Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other sele...Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other selected macroeconomic variables have never been included in the literature. Objectives: This study examines murder, mortality, and selected macroeconomic variables are factors of births, using data for Jamaica from 1989-2009. Methods: The study is a secondary data analysis of statistics on Jamaica from 1989 - 2009 but also includes data on births from 1900s. Find- ings: In the decade of the 1950s, births increased by 79.9% over the decade of 1900s, grew by 22.4% in the 1960s over the previous decade and declined by 17.6% in 2000s compared with the 1990s. Four emerged as statistically significant predictors of lnbirth—inflation, GDP per capita growth, mortality and murder, with an explanatory power of 90.6%—F = 19.291, P s = 0.962), when murder was excluded and replaced by annual exchange rate, the factors influencing lnbirth was exchange rate, inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita growth and mortality—all factors account for 92.2% of the variability in lnbirth—F = 30.572, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Murder is more that a crime it is a cause of birth decline, suggesting that public health practitioners as well as epidemiologists must take this factor into account as it is a birth determinant.展开更多
Nonglian Village of Sheyang County,Yancheng City.Jiangsu Province has 454 families(1,460 people)and 356 women of childbearing age.In the past,the village was povcrty-stricken and plagued with unwanted births.Between 1...Nonglian Village of Sheyang County,Yancheng City.Jiangsu Province has 454 families(1,460 people)and 356 women of childbearing age.In the past,the village was povcrty-stricken and plagued with unwanted births.Between 1980 and 1990.more than 100 unplanned children were bom.展开更多
Low birth weight （LBW） is an important risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity in adults.. How- ever, no large scale study on the prevalence of LBW and related maternal risk factors in China has ...Low birth weight （LBW） is an important risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity in adults.. How- ever, no large scale study on the prevalence of LBW and related maternal risk factors in China has been published. To explore the effects of maternal factors on LBW for term birth in China, we conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of 55, 633 Chinese pregnancy cases between 2001 and 2008. Maternal sociodemographic data, history of infer- tility and contraceptive use were obtained. Their medical status and diseases during pre-pregnancy were examined by physical examination at the first antenatal care visit. Maternal medical status before childbirth and pregnancy outcomes, including body weight, infant gender, multiple pregnancy and congenital anomalies, were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and linear regression were used to investigate the relationship be- tween maternal factors and term LBW. The general incidence of term LBW was 1.70% in the developed area of China. After preliminary analysis using the univariate model, low primary education, anemia, hypertensive disor- ders, placental previa, oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membrane were predicted as independent factors of term LBW in the multivariate model. Furthermore, the decrease in annual frquencies of these risk factors were major causes of gradual decline in the incidence of LBW （from 2.43% in 2001 to 1.21% in 2008）. The study dem- onstrated that among maternal factors, primary education, anemia and hypertensive disorders could contribute to LBW for term birth even in the most developed area of China.展开更多
BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is ...BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.展开更多
Objective: To compare preterm delivery (PTD) rates in HIV-infected patients on a protease inhibitor (PI)-based and a PI-sparing regimen. Study Design: This is a retrospective review of records of HIV-infected pregnant...Objective: To compare preterm delivery (PTD) rates in HIV-infected patients on a protease inhibitor (PI)-based and a PI-sparing regimen. Study Design: This is a retrospective review of records of HIV-infected pregnant women between 2000 and 2007 at University Hospital, Newark, NJ. Patients were grouped according to PI exposure during pregnancy. Rates of preterm birth were compared, and the analysis was performed irrespectively of the etiology or indication of the preterm birth. Multivariate analysis including substance use, PI use, initial CD4 count, and history of PTD was performed. Results: There were 129 pregnant women in the PI group and 59 in the PI-sparing group. The PTD rate did not differ between the PI group and PI-sparing group (27.9% vs 25.4%, P = 0.72). 28.6% of those who delivered preterm had a previous PTD compared to 8.4% of those who delivered at term (P = 0.0019). Patients who delivered preterm had a higher rate of substance use (37.3% vs 19.7%, P = 0.0128). In the multivariate analysis, only history of PTD was significant (P = 0.018). Conclusion: Contrary to other studies, PIs were not associated with PTD. Other known risk factors of PTD, specifically past PTD and substance use, should be considered and targeted for risk reduction during pregnancy.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate whether prophylactic administration of 200 mg vaginal progesterone can reduce the incidence of preterm birth in women with documented history of preterm birth Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology ...Objective: To evaluate whether prophylactic administration of 200 mg vaginal progesterone can reduce the incidence of preterm birth in women with documented history of preterm birth Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. Methods: Ninety patients with previous history of preterm birth prior to 37 week presenting with singleton pregnancy between 20 - 24 weeks were randomly allocated to receive either the progesterone 200 mg vaginal suppository or no treatment. Results: The incidence of preterm labor before 37 weeks of gestation was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (22.2% vs. 53.3%) especially in earlier gestational ages. While, the mean birth weight was significantly higher in the study group than in control group (2872.67 ± 565.76 gm vs. 2487.78 ± 742.40 gm). The neonatal morbidities and mortality associated with preterm labor were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group as shown by lower incidence of neonatal RDS (13.3% vs. 31.1%;P = 0.043) and lower incidence of the need for NICU admission (15.6% vs. 35.5%;P = 0.03). Conclusion: Administration of prophylactic vaginal progesterone (200 mg, daily) can significantly reduce the rate of preterm birth before 37, 32 and 28 wks of gestation among women with previous spontaneous preterm birth. In addition, the rates of RDS and admission to NICU were significantly decreased among infants of women assigned to progesterone treatment. Also, there was an additional benefit of vaginal progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in women who had prior spontaneous preterm birth and cervical length 25 mm.展开更多
Definition： The final net live birth delivery from the mother＇s womb, with distinct male and female genetic traits, forms a ratioof male live births per 100 female live births, termed as Sex Ratio at Birth （SRB）. ...Definition： The final net live birth delivery from the mother＇s womb, with distinct male and female genetic traits, forms a ratioof male live births per 100 female live births, termed as Sex Ratio at Birth （SRB）. Study areas and source of data： The studyareas are Africa and major worldwide continents and countries. The basic data are compiled from the National Populationand Housing Censuses, Demographic Sample Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Vital Registration Systems.Analytical approaches： The factors influencing the variations in SRB are identified by reviewing various documents, analysisof variance （ANOVA） techniques, and statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results： The ratios areconsistently higher for advanced countries than the developing countries, with highest for China and India. The ANOVAresults show slight differences among the S0 African countries but show differences among the African regional states,whereas the standard deviation of the SRB among the advanced countries, including some Asian and Latin Americancountries shows non-significant variations. In conclusion, the mean SRB for African populations is 103 as against 106 forother countries.展开更多
Despite the vast amount of time and money people have invested in studying and filming great white sharks,no one has ever seen one being born.However,new footage from California might offer a thrilling glimpse into th...Despite the vast amount of time and money people have invested in studying and filming great white sharks,no one has ever seen one being born.However,new footage from California might offer a thrilling glimpse into this unknown world.On July 9,2023,filmmaker Carlos Gauna and biologist Phillip Sternes were using a drone to track sharks off the coast of Santa Barbara.They had already filmed several larger great white sharks when something truly unexpected emerged from the water.“Near the end of the day,this oddly⁃looking white shark showed up,and we were both over the moon,”says Sternes.展开更多
Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility...Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility policy adjustments have had a direct influence on the female labor force.This paper uses data from China Family Panel Studies in 2016 to test the impact that increases in the number of child births that have occurred as result of shifts in fertility level are having on women’s labor force participation.Our findings show that the influence of the number of children on the participation of married women in the labor force is shown by a“U-shaped”non-linear relationship dominated by substitution effect and income effect.The turn-ing point of urban married women from the substitution effect to the income effect occurs earlier than it does for rural married women.This means that urban married women are more sensitive to the economic pressure that results from child births.Therefore,the Universal Two-Child policy,introduced at the beginning of 2016,inevitably has a direct negative effect on women’s labor force participation.Help-ing women to maintain work-family balance has become a problem that must be addressed at present.展开更多
Premise:The com bined effects of modern healthcare practices which prolong lifespan and declining birthrates have created unprecedented changes in age demographics worldwide that are especially pronounced in Japan,Sou...Premise:The com bined effects of modern healthcare practices which prolong lifespan and declining birthrates have created unprecedented changes in age demographics worldwide that are especially pronounced in Japan,South Korea,Europe,and North America.Since old age is the most significant predictor of dementia,global healthcare systems must rise to the challenge of providing care for those with neurodegenerative disorders.展开更多
Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of birt...Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.展开更多
Objective To investigate the association between birth weight and dementia risk and the mediating roles of chronic diseases,and to assess potential biological pathways underlying the birth weight-associated dementia r...Objective To investigate the association between birth weight and dementia risk and the mediating roles of chronic diseases,and to assess potential biological pathways underlying the birth weight-associated dementia risk based on large-scale proteomics.Methods We used data from 279743 participants aged 40 to 69 years enrolled in the UK Biobank.Birth weight was categorized into low birth weight(≤2500 g),normal birth weight(2500-3999 g),and macrosomia(≥4000 g).Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the associations between birth weight categories and all-cause dementia and its subtypes(Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia).Proteomics analyses were conducted to identify proteins and the potential pathways involved.Results Low birth weight was associated with higher risks for all-cause dementia and its subtypes.The hazard ratios were 1.18(95%CI,1.08-1.30)for all-cause dementia,1.14(95%CI,1.00-1.31)for Alzheimer's disease,and 1.22(95%CI,1.01-1.48)for vascular dementia.A non-linear relationship was observed between birth weight and dementia risk(P for nonlinearity<0.001).Certain cardiometabolic diseases in middle-aged adults,such as diabetes,stroke,hypertension,and dyslipidemia,played a significant mediating role in the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk,with the mediation proportion being 6.3%to 15.8%.Proteomic analyses identified 21 proteins linked to both low birth weight and all-cause dementia risk,which were significantly enriched in the pathways for viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors,adipocytokine signaling,and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction.Conclusion Low birth weight is positively associated with dementia risk.Cardiometabolic diseases in middle-aged adults may mediate the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk.A number of proteins and the associated pathways underscore the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk.展开更多
Preterm birth(PTB),defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation,is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome[1].PTB is a global health concern,with an estimated 13.4 million cases in 2020[1],accounting for more th...Preterm birth(PTB),defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation,is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome[1].PTB is a global health concern,with an estimated 13.4 million cases in 2020[1],accounting for more than one in 10 births worldwide.Compared to full-term births,PTBs are associated with a higher risk of short-and long-term complications,including bronchopulmonary dysplasia,necrotizing enterocolitis,visual impairment,and cerebral injuries[2].Despite substantial research efforts to prevent PTB,the global PTB rate has shown little improvement over the past decade[1].Therefore,identifying additional risk factors remains a critical goal in preventing PTB.展开更多
Preterm birth and suboptimal fetal growth remain significant perinatal challenges worldwide.Recent data indicate that China's perinatal profile has improved due to reductions in preterm birth rates.However,the cou...Preterm birth and suboptimal fetal growth remain significant perinatal challenges worldwide.Recent data indicate that China's perinatal profile has improved due to reductions in preterm birth rates.However,the country has a 6.5%prevalence of small-for-gestational-age(SGA),ranking fifth globally in total SGA birth numbers^([1,2]).展开更多
Background: Birth weight has been identified as one of the most significant predictors of a child’s physical growth, development, and survival in later life. A quest to provide an answer on the impact of maternal ant...Background: Birth weight has been identified as one of the most significant predictors of a child’s physical growth, development, and survival in later life. A quest to provide an answer on the impact of maternal anthropometry on neonatal birth weight necessitated this study. Materials and methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study that involved 130 participants selected using a systematic sampling method, utilizing a semi-structured, pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were collected using a standard procedure and were summarized using proportions, and the Chi square test was used to explore the association between categorical variables. Predictors of birth weight were determined using logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p Results: Participants had a mean age of 28.6 ± 5.1 years, mean weight of 72.2 ± 11.2 kg and mean height of 1.63 ± 0.07m while the mean fetal birth weight was 3.10 ± 0.56 kg. There was a significant association between maternal delivery body mass index and neonatal birth weight (p Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia in this study population was high. The focus should be geared towards balanced nutrition support for all mothers at booking so as to mitigate the risks associated with these extremes of birth weight.展开更多
Background Birth weight is a critical economic trait in livestock production.However,its genetic architecture remains poorly understood due to historical limitations in sample size and reliance on low-density SNP arra...Background Birth weight is a critical economic trait in livestock production.However,its genetic architecture remains poorly understood due to historical limitations in sample size and reliance on low-density SNP arrays.In this study,we utilized low-coverage whole-genome sequencing(lcWGS)to genotype 3,007 Hu sheep,bypassing the cost and resolution constraints of conventional genotyping arrays while achieving scalable genome-wide variant detection.Results LcWGS with high imputation accuracy(97.8%allelic concordance)enabled genome-wide association studies(GWAS)identifying two novel quantitative trait loci(QTLs)on chromosomes 6 and 9.The chromosome 9 QTL encompassed a regulatory region functionally linked to PLAG1 expression through expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)mapping.Compared with wild-type homozygotes,heterozygous carriers of the lead SNP(chr9:g.35920172A>G)presented a 9.85%increase in birth weight(3.35 kg vs.3.68 kg;Δ=0.33 kg).Notably,the derived allele of this SNP exhibited low frequencies of<0.1 across most global sheep breeds except Dorper,highlighting its potential for selective breeding applications.Leveraging lcWGS data,haplotype-based fine-mapping prioritized three candidate causal variants.A secondary QTL on chromosome 6 colocalized with the FecB mutation,a well-established locus associated with increased litter size.Intriguingly,individuals carrying one FecB allele showed a 6.18%reduction(0.22 kg)in birth weight,which tentatively indicates potential pleiotropic influences on both growth and reproductive traits.Conclusion This study demonstrates the utility of lcWGS as a cost-effective,high-resolution tool for dissecting complex traits in livestock.Our findings not only advance the understanding of birth weight genetics in sheep but also offer a blueprint for accelerating genetic improvement programs in global livestock production through costeffective,genome-wide approaches.展开更多
Background: Prematurely-born individuals tend to exhibit higher resting oxidative stress, although evidence suggests they may be more resistant to acute hypoxia-induced redox balance alterations. We aimed to investiga...Background: Prematurely-born individuals tend to exhibit higher resting oxidative stress, although evidence suggests they may be more resistant to acute hypoxia-induced redox balance alterations. We aimed to investigate the redox balance changes across a 3-day hypobaric hypoxic exposure at 3375 m in healthy adults born preterm(gestational age ≤ 32 weeks) and their term-born(gestational age ≥ 38 weeks)counterparts.Methods: Resting venous blood was obtained in normoxia(prior to altitude exposure), immediately upon arrival to altitude, and the following 3mornings. Antioxidant(superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase(GPx), and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)),pro-oxidant(xanthine oxidase(XO) and myeloperoxidase(MPO)) enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers(advanced oxidation protein product(AOPP) and malondialdehyde(MDA)), nitric oxide(NO) metabolites(nitrites, nitrates, and total nitrite and nitrate(NOx)), and nitrotyrosine were measured in plasma.Results: SOD increased only in the preterm group(p < 0.05). Catalase increased at arrival in preterm group(p < 0.05). XO activity increased at Day 3 for the preterm group, while it increased acutely(arrival and Day 1) in control group. MPO increased in both groups throughout the3 days(p < 0.05). AOPP only increased at arrival in the preterm(p < 0.05) whereas it decreased at arrival up to Day 3(p < 0.05) for control.MDA decreased in control group from arrival onward. Nitrotyrosine decreased in both groups(p < 0.05). Nitrites increased on Day 3(p < 0.05)in control group and decreased on Day 1(p < 0.05) in preterm group.Conclusion: These data indicate that antioxidant enzymes seem to increase immediately upon hypoxic exposure in preterm adults. Conversely, the blunted pro-oxidant enzyme response to prolonged hypoxia exposure suggests that these enzymes may be less sensitive in preterm individuals.These findings lend further support to the potential hypoxic preconditioning effect of preterm birth.展开更多
Background The prolificacy of sows(litter size at birth)has markedly increased,leading to higher post-natal mor-tality.Heat stress can exacerbate this issue.Arginine plays an important role in several physiological pa...Background The prolificacy of sows(litter size at birth)has markedly increased,leading to higher post-natal mor-tality.Heat stress can exacerbate this issue.Arginine plays an important role in several physiological pathways;its effect on gestating sows can depend on the period of supplementation.This study evaluated the effects of arginine supplementation on the productive performance and physiological status of sows during different gestation periods and seasons,using a multi-omics approach.Methods A total of 320 sows were divided into 4 groups over 2 seasons(warm/cold);a control group(CO)received a standard diet(including 16.5 g/d of arginine)and 3 other groups received the standard diet supplemented with 21.8 g/d of arginine(38.3 g/d of arginine)either during the first 35 d(Early35),the last 45 d(Late45)or through-out the entire gestation period(COM).The colostrum was analyzed for nutritional composition,immunoglobulins and metabolomic profile.Urine and feces were analyzed on d 35 and 106 for the metabolomic and microbial profiles.Piglet body weight and mortality were recorded at birth,d 6,d 26,and on d 14 post-weaning.Results Interactions between arginine and season were never significant.The Early35 group had a lower percent-age of stillborn(P<0.001),mummified(P=0.002)and low birthweight(LBW)piglets(P=0.02)than the CO group.The Late45 group had a lower percentage of stillborn piglets(P=0.029)and a higher percentage of high birthweight piglets(HBW;P<0.001)than the CO group.The COM group had a higher percentage of LBW(P=0.004)and crushed piglets(P<0.001)than the CO group.Arginine supplementation modifies the metabolome characterization of colos-trum,urine,and feces.Creatine and nitric oxide pathways,as well as metabolites related to microbial activity,were influenced in all matrices.A slight trend in the beta diversity index was observed in the microbiome profile on d 35(P=0.064).Conclusions Arginine supplementation during early gestation reduced the percentage of stillborn and LBW piglets,while in the last third of pregnancy,it favored the percentage of HBW pigs and reduced the percentage of stillbirths,showing that arginine plays a significant role in the physiology of pregnant sows.展开更多
文摘Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other selected macroeconomic variables have never been included in the literature. Objectives: This study examines murder, mortality, and selected macroeconomic variables are factors of births, using data for Jamaica from 1989-2009. Methods: The study is a secondary data analysis of statistics on Jamaica from 1989 - 2009 but also includes data on births from 1900s. Find- ings: In the decade of the 1950s, births increased by 79.9% over the decade of 1900s, grew by 22.4% in the 1960s over the previous decade and declined by 17.6% in 2000s compared with the 1990s. Four emerged as statistically significant predictors of lnbirth—inflation, GDP per capita growth, mortality and murder, with an explanatory power of 90.6%—F = 19.291, P s = 0.962), when murder was excluded and replaced by annual exchange rate, the factors influencing lnbirth was exchange rate, inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita growth and mortality—all factors account for 92.2% of the variability in lnbirth—F = 30.572, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Murder is more that a crime it is a cause of birth decline, suggesting that public health practitioners as well as epidemiologists must take this factor into account as it is a birth determinant.
文摘Nonglian Village of Sheyang County,Yancheng City.Jiangsu Province has 454 families(1,460 people)and 356 women of childbearing age.In the past,the village was povcrty-stricken and plagued with unwanted births.Between 1980 and 1990.more than 100 unplanned children were bom.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (No.2009CB941701)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30972508)+1 种基金Environmental Protection Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects (No.200909054)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD),China
文摘Low birth weight （LBW） is an important risk factor for neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity in adults.. How- ever, no large scale study on the prevalence of LBW and related maternal risk factors in China has been published. To explore the effects of maternal factors on LBW for term birth in China, we conducted a hospital-based retrospective study of 55, 633 Chinese pregnancy cases between 2001 and 2008. Maternal sociodemographic data, history of infer- tility and contraceptive use were obtained. Their medical status and diseases during pre-pregnancy were examined by physical examination at the first antenatal care visit. Maternal medical status before childbirth and pregnancy outcomes, including body weight, infant gender, multiple pregnancy and congenital anomalies, were recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and linear regression were used to investigate the relationship be- tween maternal factors and term LBW. The general incidence of term LBW was 1.70% in the developed area of China. After preliminary analysis using the univariate model, low primary education, anemia, hypertensive disor- ders, placental previa, oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membrane were predicted as independent factors of term LBW in the multivariate model. Furthermore, the decrease in annual frquencies of these risk factors were major causes of gradual decline in the incidence of LBW （from 2.43% in 2001 to 1.21% in 2008）. The study dem- onstrated that among maternal factors, primary education, anemia and hypertensive disorders could contribute to LBW for term birth even in the most developed area of China.
文摘BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.
文摘Objective: To compare preterm delivery (PTD) rates in HIV-infected patients on a protease inhibitor (PI)-based and a PI-sparing regimen. Study Design: This is a retrospective review of records of HIV-infected pregnant women between 2000 and 2007 at University Hospital, Newark, NJ. Patients were grouped according to PI exposure during pregnancy. Rates of preterm birth were compared, and the analysis was performed irrespectively of the etiology or indication of the preterm birth. Multivariate analysis including substance use, PI use, initial CD4 count, and history of PTD was performed. Results: There were 129 pregnant women in the PI group and 59 in the PI-sparing group. The PTD rate did not differ between the PI group and PI-sparing group (27.9% vs 25.4%, P = 0.72). 28.6% of those who delivered preterm had a previous PTD compared to 8.4% of those who delivered at term (P = 0.0019). Patients who delivered preterm had a higher rate of substance use (37.3% vs 19.7%, P = 0.0128). In the multivariate analysis, only history of PTD was significant (P = 0.018). Conclusion: Contrary to other studies, PIs were not associated with PTD. Other known risk factors of PTD, specifically past PTD and substance use, should be considered and targeted for risk reduction during pregnancy.
文摘Objective: To evaluate whether prophylactic administration of 200 mg vaginal progesterone can reduce the incidence of preterm birth in women with documented history of preterm birth Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. Methods: Ninety patients with previous history of preterm birth prior to 37 week presenting with singleton pregnancy between 20 - 24 weeks were randomly allocated to receive either the progesterone 200 mg vaginal suppository or no treatment. Results: The incidence of preterm labor before 37 weeks of gestation was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (22.2% vs. 53.3%) especially in earlier gestational ages. While, the mean birth weight was significantly higher in the study group than in control group (2872.67 ± 565.76 gm vs. 2487.78 ± 742.40 gm). The neonatal morbidities and mortality associated with preterm labor were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group as shown by lower incidence of neonatal RDS (13.3% vs. 31.1%;P = 0.043) and lower incidence of the need for NICU admission (15.6% vs. 35.5%;P = 0.03). Conclusion: Administration of prophylactic vaginal progesterone (200 mg, daily) can significantly reduce the rate of preterm birth before 37, 32 and 28 wks of gestation among women with previous spontaneous preterm birth. In addition, the rates of RDS and admission to NICU were significantly decreased among infants of women assigned to progesterone treatment. Also, there was an additional benefit of vaginal progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in women who had prior spontaneous preterm birth and cervical length 25 mm.
文摘Definition： The final net live birth delivery from the mother＇s womb, with distinct male and female genetic traits, forms a ratioof male live births per 100 female live births, termed as Sex Ratio at Birth （SRB）. Study areas and source of data： The studyareas are Africa and major worldwide continents and countries. The basic data are compiled from the National Populationand Housing Censuses, Demographic Sample Surveys, Demographic and Health Surveys, and Vital Registration Systems.Analytical approaches： The factors influencing the variations in SRB are identified by reviewing various documents, analysisof variance （ANOVA） techniques, and statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results： The ratios areconsistently higher for advanced countries than the developing countries, with highest for China and India. The ANOVAresults show slight differences among the S0 African countries but show differences among the African regional states,whereas the standard deviation of the SRB among the advanced countries, including some Asian and Latin Americancountries shows non-significant variations. In conclusion, the mean SRB for African populations is 103 as against 106 forother countries.
文摘Despite the vast amount of time and money people have invested in studying and filming great white sharks,no one has ever seen one being born.However,new footage from California might offer a thrilling glimpse into this unknown world.On July 9,2023,filmmaker Carlos Gauna and biologist Phillip Sternes were using a drone to track sharks off the coast of Santa Barbara.They had already filmed several larger great white sharks when something truly unexpected emerged from the water.“Near the end of the day,this oddly⁃looking white shark showed up,and we were both over the moon,”says Sternes.
文摘Adjustments to fertility policy in recent years have led to changes in fertility level and these have had an impact on the overall population and have implications for labor force participation.In particular,fertility policy adjustments have had a direct influence on the female labor force.This paper uses data from China Family Panel Studies in 2016 to test the impact that increases in the number of child births that have occurred as result of shifts in fertility level are having on women’s labor force participation.Our findings show that the influence of the number of children on the participation of married women in the labor force is shown by a“U-shaped”non-linear relationship dominated by substitution effect and income effect.The turn-ing point of urban married women from the substitution effect to the income effect occurs earlier than it does for rural married women.This means that urban married women are more sensitive to the economic pressure that results from child births.Therefore,the Universal Two-Child policy,introduced at the beginning of 2016,inevitably has a direct negative effect on women’s labor force participation.Help-ing women to maintain work-family balance has become a problem that must be addressed at present.
基金funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(RGPIN:2016-05964&2023-04283 to JHK)the University of Manitoba Tri-Agency Bridge Funding(#57289 to JHK)the Ricard Foundation’s Baxter Bursary(to JP)。
文摘Premise:The com bined effects of modern healthcare practices which prolong lifespan and declining birthrates have created unprecedented changes in age demographics worldwide that are especially pronounced in Japan,South Korea,Europe,and North America.Since old age is the most significant predictor of dementia,global healthcare systems must rise to the challenge of providing care for those with neurodegenerative disorders.
基金support by the Research Fund of Renmin University of China(Grant No.20XNL025).
文摘Recent drastic changes in marriage and fertility behaviour have a considerable impact on China’s annual number of births.Population momentum and changing fertility policy largely determine the changing number of births in China over the past two decades.While the annual number of births have been steadily fluctuat-ing around 16-18 million,contrary trends in the number of the first births and the second births have been observed.The two-child policy produced marked effects on the rising number of the second births,which is however to a large extent offset by the declining number of the first births resulting from rapidly postponing age at first marriage.A decomposition analysis demonstrates that all demographic factors are depressing birth numbers,including the size of reproductive-age women and its age structure,proportion married and marital fertility in the very recent years.China’s seventh population census conducted in 2020 suggests a more rapid decline in birth numbers,marking the start of a lowest-low fertility in Chinese history.
文摘Objective To investigate the association between birth weight and dementia risk and the mediating roles of chronic diseases,and to assess potential biological pathways underlying the birth weight-associated dementia risk based on large-scale proteomics.Methods We used data from 279743 participants aged 40 to 69 years enrolled in the UK Biobank.Birth weight was categorized into low birth weight(≤2500 g),normal birth weight(2500-3999 g),and macrosomia(≥4000 g).Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the associations between birth weight categories and all-cause dementia and its subtypes(Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia).Proteomics analyses were conducted to identify proteins and the potential pathways involved.Results Low birth weight was associated with higher risks for all-cause dementia and its subtypes.The hazard ratios were 1.18(95%CI,1.08-1.30)for all-cause dementia,1.14(95%CI,1.00-1.31)for Alzheimer's disease,and 1.22(95%CI,1.01-1.48)for vascular dementia.A non-linear relationship was observed between birth weight and dementia risk(P for nonlinearity<0.001).Certain cardiometabolic diseases in middle-aged adults,such as diabetes,stroke,hypertension,and dyslipidemia,played a significant mediating role in the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk,with the mediation proportion being 6.3%to 15.8%.Proteomic analyses identified 21 proteins linked to both low birth weight and all-cause dementia risk,which were significantly enriched in the pathways for viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors,adipocytokine signaling,and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction.Conclusion Low birth weight is positively associated with dementia risk.Cardiometabolic diseases in middle-aged adults may mediate the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk.A number of proteins and the associated pathways underscore the relationship between low birth weight and dementia risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(8200340181972981)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(222102310150,China)the Open Research Fund of the National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention(NHCKLBDP202504,China).
文摘Preterm birth(PTB),defined as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation,is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome[1].PTB is a global health concern,with an estimated 13.4 million cases in 2020[1],accounting for more than one in 10 births worldwide.Compared to full-term births,PTBs are associated with a higher risk of short-and long-term complications,including bronchopulmonary dysplasia,necrotizing enterocolitis,visual impairment,and cerebral injuries[2].Despite substantial research efforts to prevent PTB,the global PTB rate has shown little improvement over the past decade[1].Therefore,identifying additional risk factors remains a critical goal in preventing PTB.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(grant number 2024JJ5283 to XH)。
文摘Preterm birth and suboptimal fetal growth remain significant perinatal challenges worldwide.Recent data indicate that China's perinatal profile has improved due to reductions in preterm birth rates.However,the country has a 6.5%prevalence of small-for-gestational-age(SGA),ranking fifth globally in total SGA birth numbers^([1,2]).
文摘Background: Birth weight has been identified as one of the most significant predictors of a child’s physical growth, development, and survival in later life. A quest to provide an answer on the impact of maternal anthropometry on neonatal birth weight necessitated this study. Materials and methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive hospital based study that involved 130 participants selected using a systematic sampling method, utilizing a semi-structured, pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were collected using a standard procedure and were summarized using proportions, and the Chi square test was used to explore the association between categorical variables. Predictors of birth weight were determined using logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p Results: Participants had a mean age of 28.6 ± 5.1 years, mean weight of 72.2 ± 11.2 kg and mean height of 1.63 ± 0.07m while the mean fetal birth weight was 3.10 ± 0.56 kg. There was a significant association between maternal delivery body mass index and neonatal birth weight (p Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight and macrosomia in this study population was high. The focus should be geared towards balanced nutrition support for all mothers at booking so as to mitigate the risks associated with these extremes of birth weight.
基金supported by the Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD0401403)Shaanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2024NC2-GJHX-15)Shaanxi Livestock and Poultry Breeding Double-chain Fusion Key Project(2022GD-TSLD-46-0401).
文摘Background Birth weight is a critical economic trait in livestock production.However,its genetic architecture remains poorly understood due to historical limitations in sample size and reliance on low-density SNP arrays.In this study,we utilized low-coverage whole-genome sequencing(lcWGS)to genotype 3,007 Hu sheep,bypassing the cost and resolution constraints of conventional genotyping arrays while achieving scalable genome-wide variant detection.Results LcWGS with high imputation accuracy(97.8%allelic concordance)enabled genome-wide association studies(GWAS)identifying two novel quantitative trait loci(QTLs)on chromosomes 6 and 9.The chromosome 9 QTL encompassed a regulatory region functionally linked to PLAG1 expression through expression quantitative trait locus(eQTL)mapping.Compared with wild-type homozygotes,heterozygous carriers of the lead SNP(chr9:g.35920172A>G)presented a 9.85%increase in birth weight(3.35 kg vs.3.68 kg;Δ=0.33 kg).Notably,the derived allele of this SNP exhibited low frequencies of<0.1 across most global sheep breeds except Dorper,highlighting its potential for selective breeding applications.Leveraging lcWGS data,haplotype-based fine-mapping prioritized three candidate causal variants.A secondary QTL on chromosome 6 colocalized with the FecB mutation,a well-established locus associated with increased litter size.Intriguingly,individuals carrying one FecB allele showed a 6.18%reduction(0.22 kg)in birth weight,which tentatively indicates potential pleiotropic influences on both growth and reproductive traits.Conclusion This study demonstrates the utility of lcWGS as a cost-effective,high-resolution tool for dissecting complex traits in livestock.Our findings not only advance the understanding of birth weight genetics in sheep but also offer a blueprint for accelerating genetic improvement programs in global livestock production through costeffective,genome-wide approaches.
基金funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNSF Grant No.320030L_192073 to GM)the Slovenian Research Agency(ARRS Grant No.N5-0152 to TD).
文摘Background: Prematurely-born individuals tend to exhibit higher resting oxidative stress, although evidence suggests they may be more resistant to acute hypoxia-induced redox balance alterations. We aimed to investigate the redox balance changes across a 3-day hypobaric hypoxic exposure at 3375 m in healthy adults born preterm(gestational age ≤ 32 weeks) and their term-born(gestational age ≥ 38 weeks)counterparts.Methods: Resting venous blood was obtained in normoxia(prior to altitude exposure), immediately upon arrival to altitude, and the following 3mornings. Antioxidant(superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase(GPx), and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)),pro-oxidant(xanthine oxidase(XO) and myeloperoxidase(MPO)) enzyme activity, oxidative stress markers(advanced oxidation protein product(AOPP) and malondialdehyde(MDA)), nitric oxide(NO) metabolites(nitrites, nitrates, and total nitrite and nitrate(NOx)), and nitrotyrosine were measured in plasma.Results: SOD increased only in the preterm group(p < 0.05). Catalase increased at arrival in preterm group(p < 0.05). XO activity increased at Day 3 for the preterm group, while it increased acutely(arrival and Day 1) in control group. MPO increased in both groups throughout the3 days(p < 0.05). AOPP only increased at arrival in the preterm(p < 0.05) whereas it decreased at arrival up to Day 3(p < 0.05) for control.MDA decreased in control group from arrival onward. Nitrotyrosine decreased in both groups(p < 0.05). Nitrites increased on Day 3(p < 0.05)in control group and decreased on Day 1(p < 0.05) in preterm group.Conclusion: These data indicate that antioxidant enzymes seem to increase immediately upon hypoxic exposure in preterm adults. Conversely, the blunted pro-oxidant enzyme response to prolonged hypoxia exposure suggests that these enzymes may be less sensitive in preterm individuals.These findings lend further support to the potential hypoxic preconditioning effect of preterm birth.
基金A project funded in the framework of the Rural Development Plan 2014–2020 of the Emilia Romagna region,FOCUS AREA 3A-Misura 16.2.01–GREEN SUINO Project number 5415052.Coordinated from the Gruppo Martini SPA.
文摘Background The prolificacy of sows(litter size at birth)has markedly increased,leading to higher post-natal mor-tality.Heat stress can exacerbate this issue.Arginine plays an important role in several physiological pathways;its effect on gestating sows can depend on the period of supplementation.This study evaluated the effects of arginine supplementation on the productive performance and physiological status of sows during different gestation periods and seasons,using a multi-omics approach.Methods A total of 320 sows were divided into 4 groups over 2 seasons(warm/cold);a control group(CO)received a standard diet(including 16.5 g/d of arginine)and 3 other groups received the standard diet supplemented with 21.8 g/d of arginine(38.3 g/d of arginine)either during the first 35 d(Early35),the last 45 d(Late45)or through-out the entire gestation period(COM).The colostrum was analyzed for nutritional composition,immunoglobulins and metabolomic profile.Urine and feces were analyzed on d 35 and 106 for the metabolomic and microbial profiles.Piglet body weight and mortality were recorded at birth,d 6,d 26,and on d 14 post-weaning.Results Interactions between arginine and season were never significant.The Early35 group had a lower percent-age of stillborn(P<0.001),mummified(P=0.002)and low birthweight(LBW)piglets(P=0.02)than the CO group.The Late45 group had a lower percentage of stillborn piglets(P=0.029)and a higher percentage of high birthweight piglets(HBW;P<0.001)than the CO group.The COM group had a higher percentage of LBW(P=0.004)and crushed piglets(P<0.001)than the CO group.Arginine supplementation modifies the metabolome characterization of colos-trum,urine,and feces.Creatine and nitric oxide pathways,as well as metabolites related to microbial activity,were influenced in all matrices.A slight trend in the beta diversity index was observed in the microbiome profile on d 35(P=0.064).Conclusions Arginine supplementation during early gestation reduced the percentage of stillborn and LBW piglets,while in the last third of pregnancy,it favored the percentage of HBW pigs and reduced the percentage of stillbirths,showing that arginine plays a significant role in the physiology of pregnant sows.
