Efficiency and safety are paramount concerns for commuters, operators, and designers in subway stations. This study conducted controlled experiments and developed a modified force-based model to investigate the dynami...Efficiency and safety are paramount concerns for commuters, operators, and designers in subway stations. This study conducted controlled experiments and developed a modified force-based model to investigate the dynamics of pedestrian counterflow at bottlenecks, utilizing subway passenger alighting and boarding as a case study. Specifically, the efficiency and safety of three distinct movement modes: the cooperative mode(Coop), the combination of cooperative and competitive mode(C & C), and the competitive mode(Comp), were examined and compared. The experimental findings revealed that the C & C mode exhibited a clear lane formation phenomenon and demonstrated a higher flow rate than the Comp and Coop modes. This observation suggests that a combination of cooperative and competitive behaviors among pedestrians can positively enhance traffic efficiency and safety during the alighting and boarding process. In contrast, pedestrians exhibited increased detouring in their paths and more fluctuating trajectories in the Comp mode. Additionally, a questionnaire survey assessing the level of competition and cooperation among pedestrians provided a comprehensive analysis of the psychological dynamics of passengers during the alighting and boarding activities. Lastly, the proposed force-based model was calibrated and validated, demonstrating a good performance in accurately replicating the overall characteristics of the experimental process. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into enhancing the pedestrian traffic efficiency and safety within subway systems.展开更多
Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical mo...Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical model is developed.The decision variables are boarding limiting and stop-skipping strategies and the objective is the maximal passenger profit.And a passenger original station choice model based on utility theory is built to modify the inbound passenger distribution among stations.Algorithm of metro passenger flow control scheme is designed,where two key technologies of stopping-station choice and headway adjustment are given and boarding limiting and train stopping-station scheme are optimized.Finally,a real case of Beijing metro is taken for example to verify validity.The results show that in the three scenarios with different ratios of normal trains to stop-skipping trains,the total limited passenger volume is the smallest and the systematic profit is the largest in scenario 3.展开更多
Aircraft are profitable to their owners as long as they are in the air transporting passengers to their destinations;therefore it is vital to minimize as much as possible their preparation time on the ground.In this p...Aircraft are profitable to their owners as long as they are in the air transporting passengers to their destinations;therefore it is vital to minimize as much as possible their preparation time on the ground.In this paper we simulate different boarding strategies with the help of a model based on cellular automata parallel computational tool,attempting to find the most efficient way to deliver each passenger to her/his assigned seat.Two seat arrangements are used,a small one based on Airbus A320/ Boeing 737 and a larger one based on Airbus A380/ Boeing777-300.A wide variety of parameters,including time delay for luggage storing,the frequency by which the passengers enter the plane,different walking speeds of passengers depending on sex,age and height,and the possibility of walking past their seat,are simulated in order to achieve realistic results,as well as monitor their effects on boarding time.The simulation results indicate that the boarding time can be significantly reduced by the simple grouping and prioritizing of passengers.In accordance with previous papers and the examined strategies,the outside-in and reverse pyramid boarding methods outperform all the others for both the small and large airplane seat layout.In the latter,the examined strategies are introduced for first time in an analogous way to the initial small seat arrangement of Airbus A320/ Boeing737 aircraft family.Moreover,since in real world scenarios,the compliance of all the passengers to the suggested group division and boarding strategy cannot be guaranteed,further simulations were conducted.It is clear that as the number of passengers disregarding the priority of the boarding groups increases,the time needed for the boarding to complete tends towards that of the random boarding strategy,thus minimizing the possible advantages gained by the proposed boarding strategies.展开更多
As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate pa...As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate passenger boarding time, a regression analysis framework is proposed to capture the difference and influential factors of boarding time for adult and elderly passengers based on smart card data from Changzhou. Boarding gap, the time difference between two consecutive smart card tapping records, is calculated to approximate passenger boarding time. Analysis of variance is applied to identify whether the difference in boarding time between adults and seniors is statistically significant. The multivariate regression modeling approach is implemented to analyze the influences of passenger types, marginal effects of each additional boarding passenger and bus floor types on the total boarding time at each stop. Results show that a constant difference exists in boarding time between adults and seniors even without considering the specific bus characteristics. The average passenger boarding time decreases when the number of passenger increases. The existence of two entrance steps delays the boarding process, especially for elderly passengers.展开更多
Objective:This study aims to identify the knowledge,attitude,and behavior of students using eight indicators of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior(CHLB)in relation to the health education and grade levels in Islamic Bo...Objective:This study aims to identify the knowledge,attitude,and behavior of students using eight indicators of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior(CHLB)in relation to the health education and grade levels in Islamic Boarding Schools(IBS)in Jember regency,East Java Province,Indonesia.Methods:A cross-sectional school-based survey design was used.About 114 students(mean age of 13.17 years old)selected through a multi-stage random sampling completed a selfadministered questionnaire to measure the eight indicators of CHLB,such as washing hands with running water and soap,eating healthy snacks,using clean and healthy latrines,exercising regularly and measurably,eradicating mosquito larvae,not smoking at school,weighing and height measurement every 6 months,and disposing garbage properly.The data analyses included descriptive and comparative analyses of the difference in knowledge,attitude,and behavior toward CHLB by health education and grade level.Results:About 66.7% students received health education.Significant knowledge in CHLB in relation to health education and grade was observed(P<.05),including in-depth knowledge of exercises,measurable weight and height,smoking,and healthy latrines.Meanwhile,no significant difference was observed between the attitude toward CHLB and health education in different grade levels.Furthermore,CHLB was associated with health education,including habitual exercise and using of clean and healthy latrines.展开更多
The smart card-based automated fare collection （AFC） system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities...The smart card-based automated fare collection （AFC） system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location （AVL） system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.展开更多
The existing systems sustained with the investments made require more automation and digital transformation with the continuous advancement of tech-nology.The aviation industry is a sector that is open to more automat...The existing systems sustained with the investments made require more automation and digital transformation with the continuous advancement of tech-nology.The aviation industry is a sector that is open to more automation and digi-tal transformation,mainly because of the intense competition and the analysis of a large variety of data.The long duration of operations in current airline processes and some processflows cause customer dissatisfaction and cost increase.In this study,the boarding process,which is one of the operational processes of airline transportation and is open to improvement,was discussed.The classical boarding process has been redesigned using Internet of Things technology a model called Boarding 4.0 was created.With Boarding 4.0,it is aimed to design a process where passengers can take their time before boarding more efficiently.In the study,the sub-processes of the Boarding 4.0 model,other processes that the sub-processes interact with,their activities,and data exchange passenger move-ments during the activities are explained in detail.Compared to the classical boarding process and Boarding 4.0 with the fuzzy ahp technique,it has been shown that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous and passenger movement times can be reduced during boarding.As a result of the evaluation made with the fuzzy ahp,it was determined that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous than the classical boarding process.In addition,when the total time of the sub-activities in the board-ing process is calculated,boarding activities for a passenger take 50 min with the classic boarding process and 20 min with Boarding 4.0.Thus,when Boarding 4.0 is used,the passenger gains 30 min.Furthermore,when the calculation is made concerning the airport’s current capacity,two passengers are hosted with the clas-sical boarding process,whilefive passengers are hosted with Boarding 4.0.This acquisition is significant for airports in terms of efficient use of resources.展开更多
From 2001 to 2012,many local governments in China closed down village teaching sites for primary school students in the first and second grades,consolidating them into larger township schools more distant from village...From 2001 to 2012,many local governments in China closed down village teaching sites for primary school students in the first and second grades,consolidating them into larger township schools more distant from village students’homes.School closure and consolidation are particularly striking in China’s central and western regions,where swathes of rural labor migrated to cities for jobs.As a result,numerous primary school pupils are forced to study at boarding schools in the first and second grades,which is considered as too early for pupils to live without parental care.This paper employs survey data from 137 township schools with boarding qualifications collected by a project team consisting of researchers from the China Institute for Educational Finance Research(CIEFR)of Peking University,the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(IPLE-CASS)and the Capital University of Economics and Business(CUEB).By matching the home-school distance with village teaching site information as the proxy variable for the school consolidation policy,this paper evaluates the policy's impact on the likelyhood of premature boarding for primary school pupils,as well as the impact on their human capital accumulation.Our study finds that the creation of teaching sites makes it less likely for primary school pupils to board at school.Premature boarding impedes children’s human capital accumulation,and the harmful effect is particularly striking for children lacking pastoral teachers,raised by grandparents and from families above average income levels,as well as girls.展开更多
This work’s goal was to compile a list of fishing-related violations in order to suggest ways to enhance the surveillance system.In order to accomplish this goal,the following approach was used:Executive consultation...This work’s goal was to compile a list of fishing-related violations in order to suggest ways to enhance the surveillance system.In order to accomplish this goal,the following approach was used:Executive consultation and archive exploitation;surveillance agent survey;surveillance system identification and description;identification of offenses and fleet involved in the Guinean exclusive and economic area in recent years;identification and categorization of offense causes;surveillance system evaluation;and suggestion for enhanced surveillance system measures.Monitoring of this strategy showed that:fishing operating zones,administrative paperwork,and fishing gear are all linked to the infractions committed in the Guinean exclusive and economic zone.Records show that there were 308 boardings between 2006 and 2021.IP(Intellectual Property)infringement rates are 59%,Motorized Artisanal Fishing is 25%,and Semi-industrial fishing is 16%.In Motorized Artisanal Fishing,the Guineans have committed 33,the Senegalese have committed 23,and the Leonese have committed 18.In Semi-industrial fishing,the Chinese have committed 17 and the Senegalese have committed 16.According to the stakeholder survey,Vessal Monitoring System monitored 79 vessels in industrial fishing and 49 in Semi-industrial fishing in 2021.Registration certificates,personnel,rescue gear,gross tonnage,coastal state fishing authority,and maritime radio license are typically the primary documents examined at sea.From 2006 to 2022,a total of 135 fleets-80 demersal trawlers,7 cephalopod boats,21 shrimp boats,22 pelagic trawlers,and 5 cargo ships-were implicated in violations in the Guinean exclusive and economic area.By integrating the automatic identification system and Vessal Monitoring systems for fisheries surveillance,establishing a marking system for fishing gear,investing in highly effective launches,and protecting the privacy of patrol activities,Guinea’s surveillance system might be improved more effectively.展开更多
Purpose Boarding is a common problem in the emergency department(ED)and is associated with poor health care and outcome.Imam Khomeini Hospital is the main healthcare center in Urmia,a metropolis in the northwest of Ir...Purpose Boarding is a common problem in the emergency department(ED)and is associated with poor health care and outcome.Imam Khomeini Hospital is the main healthcare center in Urmia,a metropolis in the northwest of Iran.Due to the overcrowding and high patient load,we aim to characterize the rate,cause and consequence of boarding in the ED of this center.Methods All medical records of patients who presented to the ED of Imam Khomeini Hospital from August 1,2017 to August 1,2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients with uncompleted records were excluded.Boarding was defined as the inability to transfer the admitted ED patients to a downstream ward in≥2 h after the admission order.Demographic data,boarding rate,mortality and triage levels(1–5)assessed by emergency severity index were collected and analyzed.The first present time of patients was classified into 4 ranges as 0:00–5:59,6:00–11:59,12:00–17:59 and 18:00–23:59.Descriptive,parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed and the risk of boarding was determined by Pearson Chi-square test.Results Demographic data analysis showed that 941(58.5%)male and 667(41.5%)female,altogether 1608 patients were included in this study.Five patients(0.3%)died.The distribution of patients with the triage levels 1–5 was respectively 79(4.9%),1150(71.5%),374(23.3%),4(0.2%)and 0(0%).Most patients were of level 2.Only 75(4.7%)patients required intensive care.The majority of patients(84.2%)were presented at weekdays.The maximum patient load was observed between 12:00–17:59.Of the 1608 patients,340(21.1%)experienced boarding within a mean admission time of 13.70 h.Among the 340-boarded patients,20.1%belonged to surgery,12.1%to orthopedics,10.9%to neurosurgery and 10.3%to neurology.The boarding rate was higher in females,patients requiring intensive care and those with low triage levels.Compared with the non-boarded,the boarded patients had a higher mean age.Conclusion The boarding rate is higher in the older and female patients.Moreover,boarding is dependent on the downstream ward sections:patients requiring surgical management experience the maximum boarding rate.展开更多
The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate dur...The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022,using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250,300,and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality,mechanical transplantation quality,yields,and economic benefits of rice.The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics,but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10(300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age),only 152-155 trays ha^(-1),resulting in a 62%reduction in the number of trays needed.By increasing the seeding rate of rice,missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.The treatment of 300-15(300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age)achieved the highest yields and economic gains.These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.On that basis,rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.展开更多
Aims and Scope,Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in Englishand sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS isedited b...Aims and Scope,Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in Englishand sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS isedited by a distinguished Editorial Board headed by Professor Qi-Feng Zhouand supported by an International Advisory Board in which many famous active polymerscientists alloverthe world are included.The journal was first published in 1983 under the title Polymer Communications and has the current name since 1985.展开更多
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in English and sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS is edited by a distinguis...Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in English and sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS is edited by a distinguished Editorial Board headed by Professor Qi-Feng Zhou and supported by an International Advisory Board in which many famous active polymer scientists all over the world are included.The journal was first published in 1983 under the title Polymer Communications and has the current name since 1985.展开更多
Adolescent alienation is a symptom of problems in relations among the individual,school,community,and family.Based on a research conducted with a sample of 897 Tibetan adolescent students in Grades 7 to 12,this study ...Adolescent alienation is a symptom of problems in relations among the individual,school,community,and family.Based on a research conducted with a sample of 897 Tibetan adolescent students in Grades 7 to 12,this study reveals that over one third of subjects experience high levels of alienation.Questionnaire data and field work show possible sources of this alienation in contemporary rural Tibetan society in China,factors that may reduce alienation,and explanations for low levels of alienation among some students.The paper concludes with an argument for researchers and policy makers to pay greater attention to the issue of alienation among minority boarding school students.展开更多
The Editorial Board and Publisher would like to take this opportunity to immensely thank the below reviewers who have helped towards the growth of the journal.We greatly appreciate the time you have spent amidst your ...The Editorial Board and Publisher would like to take this opportunity to immensely thank the below reviewers who have helped towards the growth of the journal.We greatly appreciate the time you have spent amidst your busy schedule towards the reviewing of the assigned man-uscripts for“Resources Chemicals and Materials”Journal in 2024!展开更多
This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to ...This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to control for potential endogeneity,and the IVs were the proportion of boarding students in higher grades and the school area per student.The ordinary least squares and IV estimates showed that boarding students exhibited more prosocial behaviors,including compliance with rules,positive traits,and altruistic attitudes.These results were robust.Heterogeneity analyses suggested that students from low-income families,children who were not"left behind,"high-grade students,and female students were more likely to benefit from boarding.We found that these effects were primarily due to boarding students developing stronger feelings of trust and support from their peers and teachers and participating in more school-organized events and team activities.展开更多
On July 24th, Lectra's Board of Directors, chaired by Daniel Harari, reviewed the consolidated financial statements for the first half of 2025, which have been subject to a limited review by the Statutory Auditors.
The water intake head installed with inclined boardings is called laminate sediment precipitation, which separates liquid and solid particles in two-phase flow by gravity. The paper presents the equations for calculat...The water intake head installed with inclined boardings is called laminate sediment precipitation, which separates liquid and solid particles in two-phase flow by gravity. The paper presents the equations for calculating the distance H between two incllined boardings, indicating that H has a key effect on the particle precipitation velocity V_2. The paper focuses also on the cal- culation of hydraulic similarity of model with the theoretic model.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 72301184)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province of China (Grant No. 2024NSFSC1073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. YJ202329)。
文摘Efficiency and safety are paramount concerns for commuters, operators, and designers in subway stations. This study conducted controlled experiments and developed a modified force-based model to investigate the dynamics of pedestrian counterflow at bottlenecks, utilizing subway passenger alighting and boarding as a case study. Specifically, the efficiency and safety of three distinct movement modes: the cooperative mode(Coop), the combination of cooperative and competitive mode(C & C), and the competitive mode(Comp), were examined and compared. The experimental findings revealed that the C & C mode exhibited a clear lane formation phenomenon and demonstrated a higher flow rate than the Comp and Coop modes. This observation suggests that a combination of cooperative and competitive behaviors among pedestrians can positively enhance traffic efficiency and safety during the alighting and boarding process. In contrast, pedestrians exhibited increased detouring in their paths and more fluctuating trajectories in the Comp mode. Additionally, a questionnaire survey assessing the level of competition and cooperation among pedestrians provided a comprehensive analysis of the psychological dynamics of passengers during the alighting and boarding activities. Lastly, the proposed force-based model was calibrated and validated, demonstrating a good performance in accurately replicating the overall characteristics of the experimental process. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into enhancing the pedestrian traffic efficiency and safety within subway systems.
基金Projects(RCS2015ZZ002,RCS2014ZT25)supported by State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control&Safety,ChinaProject(2015RC058)supported by Beijing Jiaotong University,China
文摘Metro passenger flow control problem is studied under given total inbound demand in this work,which considers passenger demand control and train capacity supply.Relevant connotations are analyzed and a mathematical model is developed.The decision variables are boarding limiting and stop-skipping strategies and the objective is the maximal passenger profit.And a passenger original station choice model based on utility theory is built to modify the inbound passenger distribution among stations.Algorithm of metro passenger flow control scheme is designed,where two key technologies of stopping-station choice and headway adjustment are given and boarding limiting and train stopping-station scheme are optimized.Finally,a real case of Beijing metro is taken for example to verify validity.The results show that in the three scenarios with different ratios of normal trains to stop-skipping trains,the total limited passenger volume is the smallest and the systematic profit is the largest in scenario 3.
文摘Aircraft are profitable to their owners as long as they are in the air transporting passengers to their destinations;therefore it is vital to minimize as much as possible their preparation time on the ground.In this paper we simulate different boarding strategies with the help of a model based on cellular automata parallel computational tool,attempting to find the most efficient way to deliver each passenger to her/his assigned seat.Two seat arrangements are used,a small one based on Airbus A320/ Boeing 737 and a larger one based on Airbus A380/ Boeing777-300.A wide variety of parameters,including time delay for luggage storing,the frequency by which the passengers enter the plane,different walking speeds of passengers depending on sex,age and height,and the possibility of walking past their seat,are simulated in order to achieve realistic results,as well as monitor their effects on boarding time.The simulation results indicate that the boarding time can be significantly reduced by the simple grouping and prioritizing of passengers.In accordance with previous papers and the examined strategies,the outside-in and reverse pyramid boarding methods outperform all the others for both the small and large airplane seat layout.In the latter,the examined strategies are introduced for first time in an analogous way to the initial small seat arrangement of Airbus A320/ Boeing737 aircraft family.Moreover,since in real world scenarios,the compliance of all the passengers to the suggested group division and boarding strategy cannot be guaranteed,further simulations were conducted.It is clear that as the number of passengers disregarding the priority of the boarding groups increases,the time needed for the boarding to complete tends towards that of the random boarding strategy,thus minimizing the possible advantages gained by the proposed boarding strategies.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51338003,71801041)
文摘As an essential component of bus dwelling time, passenger boarding time has a significant impact on bus running reliability and service quality. In order to understand the passengers’ boarding process and mitigate passenger boarding time, a regression analysis framework is proposed to capture the difference and influential factors of boarding time for adult and elderly passengers based on smart card data from Changzhou. Boarding gap, the time difference between two consecutive smart card tapping records, is calculated to approximate passenger boarding time. Analysis of variance is applied to identify whether the difference in boarding time between adults and seniors is statistically significant. The multivariate regression modeling approach is implemented to analyze the influences of passenger types, marginal effects of each additional boarding passenger and bus floor types on the total boarding time at each stop. Results show that a constant difference exists in boarding time between adults and seniors even without considering the specific bus characteristics. The average passenger boarding time decreases when the number of passenger increases. The existence of two entrance steps delays the boarding process, especially for elderly passengers.
基金received financial support for the research from KEMENRISTEK-DIKTI as at the grand of research Ipteks Bagi Masyarakat(IbM).
文摘Objective:This study aims to identify the knowledge,attitude,and behavior of students using eight indicators of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior(CHLB)in relation to the health education and grade levels in Islamic Boarding Schools(IBS)in Jember regency,East Java Province,Indonesia.Methods:A cross-sectional school-based survey design was used.About 114 students(mean age of 13.17 years old)selected through a multi-stage random sampling completed a selfadministered questionnaire to measure the eight indicators of CHLB,such as washing hands with running water and soap,eating healthy snacks,using clean and healthy latrines,exercising regularly and measurably,eradicating mosquito larvae,not smoking at school,weighing and height measurement every 6 months,and disposing garbage properly.The data analyses included descriptive and comparative analyses of the difference in knowledge,attitude,and behavior toward CHLB by health education and grade level.Results:About 66.7% students received health education.Significant knowledge in CHLB in relation to health education and grade was observed(P<.05),including in-depth knowledge of exercises,measurable weight and height,smoking,and healthy latrines.Meanwhile,no significant difference was observed between the attitude toward CHLB and health education in different grade levels.Furthermore,CHLB was associated with health education,including habitual exercise and using of clean and healthy latrines.
基金The United States Department of Transportation, University Transportation Center through the Center for Advanced Multimodal Mobility Solutions and Education (CAMMSE) at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Grant Number: 69A3551747133) for sponsoring this research project entitled ‘estimation of origin–destination matrix and identification of user activities using public transit smart card data’
文摘The smart card-based automated fare collection （AFC） system has become the main method for collecting urban bus and rail transit fares in many cities worldwide. Such smart card technologies provide new opportunities for transportation data collection since the transaction data obtained through AFC system contains a significant amount of archived information which can be gathered and leveraged to help estimate public transit origin–destination matrices. Boarding location detection is an important step particularly when there is no automatic vehicle location （AVL） system or GPS information in the database in some cases. With the analysis of raw data without AVL information in this paper, an algorithm for trip direction detection is built and the directions for any bus in operation can be confirmed. The transaction interval between each adjacent record will also be analyzed to detect the boarding clusters for all trips in sequence. Boarding stops will then be distributed with the help of route information and operation schedules. Finally, the feasibility and practicality of the methodology are tested using the bus transit smart card data collected in Guangzhou, China.
文摘The existing systems sustained with the investments made require more automation and digital transformation with the continuous advancement of tech-nology.The aviation industry is a sector that is open to more automation and digi-tal transformation,mainly because of the intense competition and the analysis of a large variety of data.The long duration of operations in current airline processes and some processflows cause customer dissatisfaction and cost increase.In this study,the boarding process,which is one of the operational processes of airline transportation and is open to improvement,was discussed.The classical boarding process has been redesigned using Internet of Things technology a model called Boarding 4.0 was created.With Boarding 4.0,it is aimed to design a process where passengers can take their time before boarding more efficiently.In the study,the sub-processes of the Boarding 4.0 model,other processes that the sub-processes interact with,their activities,and data exchange passenger move-ments during the activities are explained in detail.Compared to the classical boarding process and Boarding 4.0 with the fuzzy ahp technique,it has been shown that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous and passenger movement times can be reduced during boarding.As a result of the evaluation made with the fuzzy ahp,it was determined that boarding 4.0 is more advantageous than the classical boarding process.In addition,when the total time of the sub-activities in the board-ing process is calculated,boarding activities for a passenger take 50 min with the classic boarding process and 20 min with Boarding 4.0.Thus,when Boarding 4.0 is used,the passenger gains 30 min.Furthermore,when the calculation is made concerning the airport’s current capacity,two passengers are hosted with the clas-sical boarding process,whilefive passengers are hosted with Boarding 4.0.This acquisition is significant for airports in terms of efficient use of resources.
文摘From 2001 to 2012,many local governments in China closed down village teaching sites for primary school students in the first and second grades,consolidating them into larger township schools more distant from village students’homes.School closure and consolidation are particularly striking in China’s central and western regions,where swathes of rural labor migrated to cities for jobs.As a result,numerous primary school pupils are forced to study at boarding schools in the first and second grades,which is considered as too early for pupils to live without parental care.This paper employs survey data from 137 township schools with boarding qualifications collected by a project team consisting of researchers from the China Institute for Educational Finance Research(CIEFR)of Peking University,the Institute of Population and Labor Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(IPLE-CASS)and the Capital University of Economics and Business(CUEB).By matching the home-school distance with village teaching site information as the proxy variable for the school consolidation policy,this paper evaluates the policy's impact on the likelyhood of premature boarding for primary school pupils,as well as the impact on their human capital accumulation.Our study finds that the creation of teaching sites makes it less likely for primary school pupils to board at school.Premature boarding impedes children’s human capital accumulation,and the harmful effect is particularly striking for children lacking pastoral teachers,raised by grandparents and from families above average income levels,as well as girls.
文摘This work’s goal was to compile a list of fishing-related violations in order to suggest ways to enhance the surveillance system.In order to accomplish this goal,the following approach was used:Executive consultation and archive exploitation;surveillance agent survey;surveillance system identification and description;identification of offenses and fleet involved in the Guinean exclusive and economic area in recent years;identification and categorization of offense causes;surveillance system evaluation;and suggestion for enhanced surveillance system measures.Monitoring of this strategy showed that:fishing operating zones,administrative paperwork,and fishing gear are all linked to the infractions committed in the Guinean exclusive and economic zone.Records show that there were 308 boardings between 2006 and 2021.IP(Intellectual Property)infringement rates are 59%,Motorized Artisanal Fishing is 25%,and Semi-industrial fishing is 16%.In Motorized Artisanal Fishing,the Guineans have committed 33,the Senegalese have committed 23,and the Leonese have committed 18.In Semi-industrial fishing,the Chinese have committed 17 and the Senegalese have committed 16.According to the stakeholder survey,Vessal Monitoring System monitored 79 vessels in industrial fishing and 49 in Semi-industrial fishing in 2021.Registration certificates,personnel,rescue gear,gross tonnage,coastal state fishing authority,and maritime radio license are typically the primary documents examined at sea.From 2006 to 2022,a total of 135 fleets-80 demersal trawlers,7 cephalopod boats,21 shrimp boats,22 pelagic trawlers,and 5 cargo ships-were implicated in violations in the Guinean exclusive and economic area.By integrating the automatic identification system and Vessal Monitoring systems for fisheries surveillance,establishing a marking system for fishing gear,investing in highly effective launches,and protecting the privacy of patrol activities,Guinea’s surveillance system might be improved more effectively.
文摘Purpose Boarding is a common problem in the emergency department(ED)and is associated with poor health care and outcome.Imam Khomeini Hospital is the main healthcare center in Urmia,a metropolis in the northwest of Iran.Due to the overcrowding and high patient load,we aim to characterize the rate,cause and consequence of boarding in the ED of this center.Methods All medical records of patients who presented to the ED of Imam Khomeini Hospital from August 1,2017 to August 1,2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients with uncompleted records were excluded.Boarding was defined as the inability to transfer the admitted ED patients to a downstream ward in≥2 h after the admission order.Demographic data,boarding rate,mortality and triage levels(1–5)assessed by emergency severity index were collected and analyzed.The first present time of patients was classified into 4 ranges as 0:00–5:59,6:00–11:59,12:00–17:59 and 18:00–23:59.Descriptive,parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed and the risk of boarding was determined by Pearson Chi-square test.Results Demographic data analysis showed that 941(58.5%)male and 667(41.5%)female,altogether 1608 patients were included in this study.Five patients(0.3%)died.The distribution of patients with the triage levels 1–5 was respectively 79(4.9%),1150(71.5%),374(23.3%),4(0.2%)and 0(0%).Most patients were of level 2.Only 75(4.7%)patients required intensive care.The majority of patients(84.2%)were presented at weekdays.The maximum patient load was observed between 12:00–17:59.Of the 1608 patients,340(21.1%)experienced boarding within a mean admission time of 13.70 h.Among the 340-boarded patients,20.1%belonged to surgery,12.1%to orthopedics,10.9%to neurosurgery and 10.3%to neurology.The boarding rate was higher in females,patients requiring intensive care and those with low triage levels.Compared with the non-boarded,the boarded patients had a higher mean age.Conclusion The boarding rate is higher in the older and female patients.Moreover,boarding is dependent on the downstream ward sections:patients requiring surgical management experience the maximum boarding rate.
基金funded by the Jiangsu Key Research Program,China(BE2022338)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(23)3107)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China(22KJB210004)the Jiangsu Province Agricultural Major Technology Collaborative Promotion Project,China(2022-ZYXT-04-1)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,China(KYCX23_3569)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China.
文摘The high labor demand during rice seedling cultivation and transplantation poses a significant challenge in advancing machine-transplanted rice cultivation.This problem may be solved by increasing the seeding rate during seedling production while reducing the number of seedling trays.This study conducted field experiments from 2021 to 2022,using transplanting seedling ages of 10 and 15 days to explore the effects of 250,300,and 350 g/tray on the seedling quality,mechanical transplantation quality,yields,and economic benefits of rice.The commonly used combination of 150 g/tray with a 20-day seedling age in rice production was used as CK.The cultivation of seedlings under a high seeding rate and short seedling age significantly affected seedling characteristics,but there was no significant difference in seedling vitality compared to CK.The minimum number of rice trays used in the experiment was observed in the treatment of 350-10(300 g/tray and 10-day seedling age),only 152-155 trays ha^(-1),resulting in a 62%reduction in the number of trays needed.By increasing the seeding rate of rice,missed holes during mechanical transplantation decreased by 2.8 to 4%.The treatment of 300-15(300 g/tray and 15-day seedling age)achieved the highest yields and economic gains.These results indicated that using crop straw boards can reduce the application of seedling trays.On that basis,rice yields can be increased by raising the seeding rate and shortening the seedling age of rice without compromising seedling quality.
文摘Aims and Scope,Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in Englishand sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS isedited by a distinguished Editorial Board headed by Professor Qi-Feng Zhouand supported by an International Advisory Board in which many famous active polymerscientists alloverthe world are included.The journal was first published in 1983 under the title Polymer Communications and has the current name since 1985.
文摘Chinese Journal of Polymer Science(CJPS)is a monthly journal published in English and sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences.CJPS is edited by a distinguished Editorial Board headed by Professor Qi-Feng Zhou and supported by an International Advisory Board in which many famous active polymer scientists all over the world are included.The journal was first published in 1983 under the title Polymer Communications and has the current name since 1985.
基金I am greatly indebted to Professor Chen Bateer at Higher Education Research Institute in Nankai University.I also give thanks to schoolmaster Sonam Dorje for supporting my research at Guide Minority Boarding School.
文摘Adolescent alienation is a symptom of problems in relations among the individual,school,community,and family.Based on a research conducted with a sample of 897 Tibetan adolescent students in Grades 7 to 12,this study reveals that over one third of subjects experience high levels of alienation.Questionnaire data and field work show possible sources of this alienation in contemporary rural Tibetan society in China,factors that may reduce alienation,and explanations for low levels of alienation among some students.The paper concludes with an argument for researchers and policy makers to pay greater attention to the issue of alienation among minority boarding school students.
文摘The Editorial Board and Publisher would like to take this opportunity to immensely thank the below reviewers who have helped towards the growth of the journal.We greatly appreciate the time you have spent amidst your busy schedule towards the reviewing of the assigned man-uscripts for“Resources Chemicals and Materials”Journal in 2024!
基金by the Science and Technology Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Nos.KJQN202100309 and KJZD-K202200307)the Chongqing Education Science Project(No.2018-GX-006)the Southwestern University of Finance and Economics under the 111 Project Research Base(No.B16040).
文摘This study investigated the efects of boarding at school on students'prosocial behaviors in rural China using data from the National Children's Study of China.The instrumental variable(IV)approach was used to control for potential endogeneity,and the IVs were the proportion of boarding students in higher grades and the school area per student.The ordinary least squares and IV estimates showed that boarding students exhibited more prosocial behaviors,including compliance with rules,positive traits,and altruistic attitudes.These results were robust.Heterogeneity analyses suggested that students from low-income families,children who were not"left behind,"high-grade students,and female students were more likely to benefit from boarding.We found that these effects were primarily due to boarding students developing stronger feelings of trust and support from their peers and teachers and participating in more school-organized events and team activities.
文摘On July 24th, Lectra's Board of Directors, chaired by Daniel Harari, reviewed the consolidated financial statements for the first half of 2025, which have been subject to a limited review by the Statutory Auditors.
文摘The water intake head installed with inclined boardings is called laminate sediment precipitation, which separates liquid and solid particles in two-phase flow by gravity. The paper presents the equations for calculating the distance H between two incllined boardings, indicating that H has a key effect on the particle precipitation velocity V_2. The paper focuses also on the cal- culation of hydraulic similarity of model with the theoretic model.
