Based on feature modeling and mathematical analysis methods,a process-oriented and modular parametric design system for advanced turbine cooling blade is developed with UG API,aiming at the structural complexity and h...Based on feature modeling and mathematical analysis methods,a process-oriented and modular parametric design system for advanced turbine cooling blade is developed with UG API,aiming at the structural complexity and high design difficulty of aero-engine cooling turbine blade.The relationship between the external and internal body features,the body attached feature is analyzed as viewed from the feature and parameter terms.The parametric design processes and design examples of the external body shape,tenon,platform and internal body shape,ribs,pin fins are introduced.The system improves the design efficiency of cooling turbine blade and establishes the foundation of multidisciplinary design optimization procedure for it.展开更多
To solve the problems in turbine blade investment casting die design process such as long design time,lacking of expert experience and low level of intelligence,knowledge-based engineering (KBE) was introduced in the ...To solve the problems in turbine blade investment casting die design process such as long design time,lacking of expert experience and low level of intelligence,knowledge-based engineering (KBE) was introduced in the turbine blade investment casting die design field. The key technologies of the intelligent design method were researched and a prototype system was developed. A hybrid reasoning model was prompted in which case-based reasoning (CBR) was applied to conceptual design and rule-based reasoning (RBR) was applied to parts design after research the design process and domain knowledge of casting die. In the conceptual design stage,a retrieval model which integrated nearest neighbor approach and knowledge-based retrieval approach was prompted to improve the retrieval efficiency. Meanwhile,RBR was used to modify the retrieval result. The practical application results indicate that this system can reuse the expert experience efficiently and heighten the die design efficiency and quality.展开更多
It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving perf...It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving performance. The present technologies for helicopter vibration reduction are usually narrow in effective range or requiring additional actuators and signal transfer links, and more effective technology is desired. Helicopter blade pitch control system, which is removed of swashplate and integrated high-frequency pitch control function for active vibration reduction, is likely the suitable solution at current technical level. Several potential implementation schemes are discussed, such as blades being directly or indirectly driven by actuators mounted in rotating frame and application of different types of actuators, especially implementation schemes of electro-mechanical actuator with or without gear reducer. It is found that swashplateless blade pitch control system based on specially designed limited angle direct-drive motor （LADDM） is a more practical implementation scheme. An experimental prototype of the finally selected implementation scheme has been designed, fabricated and tested on rotor tower. The test results show considerable feasibility of the swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the LADDM.展开更多
Blades are one of the important components on aircraft engines.If they break due to vibration failure,the normal operation of the entire engine will be offected.Therefore,it is necessary to measure their natural frequ...Blades are one of the important components on aircraft engines.If they break due to vibration failure,the normal operation of the entire engine will be offected.Therefore,it is necessary to measure their natural frequency before installing them on the engine to avoid resonance.At present,most blade vibration testing systems require manual operation by operators,which has high requirements for operators and the testing process is also very cumbersome.Therefore,the testing efficiency is low and cannot meet the needs of efficient testing.To solve the current problems of low testing efficiency and high operational requirements,a high-precision and high-efficiency automatic test system is designed.The testing accuracy of this system can reach ±1%,and the testing efficiency is improved by 37% compared to manual testing.Firstly,the influence of compression force and vibration exciter position on natural frequency test is analyzed by amplitude-frequency curve,so as to calibrate servo cylinder and fourdimensional motion platform.Secondly,the sine wave signal is used as the excitation to sweep the blade linearly,and the natural frequency is determined by the amplitude peak in the frequency domain.Finally,the accuracy experiment and efficiency experiment are carried out on the developed test system,whose results verify its high efficiency and high precision.展开更多
An integration system was developed to satisfy the need of information integration in the process of designing, investment casting and monitoring aero-engine's turbo blade. The general architecture is detailed pre...An integration system was developed to satisfy the need of information integration in the process of designing, investment casting and monitoring aero-engine's turbo blade. The general architecture is detailed presented in this paper. The system mainly comprises of product master model, design information management, anti-deformation design of mould cavity, intelligence mould design and blade testing. The developed system can manage mould design and blade test data flow, optimize mould design process and achieve the goal of integration design.展开更多
In order to achieve the model-based fault monitoring and diagnosis,an accurate model for the rotor system is necessary to locate and quantify faults.Since the dynamic characteristics of a blade-rotor system is influen...In order to achieve the model-based fault monitoring and diagnosis,an accurate model for the rotor system is necessary to locate and quantify faults.Since the dynamic characteristics of a blade-rotor system is influenced by foundation flexibility,the modeling and dynamic analyses on the foundation were sequentially investigated.Firstly,the effect of element size on the model convergence was investigated using the forward difference quotient as the slope of the frequency difference,which found that the model converged when the element size refined to 4mm.Secondly,a modal analysis and a harmonic response analysis were performed to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the foundation structure.Finally,an optimization to the foundation utilizing an additional stiffener was conducted to reduce the foundation response and make the critical speed far away from the working frequency band of 20—50Hz.展开更多
Considering the elastic supports,the finite element model of rotor-bladed disk-casing system is established using commercial software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.Assuming that broken blade is released from the disk,the complicate r...Considering the elastic supports,the finite element model of rotor-bladed disk-casing system is established using commercial software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.Assuming that broken blade is released from the disk,the complicate rubbing responses of unbalanced rotor-bladed disk-casing system are studied under different operational speeds.In addition,influences of both plastic deformation of blade and casing failure are analyzed.The results show that there exist some multiple even fractional frequencies in the transient and steady vibration responses of unbalanced rotor.Besides,one nodal diameter vibration of bladed disk coupling with the lateral vibration of the shaft as well as the first order bending vibration of blade can be excited under low operational speed,while the first order bending vibration of blade coupling with the lateral vibration of disk-shaft is easily excited under high operational speed.During rubbing process,three distinct contact states can be observed:broken blade-casing contact,broken blade-blade component-casing contact and broken blade-casing contact/blade component-casing contact/blade selfcontact.It is worth noting that the third contact state is related to the operational speed.With the increase of operational speed,self-contact in the blade may occur.展开更多
Helicopter blade running elevation measurement is an important measure target in helicopter blade dynamic balance experimentation. The elevation influences the helicopter＇ s security and other performance capabilitie...Helicopter blade running elevation measurement is an important measure target in helicopter blade dynamic balance experimentation. The elevation influences the helicopter＇ s security and other performance capabilities. In testing, however, it has been difficult to measure the elevation when the rotor reaches high speeds. To get a simple, fast and highly accurate measurement system, photo electricity technology was applied to measuring the blade running elevation. Discussed is the measurement principle of blade running elevation, tire design of the measurement system and analysis of the measurement precision.展开更多
A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase ...A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force.However,the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system,which led to the non-synchronization of actuators.On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually.A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a control system model was built according to the synchronization error and tracking error.Furthermore,based on arranging the transition process,estimating the system state and error feedback,and compensating disturbance,an active disturbance rejection controller was designed by adopting the optimal control function.Finally,on-site test results showed that the cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm could ensure the synchronization of two actuators.The maximum speed synchronization error of the two motors was less than 16 RPM,the displacement synchronization error of the two actuators was less than 0.25 mm and approaching zero after 4 seconds,and the peak value of vibration of the blade was less than 5 mm,which satisfied the fatigue test requirement.展开更多
It is crucial to maintain wind turbine blades regularly, due to the high stress leading to defects or damage. Conventional methods require shipping the blades to a workshop for off-site inspection, which is extremely ...It is crucial to maintain wind turbine blades regularly, due to the high stress leading to defects or damage. Conventional methods require shipping the blades to a workshop for off-site inspection, which is extremely time-consuming and very costly. This work investigates the use of pulse-echo ultrasound to detect internal damages in wind turbine blades without the necessity to ship the blades off-site. A prototype 2D ultrasonic NDT （non-destructive testing） system has been developed and optimised for in-situ wind turbine blade inspection. The system is designed to be light weight so it can be easily carried by an inspector onto the wind turbine blade for in-situ inspection. It can be operated in 1D A-scan, 2D C-scan or 3D volume scan. A software system has been developed to control the automated scanning and show the damage areas in a 2D/3D map with different colours so that the inspector can easily identify the defective areas. Experiments on GFRP （glass fibre reinforced plastics） and wind turbine blades （made of GFRP） samples showed that internal defects can be detected. The main advantages of this system are fully automated 2D spatial scanning and the ability to alert the user to the damage of the inspected sample. It is intended to be used for in-situ inspection to save maintenance time and hence considered to be economically beneficial for the wind energy industry.展开更多
Spiral pile foundations,as a promising type of foundation,are of significant importance for the development of offshore wind energy,particularly as it moves toward deeper waters.This study conducted a physical experim...Spiral pile foundations,as a promising type of foundation,are of significant importance for the development of offshore wind energy,particularly as it moves toward deeper waters.This study conducted a physical experiment on a three-spiral-pile jacket foundation under deep-buried sandy soil conditions.During the experiment,horizontal displacement was applied to the structure to thoroughly investigate the bearing characteristics of the three-spiral-pile jacket foundation.This study also focused on analyzing the bearing mechanisms of conventional piles compared with spiral piles with different numbers of blades.Three different working conditions were set up and compared,and key data,such as the horizontal bearing capacity,pile shaft axial force,and spiral blade soil pressure,were measured and analyzed.The results show the distinct impacts of the spiral blades on the compressed and tensioned sides of the foundation.Specifically,on the compressed side,the spiral blades effectively enhance the restraint of the soil on the pile foundation,whereas on the tensioned side,an excessive number of spiral blades can negatively affect the structural tensile performance to some extent.This study also emphasizes that the addition of blades to the side of a single pile is the most effective method for increasing the bearing capacity of the foundation.This research aims to provide design insights into improving the bearing capacity of the foundation.展开更多
Ocean energy has progressively gained considerable interest due to its sufficient potential to meet the world’s energy demand,and the blade is the core component in electricity generation from the ocean current.Howev...Ocean energy has progressively gained considerable interest due to its sufficient potential to meet the world’s energy demand,and the blade is the core component in electricity generation from the ocean current.However,the widened hydraulic excitation frequency may satisfy the blade resonance due to the time variation in the velocity and angle of attack of the ocean current,even resulting in blade fatigue and destructively interfering with grid stability.A key parameter that determines the resonance amplitude of the blade is the hydrodynamic damping ratio(HDR).However,HDR is difficult to obtain due to the complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI).Therefore,a literature review was conducted on the hydrodynamic damping characteristics of blade-like structures.The experimental and simulation methods used to identify and obtain the HDR quantitatively were described,placing emphasis on the experimental processes and simulation setups.Moreover,the accuracy and efficiency of different simulation methods were compared,and the modal work approach was recommended.The effects of key typical parameters,including flow velocity,angle of attack,gap,rotational speed,and cavitation,on the HDR were then summarized,and the suggestions on operating conditions were presented from the perspective of increasing the HDR.Subsequently,considering multiple flow parameters,several theoretical derivations and semi-empirical prediction formulas for HDR were introduced,and the accuracy and application were discussed.Based on the shortcomings of the existing research,the direction of future research was finally determined.The current work offers a clear understanding of the HDR of blade-like structures,which could improve the evaluation accuracy of flow-induced vibration in the design stage.展开更多
The present work is based on the third-order partial differential equation (PDE) of acoustics of viscoelastic solids for the quasi-equilibrium (QE) component of the average normal stress. This PDE includes the stress-...The present work is based on the third-order partial differential equation (PDE) of acoustics of viscoelastic solids for the quasi-equilibrium (QE) component of the average normal stress. This PDE includes the stress-relaxation time (SRT) for the material and is applicable at any value of the SRT. The notion of a smart deicing system (SDS) for blade shells (BSs) of a wind turbine is specified. The work considers the stress in a BS as the one caused by the operational load on the BS. The work develops key design issues of a prospective ice-detection system (IDS) able to supply an array of the heating elements of an SDS with the element-individual spatiotemporal data and procedures for identification of the material parameters of atmospheric-ice (AI) layer accreted on the outer surfaces of the BSs. Both the SDS and IDS flexibly allow for complex, curvilinear and space-time-varying shapes of BSs. The proposed IDS presumes monitoring of the QE components of the normal stresses in BSs. The IDS is supposed to include an array of pressure-sensing resistors, also known as force-sensing resistors (FSRs), and communication hardware, as well as the parameter-identification software package (PISP), which provides the identification on the basis of the aforementioned PDE and the data measured by the FSRs. The IDS does not have hardware components located outside the outer surfaces of, or implanted in, BSs. The FSR array and communication hardware are reliable, and both cost- and energy-efficient. The present work extends methods of structural-health/operational-load monitoring (SH/OL-M) with measurements of the operational-load-caused stress in closed solid shells and, if the prospective PISP is used, endows the methods with identification of material parameters of the shells. The identification algorithms that can underlie the PISP are computationally efficient and suitable for implementation in the real-time mode. The identification model and algorithms can deal with not only the single-layer systems such as the BS layer without the AI layer or two-layer systems but also multi-layer systems. The outcomes can be applied to not only BSs of wind turbines but also non-QE closed single- or multi-layer deformable solid shells of various engineering systems (e.g., the shells of driver or passenger compartments of ships, cars, busses, airplanes, and other vehicles). The proposed monitoring of the normal-stress QE component in the mentioned shells extends the methods of SH/OL-M. The topic for the nearest research is a better adjustment of the settings for the FSR-based measurement of the mentioned components and a calibration of the parameter-identification model and algorithms, as well as the resulting improvement of the PISP.展开更多
Shearography is an optical technique in the field of nondestructive evaluation(NDE)of various materials.Its main advantages are that it is noncontact type and can cover a large area in a single inspection.As a result,...Shearography is an optical technique in the field of nondestructive evaluation(NDE)of various materials.Its main advantages are that it is noncontact type and can cover a large area in a single inspection.As a result,although it has been widely acknowledged as an effective technique particularly for NDE of composite materials to detect subsurface defects such as delamination,disbond,cracks,and impact damages,the use of shearography for on-site inspection of wind turbine blades(WTBs)has not been reported.This is due to wind causing structural vibration in the WTB.The solution in this paper is to make the shearography sit on the WTB during inspection when the WTB is parked,so that the relative motion between the shearography and the WTB is minimized within the tolerance of the shearography system.The ultimate goal of the solution is to enable a robot-assisted shearography system to inspect the WTB on-site.This paper presents the research work on a new shearography design for integration with a robotic climber for on-site WTB inspection.The approach is tested and evaluated in experimental settings,and a comparative assessment of the approach with other robotic NDE techniques is carried out.The results demonstrate the potential benefits and suitability of the approach for on-site robotic inspection of WTBs.展开更多
According to the construction principle of B-spline, a formula of surface construction for airfoil blade with the given points has been derived. Meanwhile, the surface construction system for airfoil blade in practice...According to the construction principle of B-spline, a formula of surface construction for airfoil blade with the given points has been derived. Meanwhile, the surface construction system for airfoil blade in practice as well as menus for the system have been constructed with the help of the commercial software (AutoCAD R14). The result in this paper is helpful for CAD/CAM of airfoil blades.展开更多
To facilitate the low-noise design of tandem lift bodies as applied in aeroengines and aircraft,the acoustic features of tandem blades are investigated by wind-tunnel experiments.This is further specialized for the ro...To facilitate the low-noise design of tandem lift bodies as applied in aeroengines and aircraft,the acoustic features of tandem blades are investigated by wind-tunnel experiments.This is further specialized for the rotating blades applied in contra-rotating open rotors under the concept of frozen-rotor.A 70-channel phased microphone array and nine high-precision free-field microphones are employed.The beamforming method,enhanced by a source filtering technique,is employed to locate noise sources,providing insights into the source patterns of blade-blade interaction noise concerning flow speed,blade spacing,and aft blade clipping.The results show the following:(A)Sources of tandem-blade noise exist in the form of concentrated source clusters,resulting in two major clusters:the mid-span interaction noise and the tip-induced noise.(B)These source clusters tend to separate as flow speed or blade spacing increases.(C)By increasing blade spacing,the band-pass filtered overall sound pressure level is reduced by 2.9 dB.(D)A two-phase noise suppression pattern is observed with blade clipping,resulting in a total reduction of 3.0 dB for the interaction noise through the removal of tip-induced noise sources and the replacement of mid-span noise sources.Based on these findings,suggestions concerning blade spacing and clipping are discussed.展开更多
Anti-aliasing spectrum analysis is essential for rotor blade condition monitoring based on Blade Tip Timing(BTT).The Multiple Signal Classification(MUSIC)algorithm,which exploits the orthogonality between signal and n...Anti-aliasing spectrum analysis is essential for rotor blade condition monitoring based on Blade Tip Timing(BTT).The Multiple Signal Classification(MUSIC)algorithm,which exploits the orthogonality between signal and noise subspaces,has been successfully applied for this purpose.However,conventional subspace selection methods relying on fixed thresholds are sensitive to variations in large eigenvalues.Furthermore,the complex disturbances during rotor operation and measurement complicate the identification of blade vibration characteristics.To overcome these challenges,this paper proposes Adaptive Subspace Separation(ASS)and Local Spectral Centroid(LSC)methods to improve the adaptability of subspace selection and the stability of frequency identification,respectively.The impacts of overestimating and underestimating the subspace dimensions on MUSIC's performance are derived mathematically.Simulation and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed approaches:ASS offers more accurate and stable subspace dimension selection and tracking,while LSC reduces the standard deviation of estimated frequencies by 30 percent.展开更多
Wind turbines play a vital role in renewable energy production.This review examines advancements in wind turbine blade morphing technologies aimed at enhancing power coefficients,reducing vibrations,andminimizing nois...Wind turbines play a vital role in renewable energy production.This review examines advancements in wind turbine blade morphing technologies aimed at enhancing power coefficients,reducing vibrations,andminimizing noise generation.Efficiency,vibration,and noise levels can be optimized through morphing techniques applied to the blade’s shape,leading edge,trailing edge,and surface.Leading-edge morphing is particularly effective in improving efficiency and reducing noise,as flow attachment and separation at the leading edge significantly influence lift and vortex generation.Morphing technologies often draw inspiration from bionic designs based on natural phenomena,highlighting the potential of biomimicry to improve aerodynamic performance and energy capture.Understanding fluid-structure interactions is critical to ensuring the lifespan,performance,and safety of wind turbine blades,which directly affect operational efficiency and noise levels.This review underscores the importance of comprehending the interdependencies between aerodynamics,vibration,and noise to guide future research and policy in sustainable wind energy development.By summarizing key advancements in the field,this paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers,policymakers,and industry leaders involved in wind energy technologies.展开更多
文摘Based on feature modeling and mathematical analysis methods,a process-oriented and modular parametric design system for advanced turbine cooling blade is developed with UG API,aiming at the structural complexity and high design difficulty of aero-engine cooling turbine blade.The relationship between the external and internal body features,the body attached feature is analyzed as viewed from the feature and parameter terms.The parametric design processes and design examples of the external body shape,tenon,platform and internal body shape,ribs,pin fins are introduced.The system improves the design efficiency of cooling turbine blade and establishes the foundation of multidisciplinary design optimization procedure for it.
文摘To solve the problems in turbine blade investment casting die design process such as long design time,lacking of expert experience and low level of intelligence,knowledge-based engineering (KBE) was introduced in the turbine blade investment casting die design field. The key technologies of the intelligent design method were researched and a prototype system was developed. A hybrid reasoning model was prompted in which case-based reasoning (CBR) was applied to conceptual design and rule-based reasoning (RBR) was applied to parts design after research the design process and domain knowledge of casting die. In the conceptual design stage,a retrieval model which integrated nearest neighbor approach and knowledge-based retrieval approach was prompted to improve the retrieval efficiency. Meanwhile,RBR was used to modify the retrieval result. The practical application results indicate that this system can reuse the expert experience efficiently and heighten the die design efficiency and quality.
文摘It can be greatly beneficial to remove the swashplate of conventional helicopter, because the swashplate is usually complicated, aerodynamically resistive, and obstacle of more complex pitch control for improving performance. The present technologies for helicopter vibration reduction are usually narrow in effective range or requiring additional actuators and signal transfer links, and more effective technology is desired. Helicopter blade pitch control system, which is removed of swashplate and integrated high-frequency pitch control function for active vibration reduction, is likely the suitable solution at current technical level. Several potential implementation schemes are discussed, such as blades being directly or indirectly driven by actuators mounted in rotating frame and application of different types of actuators, especially implementation schemes of electro-mechanical actuator with or without gear reducer. It is found that swashplateless blade pitch control system based on specially designed limited angle direct-drive motor （LADDM） is a more practical implementation scheme. An experimental prototype of the finally selected implementation scheme has been designed, fabricated and tested on rotor tower. The test results show considerable feasibility of the swashplateless helicopter blade pitch control system using the LADDM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51975293)Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No.2019ZD052010)Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of NUAA (No.xcxjh20230502)。
文摘Blades are one of the important components on aircraft engines.If they break due to vibration failure,the normal operation of the entire engine will be offected.Therefore,it is necessary to measure their natural frequency before installing them on the engine to avoid resonance.At present,most blade vibration testing systems require manual operation by operators,which has high requirements for operators and the testing process is also very cumbersome.Therefore,the testing efficiency is low and cannot meet the needs of efficient testing.To solve the current problems of low testing efficiency and high operational requirements,a high-precision and high-efficiency automatic test system is designed.The testing accuracy of this system can reach ±1%,and the testing efficiency is improved by 37% compared to manual testing.Firstly,the influence of compression force and vibration exciter position on natural frequency test is analyzed by amplitude-frequency curve,so as to calibrate servo cylinder and fourdimensional motion platform.Secondly,the sine wave signal is used as the excitation to sweep the blade linearly,and the natural frequency is determined by the amplitude peak in the frequency domain.Finally,the accuracy experiment and efficiency experiment are carried out on the developed test system,whose results verify its high efficiency and high precision.
基金National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) (2006AA04Z144)Key Technologies R&D Program (2006BAF04B02).
文摘An integration system was developed to satisfy the need of information integration in the process of designing, investment casting and monitoring aero-engine's turbo blade. The general architecture is detailed presented in this paper. The system mainly comprises of product master model, design information management, anti-deformation design of mould cavity, intelligence mould design and blade testing. The developed system can manage mould design and blade test data flow, optimize mould design process and achieve the goal of integration design.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2016YFF0203300)
文摘In order to achieve the model-based fault monitoring and diagnosis,an accurate model for the rotor system is necessary to locate and quantify faults.Since the dynamic characteristics of a blade-rotor system is influenced by foundation flexibility,the modeling and dynamic analyses on the foundation were sequentially investigated.Firstly,the effect of element size on the model convergence was investigated using the forward difference quotient as the slope of the frequency difference,which found that the model converged when the element size refined to 4mm.Secondly,a modal analysis and a harmonic response analysis were performed to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the foundation structure.Finally,an optimization to the foundation utilizing an additional stiffener was conducted to reduce the foundation response and make the critical speed far away from the working frequency band of 20—50Hz.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11772089)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. N160312001and N160313004)the Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration(No.MSV201707)
文摘Considering the elastic supports,the finite element model of rotor-bladed disk-casing system is established using commercial software ANSYS/LS-DYNA.Assuming that broken blade is released from the disk,the complicate rubbing responses of unbalanced rotor-bladed disk-casing system are studied under different operational speeds.In addition,influences of both plastic deformation of blade and casing failure are analyzed.The results show that there exist some multiple even fractional frequencies in the transient and steady vibration responses of unbalanced rotor.Besides,one nodal diameter vibration of bladed disk coupling with the lateral vibration of the shaft as well as the first order bending vibration of blade can be excited under low operational speed,while the first order bending vibration of blade coupling with the lateral vibration of disk-shaft is easily excited under high operational speed.During rubbing process,three distinct contact states can be observed:broken blade-casing contact,broken blade-blade component-casing contact and broken blade-casing contact/blade component-casing contact/blade selfcontact.It is worth noting that the third contact state is related to the operational speed.With the increase of operational speed,self-contact in the blade may occur.
文摘Helicopter blade running elevation measurement is an important measure target in helicopter blade dynamic balance experimentation. The elevation influences the helicopter＇ s security and other performance capabilities. In testing, however, it has been difficult to measure the elevation when the rotor reaches high speeds. To get a simple, fast and highly accurate measurement system, photo electricity technology was applied to measuring the blade running elevation. Discussed is the measurement principle of blade running elevation, tire design of the measurement system and analysis of the measurement precision.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China,Grant No.2018YFB1501203Meanwhile,this research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong,Grant No.ZR2019MEE076And the work in this paper has partly received funding from the National Key R&D Program of Shandong,Grant No.2019GGX104001.
文摘A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed.Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode,the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force.However,the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system,which led to the non-synchronization of actuators.On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually.A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed.Firstly,a control system model was built according to the synchronization error and tracking error.Furthermore,based on arranging the transition process,estimating the system state and error feedback,and compensating disturbance,an active disturbance rejection controller was designed by adopting the optimal control function.Finally,on-site test results showed that the cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm could ensure the synchronization of two actuators.The maximum speed synchronization error of the two motors was less than 16 RPM,the displacement synchronization error of the two actuators was less than 0.25 mm and approaching zero after 4 seconds,and the peak value of vibration of the blade was less than 5 mm,which satisfied the fatigue test requirement.
文摘It is crucial to maintain wind turbine blades regularly, due to the high stress leading to defects or damage. Conventional methods require shipping the blades to a workshop for off-site inspection, which is extremely time-consuming and very costly. This work investigates the use of pulse-echo ultrasound to detect internal damages in wind turbine blades without the necessity to ship the blades off-site. A prototype 2D ultrasonic NDT （non-destructive testing） system has been developed and optimised for in-situ wind turbine blade inspection. The system is designed to be light weight so it can be easily carried by an inspector onto the wind turbine blade for in-situ inspection. It can be operated in 1D A-scan, 2D C-scan or 3D volume scan. A software system has been developed to control the automated scanning and show the damage areas in a 2D/3D map with different colours so that the inspector can easily identify the defective areas. Experiments on GFRP （glass fibre reinforced plastics） and wind turbine blades （made of GFRP） samples showed that internal defects can be detected. The main advantages of this system are fully automated 2D spatial scanning and the ability to alert the user to the damage of the inspected sample. It is intended to be used for in-situ inspection to save maintenance time and hence considered to be economically beneficial for the wind energy industry.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171274).
文摘Spiral pile foundations,as a promising type of foundation,are of significant importance for the development of offshore wind energy,particularly as it moves toward deeper waters.This study conducted a physical experiment on a three-spiral-pile jacket foundation under deep-buried sandy soil conditions.During the experiment,horizontal displacement was applied to the structure to thoroughly investigate the bearing characteristics of the three-spiral-pile jacket foundation.This study also focused on analyzing the bearing mechanisms of conventional piles compared with spiral piles with different numbers of blades.Three different working conditions were set up and compared,and key data,such as the horizontal bearing capacity,pile shaft axial force,and spiral blade soil pressure,were measured and analyzed.The results show the distinct impacts of the spiral blades on the compressed and tensioned sides of the foundation.Specifically,on the compressed side,the spiral blades effectively enhance the restraint of the soil on the pile foundation,whereas on the tensioned side,an excessive number of spiral blades can negatively affect the structural tensile performance to some extent.This study also emphasizes that the addition of blades to the side of a single pile is the most effective method for increasing the bearing capacity of the foundation.This research aims to provide design insights into improving the bearing capacity of the foundation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52222904 and 52309117)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2022TQ0168 and 2023M731895).
文摘Ocean energy has progressively gained considerable interest due to its sufficient potential to meet the world’s energy demand,and the blade is the core component in electricity generation from the ocean current.However,the widened hydraulic excitation frequency may satisfy the blade resonance due to the time variation in the velocity and angle of attack of the ocean current,even resulting in blade fatigue and destructively interfering with grid stability.A key parameter that determines the resonance amplitude of the blade is the hydrodynamic damping ratio(HDR).However,HDR is difficult to obtain due to the complex fluid-structure interaction(FSI).Therefore,a literature review was conducted on the hydrodynamic damping characteristics of blade-like structures.The experimental and simulation methods used to identify and obtain the HDR quantitatively were described,placing emphasis on the experimental processes and simulation setups.Moreover,the accuracy and efficiency of different simulation methods were compared,and the modal work approach was recommended.The effects of key typical parameters,including flow velocity,angle of attack,gap,rotational speed,and cavitation,on the HDR were then summarized,and the suggestions on operating conditions were presented from the perspective of increasing the HDR.Subsequently,considering multiple flow parameters,several theoretical derivations and semi-empirical prediction formulas for HDR were introduced,and the accuracy and application were discussed.Based on the shortcomings of the existing research,the direction of future research was finally determined.The current work offers a clear understanding of the HDR of blade-like structures,which could improve the evaluation accuracy of flow-induced vibration in the design stage.
文摘The present work is based on the third-order partial differential equation (PDE) of acoustics of viscoelastic solids for the quasi-equilibrium (QE) component of the average normal stress. This PDE includes the stress-relaxation time (SRT) for the material and is applicable at any value of the SRT. The notion of a smart deicing system (SDS) for blade shells (BSs) of a wind turbine is specified. The work considers the stress in a BS as the one caused by the operational load on the BS. The work develops key design issues of a prospective ice-detection system (IDS) able to supply an array of the heating elements of an SDS with the element-individual spatiotemporal data and procedures for identification of the material parameters of atmospheric-ice (AI) layer accreted on the outer surfaces of the BSs. Both the SDS and IDS flexibly allow for complex, curvilinear and space-time-varying shapes of BSs. The proposed IDS presumes monitoring of the QE components of the normal stresses in BSs. The IDS is supposed to include an array of pressure-sensing resistors, also known as force-sensing resistors (FSRs), and communication hardware, as well as the parameter-identification software package (PISP), which provides the identification on the basis of the aforementioned PDE and the data measured by the FSRs. The IDS does not have hardware components located outside the outer surfaces of, or implanted in, BSs. The FSR array and communication hardware are reliable, and both cost- and energy-efficient. The present work extends methods of structural-health/operational-load monitoring (SH/OL-M) with measurements of the operational-load-caused stress in closed solid shells and, if the prospective PISP is used, endows the methods with identification of material parameters of the shells. The identification algorithms that can underlie the PISP are computationally efficient and suitable for implementation in the real-time mode. The identification model and algorithms can deal with not only the single-layer systems such as the BS layer without the AI layer or two-layer systems but also multi-layer systems. The outcomes can be applied to not only BSs of wind turbines but also non-QE closed single- or multi-layer deformable solid shells of various engineering systems (e.g., the shells of driver or passenger compartments of ships, cars, busses, airplanes, and other vehicles). The proposed monitoring of the normal-stress QE component in the mentioned shells extends the methods of SH/OL-M. The topic for the nearest research is a better adjustment of the settings for the FSR-based measurement of the mentioned components and a calibration of the parameter-identification model and algorithms, as well as the resulting improvement of the PISP.
基金The work reported in this paper has been receiving funding from EU H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.780662.
文摘Shearography is an optical technique in the field of nondestructive evaluation(NDE)of various materials.Its main advantages are that it is noncontact type and can cover a large area in a single inspection.As a result,although it has been widely acknowledged as an effective technique particularly for NDE of composite materials to detect subsurface defects such as delamination,disbond,cracks,and impact damages,the use of shearography for on-site inspection of wind turbine blades(WTBs)has not been reported.This is due to wind causing structural vibration in the WTB.The solution in this paper is to make the shearography sit on the WTB during inspection when the WTB is parked,so that the relative motion between the shearography and the WTB is minimized within the tolerance of the shearography system.The ultimate goal of the solution is to enable a robot-assisted shearography system to inspect the WTB on-site.This paper presents the research work on a new shearography design for integration with a robotic climber for on-site WTB inspection.The approach is tested and evaluated in experimental settings,and a comparative assessment of the approach with other robotic NDE techniques is carried out.The results demonstrate the potential benefits and suitability of the approach for on-site robotic inspection of WTBs.
文摘According to the construction principle of B-spline, a formula of surface construction for airfoil blade with the given points has been derived. Meanwhile, the surface construction system for airfoil blade in practice as well as menus for the system have been constructed with the help of the commercial software (AutoCAD R14). The result in this paper is helpful for CAD/CAM of airfoil blades.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102451,12072186)the National Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.J2019-II-0006-0026)AVIC Aerodynamics Research Institute,China(No.XFX20220201).
文摘To facilitate the low-noise design of tandem lift bodies as applied in aeroengines and aircraft,the acoustic features of tandem blades are investigated by wind-tunnel experiments.This is further specialized for the rotating blades applied in contra-rotating open rotors under the concept of frozen-rotor.A 70-channel phased microphone array and nine high-precision free-field microphones are employed.The beamforming method,enhanced by a source filtering technique,is employed to locate noise sources,providing insights into the source patterns of blade-blade interaction noise concerning flow speed,blade spacing,and aft blade clipping.The results show the following:(A)Sources of tandem-blade noise exist in the form of concentrated source clusters,resulting in two major clusters:the mid-span interaction noise and the tip-induced noise.(B)These source clusters tend to separate as flow speed or blade spacing increases.(C)By increasing blade spacing,the band-pass filtered overall sound pressure level is reduced by 2.9 dB.(D)A two-phase noise suppression pattern is observed with blade clipping,resulting in a total reduction of 3.0 dB for the interaction noise through the removal of tip-induced noise sources and the replacement of mid-span noise sources.Based on these findings,suggestions concerning blade spacing and clipping are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52405088 and 92360306)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF,China(No.GZC20241446)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi,China(No.2024JC-YBMS-402)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(No.300102254102)the Foundation of Beilin District,China(No.GX2455)。
文摘Anti-aliasing spectrum analysis is essential for rotor blade condition monitoring based on Blade Tip Timing(BTT).The Multiple Signal Classification(MUSIC)algorithm,which exploits the orthogonality between signal and noise subspaces,has been successfully applied for this purpose.However,conventional subspace selection methods relying on fixed thresholds are sensitive to variations in large eigenvalues.Furthermore,the complex disturbances during rotor operation and measurement complicate the identification of blade vibration characteristics.To overcome these challenges,this paper proposes Adaptive Subspace Separation(ASS)and Local Spectral Centroid(LSC)methods to improve the adaptability of subspace selection and the stability of frequency identification,respectively.The impacts of overestimating and underestimating the subspace dimensions on MUSIC's performance are derived mathematically.Simulation and experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed approaches:ASS offers more accurate and stable subspace dimension selection and tracking,while LSC reduces the standard deviation of estimated frequencies by 30 percent.
文摘Wind turbines play a vital role in renewable energy production.This review examines advancements in wind turbine blade morphing technologies aimed at enhancing power coefficients,reducing vibrations,andminimizing noise generation.Efficiency,vibration,and noise levels can be optimized through morphing techniques applied to the blade’s shape,leading edge,trailing edge,and surface.Leading-edge morphing is particularly effective in improving efficiency and reducing noise,as flow attachment and separation at the leading edge significantly influence lift and vortex generation.Morphing technologies often draw inspiration from bionic designs based on natural phenomena,highlighting the potential of biomimicry to improve aerodynamic performance and energy capture.Understanding fluid-structure interactions is critical to ensuring the lifespan,performance,and safety of wind turbine blades,which directly affect operational efficiency and noise levels.This review underscores the importance of comprehending the interdependencies between aerodynamics,vibration,and noise to guide future research and policy in sustainable wind energy development.By summarizing key advancements in the field,this paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers,policymakers,and industry leaders involved in wind energy technologies.
