Andean high-altitude wetlands are important ecosystems that serve a range of socialecological functions. In the Andes, bofedales, a specific type of peat-producing wetland, are essential for the sustainability of moun...Andean high-altitude wetlands are important ecosystems that serve a range of socialecological functions. In the Andes, bofedales, a specific type of peat-producing wetland, are essential for the sustainability of mountain ecosystems and indigenous pastoralist communities. The Chucuyo bofedal in northern Chile is affected by climatic variability and water extraction for agricultural uses via the Lauca canal. Herders in the local community also actively manage this wetland according to their traditional ecological knowledge to ensure permanent fodder for their animals. In this article, we analyze the annual behavior of the Chucuyo bofedal after the wet season. Based on precipitation data, extracted water flows, vegetation vigor from satellite images, and an ethnographic approach, we determined that the bofedal’s productivity was negatively correlated with the amount of precipitation and positively correlated with the surface area of the wetland. However, water extraction via the Lauca channel had no significant relationship with either surface area or vegetation vigor. We identify community practices and traditional ecological knowledge as key elements in the maintenance of these ecosystems. This situation is critical in the context of an aging population and the current pattern of migration out of the region to urban areas. The results provide substantial empirical evidence for future decision-making regarding the conservation of these ecosystems.展开更多
High Andean ecosystems within microbasins serve as crucial areas for water recharge,containing both surface and subsurface moisture.However,these ecosystems are currently under threat due to overgrazing,degradation,an...High Andean ecosystems within microbasins serve as crucial areas for water recharge,containing both surface and subsurface moisture.However,these ecosystems are currently under threat due to overgrazing,degradation,and the impacts of climate change.The objective is to validate the subsoil moisture of bofedal estimated using ground-penetrating radar(GPR)data in comparison to in-situ measurements obtained with a soil moisture meter(SMM)in the Apacheta microbasin of the Ayacucho region.The validation method involves comparing soil moisture values obtained with the SMM,with the estimated dielectric permittivity(DP)values from GPR surveys along four transects(T)in a bofedal.Reflected wave amplitude data are converted to DP values to identify water pockets(70<DP<81)and saturated soil moisture(10<DP<40).An analysis of the determination coefficient R^(2)and the Kappa index(κ)was conducted between both groups of bofedal subsoil moisture data along the four surveyed transects at depths ranging from 0 to 24 cm that contain water and saturated moisture.T1 contains a volume of 1,16 m^(3)(47.85%),T2 has 0.98 m^(3)(46.6%),T3 lacks water(40.8%),and T4 holds 0.63 m^(3)(31.45%).The correlation of DP data with SMM for T1(R^(2)=0.801),T2(R^(2)=0.949),T3(R^(2)=0:837)y T4(R^(2)=0.842)implies that the SMM measurements significantly explain the estimated DP.Moreover,the kappa test demonstrated good agreement reliability between both observations made with GPR and SMM,with κ=0.763;[95%CI:0.471-1.055],indicating that the GPR method for measuring subsoil moisture is acceptable with an 87.5%confidence level.展开更多
文摘Andean high-altitude wetlands are important ecosystems that serve a range of socialecological functions. In the Andes, bofedales, a specific type of peat-producing wetland, are essential for the sustainability of mountain ecosystems and indigenous pastoralist communities. The Chucuyo bofedal in northern Chile is affected by climatic variability and water extraction for agricultural uses via the Lauca canal. Herders in the local community also actively manage this wetland according to their traditional ecological knowledge to ensure permanent fodder for their animals. In this article, we analyze the annual behavior of the Chucuyo bofedal after the wet season. Based on precipitation data, extracted water flows, vegetation vigor from satellite images, and an ethnographic approach, we determined that the bofedal’s productivity was negatively correlated with the amount of precipitation and positively correlated with the surface area of the wetland. However, water extraction via the Lauca channel had no significant relationship with either surface area or vegetation vigor. We identify community practices and traditional ecological knowledge as key elements in the maintenance of these ecosystems. This situation is critical in the context of an aging population and the current pattern of migration out of the region to urban areas. The results provide substantial empirical evidence for future decision-making regarding the conservation of these ecosystems.
基金funded by Institute for Research and Innovation of the National University of San Cristobal de Huamanga-UNSCH.
文摘High Andean ecosystems within microbasins serve as crucial areas for water recharge,containing both surface and subsurface moisture.However,these ecosystems are currently under threat due to overgrazing,degradation,and the impacts of climate change.The objective is to validate the subsoil moisture of bofedal estimated using ground-penetrating radar(GPR)data in comparison to in-situ measurements obtained with a soil moisture meter(SMM)in the Apacheta microbasin of the Ayacucho region.The validation method involves comparing soil moisture values obtained with the SMM,with the estimated dielectric permittivity(DP)values from GPR surveys along four transects(T)in a bofedal.Reflected wave amplitude data are converted to DP values to identify water pockets(70<DP<81)and saturated soil moisture(10<DP<40).An analysis of the determination coefficient R^(2)and the Kappa index(κ)was conducted between both groups of bofedal subsoil moisture data along the four surveyed transects at depths ranging from 0 to 24 cm that contain water and saturated moisture.T1 contains a volume of 1,16 m^(3)(47.85%),T2 has 0.98 m^(3)(46.6%),T3 lacks water(40.8%),and T4 holds 0.63 m^(3)(31.45%).The correlation of DP data with SMM for T1(R^(2)=0.801),T2(R^(2)=0.949),T3(R^(2)=0:837)y T4(R^(2)=0.842)implies that the SMM measurements significantly explain the estimated DP.Moreover,the kappa test demonstrated good agreement reliability between both observations made with GPR and SMM,with κ=0.763;[95%CI:0.471-1.055],indicating that the GPR method for measuring subsoil moisture is acceptable with an 87.5%confidence level.
