Bluetooth low energy(BLE)-based indoor localization has been extensively researched due to its cost-effectiveness,low power consumption,and ubiquity.Despite these advantages,the variability of received signal strength...Bluetooth low energy(BLE)-based indoor localization has been extensively researched due to its cost-effectiveness,low power consumption,and ubiquity.Despite these advantages,the variability of received signal strength indicator(RSSI)measurements,influenced by physical obstacles,human presence,and electronic interference,poses a significant challenge to accurate localization.In this work,we present an optimised method to enhance indoor localization accuracy by utilising multiple BLE beacons in a radio frequency(RF)-dense modern building environment.Through a proof-of-concept study,we demonstrate that using three BLE beacons reduces localization error from a worst-case distance of 9.09-2.94 m,whereas additional beacons offer minimal incremental benefit in such settings.Furthermore,our framework for BLE-based localization,implemented on an edge network of Raspberry Pies,has been released under an open-source license,enabling broader application and further research.展开更多
The increasing availability of ubiquitous sensor data on the built environment holds great potential for a new generation of travel and mobility research.Bluetooth technology,for example,is already vastly used in vehi...The increasing availability of ubiquitous sensor data on the built environment holds great potential for a new generation of travel and mobility research.Bluetooth technology,for example,is already vastly used in vehicular transportation management solutions and services.Current studies discuss the potential of this emerging technology for pedestrian mobility research,but it has yet to be examined in a large urban setting.One of the main problems is detecting pedestrians from Bluetooth records since their behavior and movement patterns share similarities with other urban transportation modes.This study aims to accurately detect pedestrians using a network of 65 Bluetooth detectors located in Tel-Aviv,Israel,which record on average over 60,000 unique daily Bluetooth Media-Access-Control addresses.We propose a detection methodology that includes system calibration,effective travel time calculation,and classification by velocity that takes into consideration the probability of vehicular traffic jams.An evaluation of the proposed methodology presents a promising pedestrian detection accuracy rate of 89%.We showcase the results of pedestrian traffic analysis,together with a discussion on the data analysis challenges and limitations.To the best of our knowledge,this work is the first to analyze pedestrian records detection from a Bluetooth network employed in a dynamic urban environment setting.展开更多
文中提出基于 Bluetooth 技术的分布式无线网络测控系统的体系结构,并设计了系统的前、后端硬件构成。由此得出 Bluetooth 传感器的工作原理与功能,重点对 Bluetooth 传感器的电路结构和软件功能及其应用进行了研究。Bluetooth 传感器...文中提出基于 Bluetooth 技术的分布式无线网络测控系统的体系结构,并设计了系统的前、后端硬件构成。由此得出 Bluetooth 传感器的工作原理与功能,重点对 Bluetooth 传感器的电路结构和软件功能及其应用进行了研究。Bluetooth 传感器由单片机80C51、通用数字传感器接口 ADIB60和 Bluetooth 模块 BlueCore01B 等组成,通过对 BlueCore01B 和 ADIB60的结构特性的分析,对 80C51与 BlueCore 和 ADIB60之间接口和通信的软、硬件进行了设计。Bluetooth 传感器可实现测控微微网和互联网,扩大和增强了测控应用领域和功能。展开更多
Bluetooth技术可实现短距离、低功耗的无线通信和构成无线网络(Piconet and Scatternet),采用Bluetooth技术构建的数据采集无线网络系统(Data Acquisition Wireless Network System based on Bluetooth:DAWNS-B)便于进行集中测量和控制...Bluetooth技术可实现短距离、低功耗的无线通信和构成无线网络(Piconet and Scatternet),采用Bluetooth技术构建的数据采集无线网络系统(Data Acquisition Wireless Network System based on Bluetooth:DAWNS-B)便于进行集中测量和控制。介绍Bluetooth ASIC的结构特性以及DAWNS—B的结构原理、硬件电路接口和软件系统。DAWNS-B由前、后端单元构成,Bluetooth ASIC的HCI与PC计算机(或单片机)接口,Bluetooth协议软件栈控制Bluetooth ASIC对主机的HCI命令以及前、后端无线通信和网络通信,应用程序实现数据采集、处理DAWNS-B实现测控系统移动数据交换和无线网络功能,扩大和增强了数据采集系统的功能和应用场合。展开更多
Based on the analyses of the reported Gilbert mixers operating at low supply vol tage,a down-conversion mixer and an up-conversion mixer for 2.4GHz bluetooth transceiver are presented with the modified low voltage de...Based on the analyses of the reported Gilbert mixers operating at low supply vol tage,a down-conversion mixer and an up-conversion mixer for 2.4GHz bluetooth transceiver are presented with the modified low voltage design techniques,respe ctively.Feedback and current mirror techniques suitable for low voltage operatio n are used to improve the linearity of the up-conversion mixer,and folded-casc ode output stage is adopted to optimize the noise and conversion gain of the dow n-conversion mixer operating at low voltage.Based on 0.35μm CMOS technology,s imulations are performed with 2V supply voltage.The results show that 20dBm thir d-order intercept point (IIP3),87mV output signal amplitude are achieved for up -conversion mixer with about 3mA current;while 20dB conversion gain (CG),6.5nV /Hz input-referred noise,4.4dBm IIP3 are obtained for down-conversion mixer with about 3.5mA current.展开更多
A RF low noise amplifier,integrated in a single bluetooth transceiver chip and fabricated in 0.35μm digital CMOS technology,is presented.Under the consideration of ESD protection and package,design methodology is dis...A RF low noise amplifier,integrated in a single bluetooth transceiver chip and fabricated in 0.35μm digital CMOS technology,is presented.Under the consideration of ESD protection and package,design methodology is discussed from the aspects of noise optimization,impedance match,and forward gain.At 2.05GHz,the measured S 11 is -6.4dB, S 21 is 11dB with 3dB-BW of 300MHz,and NF is about 5.3dB.It indicates that comprehensive consideration of parasitics,package model,and reasonable process is necessary for RF circuit design.展开更多
基金supported by James M.Cox Foundation,National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders(grant no.1R21DC021029-01A1)Cox Enterprises Inc.,National Institute of Child Health and Human Development(grant no.AWD-006196-G1)Thrasher Research Fund Early Career Award Program.
文摘Bluetooth low energy(BLE)-based indoor localization has been extensively researched due to its cost-effectiveness,low power consumption,and ubiquity.Despite these advantages,the variability of received signal strength indicator(RSSI)measurements,influenced by physical obstacles,human presence,and electronic interference,poses a significant challenge to accurate localization.In this work,we present an optimised method to enhance indoor localization accuracy by utilising multiple BLE beacons in a radio frequency(RF)-dense modern building environment.Through a proof-of-concept study,we demonstrate that using three BLE beacons reduces localization error from a worst-case distance of 9.09-2.94 m,whereas additional beacons offer minimal incremental benefit in such settings.Furthermore,our framework for BLE-based localization,implemented on an edge network of Raspberry Pies,has been released under an open-source license,enabling broader application and further research.
文摘The increasing availability of ubiquitous sensor data on the built environment holds great potential for a new generation of travel and mobility research.Bluetooth technology,for example,is already vastly used in vehicular transportation management solutions and services.Current studies discuss the potential of this emerging technology for pedestrian mobility research,but it has yet to be examined in a large urban setting.One of the main problems is detecting pedestrians from Bluetooth records since their behavior and movement patterns share similarities with other urban transportation modes.This study aims to accurately detect pedestrians using a network of 65 Bluetooth detectors located in Tel-Aviv,Israel,which record on average over 60,000 unique daily Bluetooth Media-Access-Control addresses.We propose a detection methodology that includes system calibration,effective travel time calculation,and classification by velocity that takes into consideration the probability of vehicular traffic jams.An evaluation of the proposed methodology presents a promising pedestrian detection accuracy rate of 89%.We showcase the results of pedestrian traffic analysis,together with a discussion on the data analysis challenges and limitations.To the best of our knowledge,this work is the first to analyze pedestrian records detection from a Bluetooth network employed in a dynamic urban environment setting.
文摘Bluetooth技术可实现短距离、低功耗的无线通信和构成无线网络(Piconet and Scatternet),采用Bluetooth技术构建的数据采集无线网络系统(Data Acquisition Wireless Network System based on Bluetooth:DAWNS-B)便于进行集中测量和控制。介绍Bluetooth ASIC的结构特性以及DAWNS—B的结构原理、硬件电路接口和软件系统。DAWNS-B由前、后端单元构成,Bluetooth ASIC的HCI与PC计算机(或单片机)接口,Bluetooth协议软件栈控制Bluetooth ASIC对主机的HCI命令以及前、后端无线通信和网络通信,应用程序实现数据采集、处理DAWNS-B实现测控系统移动数据交换和无线网络功能,扩大和增强了数据采集系统的功能和应用场合。
文摘Based on the analyses of the reported Gilbert mixers operating at low supply vol tage,a down-conversion mixer and an up-conversion mixer for 2.4GHz bluetooth transceiver are presented with the modified low voltage design techniques,respe ctively.Feedback and current mirror techniques suitable for low voltage operatio n are used to improve the linearity of the up-conversion mixer,and folded-casc ode output stage is adopted to optimize the noise and conversion gain of the dow n-conversion mixer operating at low voltage.Based on 0.35μm CMOS technology,s imulations are performed with 2V supply voltage.The results show that 20dBm thir d-order intercept point (IIP3),87mV output signal amplitude are achieved for up -conversion mixer with about 3mA current;while 20dB conversion gain (CG),6.5nV /Hz input-referred noise,4.4dBm IIP3 are obtained for down-conversion mixer with about 3.5mA current.
文摘A RF low noise amplifier,integrated in a single bluetooth transceiver chip and fabricated in 0.35μm digital CMOS technology,is presented.Under the consideration of ESD protection and package,design methodology is discussed from the aspects of noise optimization,impedance match,and forward gain.At 2.05GHz,the measured S 11 is -6.4dB, S 21 is 11dB with 3dB-BW of 300MHz,and NF is about 5.3dB.It indicates that comprehensive consideration of parasitics,package model,and reasonable process is necessary for RF circuit design.
