction and friction are introduced in this study to construct the asymmetric strengthening of the QuikSCAT wind field. Then by adopting a technology of four-dimensional data assimilation, an experiment that includes both the assimilation and forecasting phases is designed to simulate Typhoon Rananim numerically. The results show that with model constraints and adjustment, this technology can incorporate the QuikSCAT wind data to the entire column of the model atmosphere, improve greatly the simulating effects of the whole-column wind, pressure field and the track as well as the simulated typhoon intensity covered by the forecast phase, and work positively for the forecasting of landfall locations.展开更多
In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a ne...In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a new method to improve the quality of samples,which are the base of dimension-reduced space projection bogus data assimilation (DRP-BDA).By running a number of numerical weather models with different model parameterization combinations on the typhoon Sinlaku,the authors obtained two groups of samples with different spreads and similarities.After DRP-BDA,the results show that,compared with the control runs,the simulated typhoon center pressure can be deepened by more than 20 hPa to 30 hPa and that the intensity can last as long as 60 hours.The mean track error is improved after DRP-BDA,and the structure of the typhoon is also improved.The wind near the typhoon center is enhanced dramatically,while the warm core is moderate.展开更多
A series of 96-h typhoon track prediction experiments were carried out using medium range forecasting system of NMC by adding BOGUS typhoon (simplified as B-TC) into the first guess field or the analysis field in orde...A series of 96-h typhoon track prediction experiments were carried out using medium range forecasting system of NMC by adding BOGUS typhoon (simplified as B-TC) into the first guess field or the analysis field in order to provide longer time typhoon track forecast. The results show that T106L19 could provide a better forecast to typhoon tracks when the B-TC was added, especially when the typhoon vortex is even weaker. The sensitive experiments on where to add the B-TC show that the results from adding the B-TC into the first guess field are better. The results also show that the initialization smoothes the B-TC a lot and this will affect the typhoon track prediction.展开更多
文摘Objective:To determine the fecundity of Boops boops(B.boops)from Aegean Sea coast of Turkey.Methods:A total of 470 specimens of B.boops were collected monthly from November in 2008 to October of 2009 in Izmir Bay(central Aegean Sea).Total length and total weight of each fish were measured and the maturity stages of gonads were determined.About 30 mature ovariums were taken to determine fecundity and oocysts were counted by using gravimetric method.Results:About 210 were females(44.7%)and 226 males(48.1%)while 34(7.2%)were hermafrodite in terms of sexuality with sex ratio(female:male)of 0.93:1.00.The fecundity of the bogue was assessed by the gravimetric method with 30 ovaries from females between the total length of 19.6 and 27.6 cm[(mean:23.5±2.1)cm].Estimates of total fecundity varied between 33072 and 66123 oocytes(mean:49008±8826)and fecundity-total length,fecundity-weight relationships were expressed as:F=8207.6e^(0.075TL),F=30297e^(0.003TW)respectively.Conclusions:The results of the study will contribute to the reproductive biology of B.boops and will be useful for management of fisheries.
文摘以WRF(weather research forecasting)模式模拟了登陆后再入海0713号台风韦帕,同时考虑了中纬度过程不变与过程时变的各类SST海温场对模拟效果的作用。试验中重点分析热力影响因子[即模式的两种微物理方案LIN(Purdue Lin scheme)、WSM6(WRF single-moment 6-class scheme)]以及动力影响因子(即模式的台风BOGUS模型)对各类SST海温场的反应。分别并综合研究了热力、动力、及海温因子对再入海台风的路径及强度模拟所产生的影响。多项成组试验显示,台风过程时变的SST场的使用能够更好地诊断和模拟台风区海气相互作用并改善对再入海台风路径与强度的预测。对0713号台风模拟而言,微物理过程WSM6方案给出的结果(包括路径、气压、风力、以及感热和潜热等要素)比LIN方案更好。采用BOGUS模型对再入海台风的路径模拟有较明显改善。在台风再入海阶段,模拟的海气界面感热通量与潜热通量分布显示,正的感热通量高值区为台风生存提供能量,并对台风移动有较好的指示性;台风潜热通量高值区位于台风风力辐合增强区,此处潜热高值区与台风结构配合,对入海台风活动的持续有正贡献。而过程时变的SST场的使用对台风预测是有利的,其中6h时变的SST较日平均SST效果更显著。
文摘Impurities from the raw materials, the grinding and the homogenization of the raw materials, the kiln instability and the complexity of the cooling step, all these factors make it difficult to obtain a perfect evaluation of the mineralogical composition of Portland clinker. We studied the limitations of the most commonly used quantitative methods and recommend some procedures to obtain reliable and reproducible results of quantitative analyses. Different clinker samples（provided by the Bizerte Cement Company（Tunisia）） were subjected to an elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence and the mineralogical composition was determined by the Bogue calculation and by X-ray powder diffraction combined with the Rietveld method（Different softwares were used： XPert High Score Plus version 2.0 and TOPAS version 4.2）. We then compared the results obtained by the Rietveld method and the Bogue calculation to the specific peak areas of each phase. The content of each phase, determined by the Rietveld method, varied proportionally to the change in peak area; a significant difference in these results was found by using the elementary Bogue calculation.
文摘The MM5 and its four dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system are used in this paper. Based on the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, the authors generate an optimal initial condition for a typhoon by using the bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. BDA is able to recover many of the structural features of typhoons including a warm-core vertex, the correct center position, and the strong circulation. As a result of BDA using a bogus surface low, dramatic improvement is achieved in the 72 h prediction of typhoon Herb. Through several cases, the initialization by BDA effectively generates the harmonious inner structure of the typhoon, but which is lacking in the original analysis field. Therefore the intensity forecast is improved greatly. Some improvements are made in the track forecast, but more work still needs to be done.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375033,41225018)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(2013CB430100)Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of Lanzhou University(LZUJBKY-2013-K16)
文摘The formation and development of typhoons are closely related to the disturbed low vortexes at the planetary boundary layer(PBL). The effects of five PBL parameterization schemes(PBL schemes hereinafter) on the trajectory,intensity, and distribution of physical quantities are studied using the mesoscale WRF model on Super Typhoon Sanba(2012) during its initial stage. Results show that the five PBL schemes exhibit significant different effects on the simulated intensity and path. The results simulated by QNSE and ACM2 without the Bogus method are close to the best track data in the numerical experiments. When the Bogus method is adopted, the simulated trajectories improve significantly because the initial field is close to the true data. Among the five PBL schemes, QNSE and ACM2 with the Bogus method present improved simulated path and intensity compared with the three other schemes. This finding indicates that the two schemes deal with the initial PBL process satisfactorily, especially in the formation and development of disturbed low vortexes. The differences in the treatment methods of the five PBL schemes affect the surface layer physical quantities and the middle and upper atmospheres during the middle to late periods of the typhoon.Although QNSE and ACM2 present better simulation results than other schemes, they exhibit a few differences in the internal structure of the typhoon. The results simulated by MYJ are worse, and this method may be unsuitable for studying the formation and development of typhoons.
基金Research on Monitoring & Forecasting Techniques for Calamities by Typhoons Making Landfall on China key project of Ministry of Sci. & Tech.(2001DIA20026) Study on Pre-warning Techniques for Calamities caused by Landfalls of South China Sea Tropical Cyc
文摘The TOVS data are used to study the structure of a number of tropical cyclones for the year 2000. Differences are found to some extent between what is found and classic conceptual models in that (1) the horizontal structure is asymmetric and variable so that the low-value centers at low levels of the geopotential height field (or the high-value centers at high levels) do not necessarily coincide with the high-value centers of the temperature field; (2) the vertical structure is also variable in the allocation of the anomalies of the geopotential height field between low values at low levels and high values at high levels. It is especially noted that the centers of the anomalies are tilting at both high and low levels or the high level is only at the edge of a high-pressure zone. There is not any significant high-value anomalous center in a corresponding location with the tropical cyclone. The structure of tropical cyclone in the TOVS is also used as reference to modify the structure of typhoon BOGUS in the numerical prediction model system of tropical cyclones. It is found that the modified BOGUS performs better in coordinating with the environment and predicting the track of the tropical cyclone. The demonstration is two-fold the structure of the typhoon BOGUS is such that it means much in the track prediction and the use of the TOVS-based tropical cyclone structure really helps in improving it. It provides the foundation for modification and evolution of typhoon BOGUS.
基金National Key Fundamental Research and Development Plan of China (2004CB418301)Natural Science Foundation of China (40830958)
文摘As an approach to the technological problem that the wind data of QuikSCAT scatterometer cannot accurately describe the zone of typhoon-level strong wind speed, some objective factors such as the typhoon moving speed, direction and friction are introduced in this study to construct the asymmetric strengthening of the QuikSCAT wind field. Then by adopting a technology of four-dimensional data assimilation, an experiment that includes both the assimilation and forecasting phases is designed to simulate Typhoon Rananim numerically. The results show that with model constraints and adjustment, this technology can incorporate the QuikSCAT wind data to the entire column of the model atmosphere, improve greatly the simulating effects of the whole-column wind, pressure field and the track as well as the simulated typhoon intensity covered by the forecast phase, and work positively for the forecasting of landfall locations.
基金the Ministry of Finance of China and the China Meteorological Administration for the Special Project of Meteorological Sector (Grant No. GYHY(QX)200906009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for the innovation group project (Grant No.40821092)
文摘In this study,the authors introduce a new bogus data assimilation method based on the dimension-reduced projection 4-DVar,which can resolve the cost function directly in low-dimensional space.The authors also try a new method to improve the quality of samples,which are the base of dimension-reduced space projection bogus data assimilation (DRP-BDA).By running a number of numerical weather models with different model parameterization combinations on the typhoon Sinlaku,the authors obtained two groups of samples with different spreads and similarities.After DRP-BDA,the results show that,compared with the control runs,the simulated typhoon center pressure can be deepened by more than 20 hPa to 30 hPa and that the intensity can last as long as 60 hours.The mean track error is improved after DRP-BDA,and the structure of the typhoon is also improved.The wind near the typhoon center is enhanced dramatically,while the warm core is moderate.
基金Key scientific research project for the State Meteorological Administration in the 9 five-year development plan (ZX95-01)
文摘A series of 96-h typhoon track prediction experiments were carried out using medium range forecasting system of NMC by adding BOGUS typhoon (simplified as B-TC) into the first guess field or the analysis field in order to provide longer time typhoon track forecast. The results show that T106L19 could provide a better forecast to typhoon tracks when the B-TC was added, especially when the typhoon vortex is even weaker. The sensitive experiments on where to add the B-TC show that the results from adding the B-TC into the first guess field are better. The results also show that the initialization smoothes the B-TC a lot and this will affect the typhoon track prediction.
