Starting from a philosophical perspective,which states that the living structures are actually a combination between matter and information,this article presents the results on an analysis of the bipolar information-m...Starting from a philosophical perspective,which states that the living structures are actually a combination between matter and information,this article presents the results on an analysis of the bipolar information-matter structure of the human organism,distinguishing three fundamental circuits for its survival,which demonstrates and supports this statement,as a base for further development of the informational model of consciousness to a general informational model of the human organism.For this,it was examined the Informational System of the Human Body and its components from the perspective of the physics/information/neurosciences concepts,showing specific functions of each of them,highlighting the correspondence of these centers with brain support areas and with their projections in consciousness,which are:Center of Acquisition and Storing of Information(CASI)reflected in consciousness as memory,Center of Decision and Command(CDC)(decision),Info-Emotional Center(IES)(emotions),Maintenance Informational System(MIS)(personal status),Genetic Transmission System(GTS)(associativity/genetic transmission)and Info Genetic Generator(IGG)related by the body development and inherited behaviors.The Info Connection(IC),detected in consciousness as trust and confidence can explain the Near-Death Experiences(NDEs)and associated phenomena.This connection is antientropic and informational,because from the multitude of uncertain possibilities is selected a certain one,helping/supporting the survival and life.The human body appears therefore as a bipolar structure,connected to two poles:information and matter.It is argued that the survival,which is the main objective of the organism,is complied in three main ways,by means of:(i)the reactive operation for adaptation by attitude;(ii)the info-genetic integration of information by epigenetic processes and genetic transmission of information for species survival,both circuits(i)and(ii)being associated to the information pole;(iii)maintenance of the material body(defined as informed matter)and its functions,associated to the matter pole of the organism.It results therefore that the informational system of the human body is supported by seven informational circuits formed by the neuro-connections between the specific zones of the brain corresponding to the informational subsystems,the cognitive centers,the sensors,transducers and execution(motor/mobile)elements.The fundamental informational circuits assuring the survival are the reactive circuit,expressible by attitude,the epigenetic/genetic circuit,absorbing and codifying information to be transmitted to the next generations,and the metabolic circuit,connected to matter(matter pole).The presented analysis allows to extend the informational modeling of consciousness to an Informational Model of Consciousness and Organism,fully describing the composition/functions of the organism in terms of information/matter and neurosciences concepts.展开更多
BACKGROUND Panic disorders frequently occur with affective disorders,particularly bipolar disorder.Patients with panic disorder and bipolar disorder are more likely to present with severe symptoms,such as high rates o...BACKGROUND Panic disorders frequently occur with affective disorders,particularly bipolar disorder.Patients with panic disorder and bipolar disorder are more likely to present with severe symptoms,such as high rates of suicidal behavior,poor symptomatic and functional recovery,and poor drug responses.AIM To investigate the psychological characteristics of panic disorder patients related to bipolarity.METHODS A total of 254 patients(136 men and 118 women,mean age=33.48±3.2 years)who were diagnosed with panic disorder were included in the study.Panic disorder with bipolarity(BP+)was defined as a score of≥7 on the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire(K-MDQ),and a score lower than 7 was considered as a panic disorder without bipolarity(BP-).Self-report questionnaires were analyzed to examine their association with bipolarity.Psychological tests used in the study were the Mood Disorder Questionnaire(MDQ),Panic Disorder Severity Scale,Beck Depression Inventory,State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI),Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI),and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI).Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between bipolarity of panic disorder patients and various psychological test results indicative of psychological characteristics.RESULTS Patients with a K-MDQ score of 7 or more were considered to have a history of manic or hypomanic episodes(BP+group,n=128),while patients with K-MDQ scores below 7 were defined as those without bipolarity(BP-group,n=126).The BP+group were more likely to be unmarried(single 56.2%vs 44.4%,P=0.008)and younger(30.78±0.59 vs 37.11±3.21,P<0.001).Additionally,the BP+group had significantly higher scores on psychological assessment scales,such as the hypochondriasis,psychopathic deviate,masculinity-femininity,psychasthenia,schizophrenia,and hypomania(Ma)in MMPI,and novelty seeking,harm avoidance and self-transcendence in TCI,and STAI(state and trait)compared to the BP-group.In logistic regression analysis,depression in MMPI,selfdirectedness in TCI,and age were negatively associated with MDQ score,meanwhile,Ma in MMPI and STAI(trait)were positively associated with MDQ score.CONCLUSION The result of this study suggests that almost 50%of patients with panic disorder are likely to have hypomanic or manic symptoms,and certain psychological factors are associated bipolarity in panic disorder.展开更多
Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar disorder. We performed a PubMed search for microRNA biomarke...Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar disorder. We performed a PubMed search for microRNA biomarkers in bipolar disorder and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published from January 2011 to June 2023. These studies included microRNA profiling in bloodand brain-based materials. From the studies that had validated the preliminary findings,potential candidate biomarkers for bipolar disorder in adults could be miR-140-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-21-3p,-330-3p,-345-5p in whole blood, miR-19b-3p,-1180-3p,-125a-5p, let-7e-5p in blood plasma, and miR-7-5p,-23b-5p,-142-3p,-221-5p,-370-3p in the blood serum. Two of the studies had investigated the changes in microRNA expression of patients with bipolar disorder receiving treatment. One showed a significant increase in plasma miR-134 compared to baseline after 4 weeks of treatment which included typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. The other study had assessed the effects of prescribed medications which included neurotransmitter receptorsite binders(drug class B) and sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and analgesics(drug class C) on microRNA results. The combined effects of the two drug classes increased the significance of the results for miR-219 and-29c with miR-30e-3p and-526b* acquiring significance. MicroRNAs were tested to see if they could serve as biomarkers of bipolar disorder at different clinical states of mania, depression, and euthymia. One study showed that upregulation in whole blood of miR-9-5p,-29a-3p,-106a-5p,-106b-5p,-107,-125a-3p,-125b-5p and of miR-107,-125a-3p occurred in manic and euthymic patients compared to controls, respectively, and that upregulation of miR-106a-5p,-107 was found for manic compared to euthymic patients. In two other studies using blood plasma,downregulation of miR-134 was observed in manic patients compared to controls, and dysregulation of miR-134,-152,-607,-633,-652,-155 occurred in euthymic patients compared to controls. Finally, microRNAs such as miR-34a,-34b,-34c,-137, and-140-3p,-21-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-134,-19b-3p were shown to have diagnostic potential in distinguishing bipolar disorder patients from schizophrenia or major depressive disorder patients, respectively. Further studies are warranted with adolescents and young adults having bipolar disorder and consideration should be given to using animal models of the disorder to investigate the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.展开更多
The organotypic retinal explant culture has been established for more than a decade and offers a range of unique advantages compared with in vivo experiments and cell cultures.However,the lack of systematic and contin...The organotypic retinal explant culture has been established for more than a decade and offers a range of unique advantages compared with in vivo experiments and cell cultures.However,the lack of systematic and continuous comparison between in vivo retinal development and the organotypic retinal explant culture makes this model controversial in postnatal retinal development studies.Thus,we aimed to verify the feasibility of using this model for postnatal retinal development studies by comparing it with the in vivo retina.In this study,we showed that postnatal retinal explants undergo normal development,and exhibit a consistent structure and timeline with retinas in vivo.Initially,we used SOX2 and PAX6 immunostaining to identify retinal progenitor cells.We then examined cell proliferation and migration by immunostaining with Ki-67 and doublecortin,respectively.Ki-67-and doublecortin-positive cells decreased in both in vivo and explants during postnatal retinogenesis,and exhibited a high degree of similarity in abundance and distribution between groups.Additionally,we used Ceh-10 homeodomain-containing homolog,glutamate-ammonia ligase(glutamine synthetase),neuronal nuclei,and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunostaining to examine the emergence of bipolar cells,Müller glia,mature neurons,and microglia,respectively.The timing and spatial patterns of the emergence of these cell types were remarkably consistent between in vivo and explant retinas.Our study showed that the organotypic retinal explant culture model had a high degree of consistency with the progression of in vivo early postnatal retina development.The findings confirm the accuracy and credibility of this model and support its use for long-term,systematic,and continuous observation.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipol...Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipolar plates(BPs),one of the core components in PEMWE cells.In this work,NbN coatings are deposited on Ti BPs by magnetron sputtering to improve the corrosion resistance and conductivity,for which the critical process parameters,such as the working pressure,partial nitrogen pressure and de-position temperature are well optimized.It is found that the compact microstructure,highly conductive δ-NbN and uniform nanoparticles play a dominant role in the synergistic improvement of the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of NbN coatings.The optimized NbN coatings exhibit excellent cor-rosion resistance with the low corrosion current density of 1.1×10^(-8) A cm^(-2),a high potential value of-0.005 V vs.SCE and a low ICR value of 15.8 mΩcm2@1.5 MPa.Accordingly,NbN coatings can be a promising candidate for the development of the low-cost and high-anti-corrosion Ti BPs of PEMWE.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mental illness characterized by significant mood swings.Effective drug treatment modalities are crucial for managing BD.AIM To analyze the current status and future trends of...BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mental illness characterized by significant mood swings.Effective drug treatment modalities are crucial for managing BD.AIM To analyze the current status and future trends of global research on BD drug treatment over the last decade.METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection database spanning from 2015 to 2024 was utilized to retrieve literature related to BD drug treatment.A total of 2624 articles were extracted.Data visualization and analysis were conducted using CiteSpace,VOSviewer,Pajek,Scimago Graphica,and R-studio bibliometrix to identify RESULTS The United States,China,and the United Kingdom have made the most significant contributions to research on BD drug treatment and formed notable research collaboration networks.The University of Pittsburgh,Massachusetts General Hospital,and the University of Michigan have been identified as the major research institutions in this field.The Journal of Affective Disorders is the most influential journal.A keyword analysis revealed research hotspots related to clinical symptoms,drug efficacy,and genetic mechanisms.A citation analysis identified the management guidelines published by Yatham et al in 2018 as the most cited paper.CONCLUSION This study provides a detailed overview of the field of BD drug treatment,highlighting key contributors,research hotspots,and future directions.The study findings can be employed as a reference for future research and policymaking,which may enable further development and optimization of BD pharmacotherapy.展开更多
TaN coatings were deposited on Ti bipolar plates by magnetron sputtering to improve corrosion resistance and service life.The influence of N_(2) flow rate on the surface morphology,hydrophobicity,crystallinity,corrosi...TaN coatings were deposited on Ti bipolar plates by magnetron sputtering to improve corrosion resistance and service life.The influence of N_(2) flow rate on the surface morphology,hydrophobicity,crystallinity,corrosion resistance,and interfacial contact resistance of TaN coatings was studied.Results show that as the N_(2) flow rate increases,the roughness of TaN coatings decreases firstly and then increases,and the hydrophobicity increases firstly and then decreases.At the N_(2) flow rate of 3 mL/min,TaN coating with larger grain size presents lower roughness and high hydrophobicity.The coating possesses the lowest corrosion current density of 2.82µA·cm^(−2) and the highest corrosion potential of−0.184 V vs.SCE in the simulated proton exchange membrane water electrolyser environment.After a potentiostatic polarization test for 10 h,a few corrosion pits are observed on the TaN coatings deposited at an N_(2) flow rate of 3 mL/min.After 75 h of electrolytic water performance testing,the TaN coating on bipolar plate improves the corrosion resistance and thus enhances the electrolysis efficiency(68.87%),greatly reducing the cost of bipolar plates.展开更多
[Background and purposes]Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),which convert hydrogen energy directly into electrical energy and water,have received overwhelming attention,owing to their potential to significant...[Background and purposes]Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),which convert hydrogen energy directly into electrical energy and water,have received overwhelming attention,owing to their potential to significantly reduce energy consumption,pollution emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.Bipolar plates are the major part and key component of PEMFCs stack,which provide mechanical strength,collect and conduct current segregate oxidants and reduce agents.They contribute 70-80%weight and 20-30%cost of a whole stack,while significantly affecting the power density.There are three types plates,including metal bipolar plate,graphite bipolar plate and composite bipolar plate.Stainless steel bipolar plates,as one of metal bipolar plate,exhibit promising manufacturability,competitive cost and durability among various metal materials.However,stainless steel would be corroded in the harsh acid(pH 2-5)and humid PEMFCs environment,whereas the leached ions will contaminate the membrane.In addition,the passivated film formed on the surface will increase the interfacial contact resistance(ICR).In order to improve the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of steel bipolar plates,surface coatings are essential.Metal nitride coatings,metal carbide coatings,polymer coatings and carbon-based coatings have been introduced in recent years.Carbon-based coatings,mainly including a-C(amorphous Carbon),Ta-C(Tetrahedral amorphous carbon)and DLC(diamond-like carbon),have attracted considerable attention from both academia and industry,owing to their superior performance,such as chemical inertness,mechanical hardness and electrical conductivity.However,Ta-C films as protective coating of PEMFCs have been rarely reported,due to the difficulty in production for industrial application.In this paper,multi-layer Ta-C composite films were produced by using customized industrial-scale vacuum equipment to address those issues.[Methods]Multiple layered Ta-C coatings were prepared by using PIS624 equipment,which assembled filtered cathodic arc evaporation,ion beam and magnetron sputtering into one equipment,while SS304 and silicon specimens were used as substrate for testing and analysis.Adhesion layer and intermediate layer were deposited by using magnetron sputtering at deposition temperature of 150℃and pressure of 3×10^(−1) Pa,while the sputtering current was set to be 5 A and bias power to be 300 V.The Ta-C layer was coated at arc current of 80-100 A,bias voltage of 1500 V and gas flow of 75 sccm.A scanning electron microscope(CIQTEK SEM3200)was used to characterize surface morphology,coating structure and cross-section profile of the coatings.Raman spectrometer(LabRam HR Evolution,HORIBA JOBIN YVON)was used to identify the bonding valence states.Electrochemical tests were performed by using an electrochemical work station(CHI760,Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co.,Ltd.),with the traditional three electrode system,where saturated Ag/AgCl and platinum mesh were used as the reference electrode and counter electrode,respectively.All samples were mounted in plastic tube and sealed with epoxy resin,with an exposure area of 2.25 cm^(2),serving as the working electrode.Electrochemical measurements were carried out in simulated PEMFCs cathode environment in 0.5 mol·L^(−1) H_(2)SO_(4)+5 ppm F−solution,at operating temperature of 70℃.As the cathode environment was harsher than the anode environment,all the samples are stabilized at the open-circuit potential(OCP)for approximately 30 min before the EIS measurements.ICR between bipolar plates and GDL was a key parameter affecting performance of the PEMFCs stack.The test sample sandwiched between 2 pieces of carbon paper(simulate gas diffusion layer,GDL)was placed between 2 gold-plated copper electrodes at a compaction pressure of 1.4 MPa,which was considered to be the conventional compaction pressure in the PEMFCs.Under the same conditions,the resistance of a single carbon paper was measured as well.The ICR was calculated according to the formula ICR=1/2(R2−R1)×S,where S was the contact area between GDL and coated stainless steel BPPs.All data of ICR were measured three times for averaging.[Results]The coatings deposited by filtered cathodic arc technology were compact and smooth,which reduced coating porosity and favorable to corrosion resistance.The coating thickness of adhesion and intermediate layers were 180 nm,while the protective Ta-C coating thickness was about 300 nm,forming multiple coating to provide stronger protection for metal bipolar plates.Cr,Ti,Nb and Ta coatings were selected as adhesion layers for comparison.According to electrochemical test,Ta and Nb coatings have higher corrosion resistance.However,Ta and Nb materials would be costly when they are used for mass production.Relatively,Cr and Ti materials were cost effective.Hence,a comprehensive assessment was indispensable to decide the materials to be selected as adhesion layer.Ta-TiN and Ti-TiN combined adhesion and intermediate layer exhibited stronger corrosion resistance,with the corrosion current to be less than 10^(−6) A·cm^(−2).Ta-C protective coating deposited by using filtered cathodic arc technology indicated displayed higher corrosion resistance,with the average corrosion density to be about 1.26×10^(−7) A·cm^(−2).Ta-C coating also shown larger contact angle,with the highest hydrophobicity,which was one of the important advantages for Ta-C,in terms of corrosion resistance.According to Raman spectroscopy,the I(D)/I(G)=549.8/1126.7=0.487,with the estimated fraction of sp^(3) bonding to be in the range of 5154%.The intermediate layer TiN has higher conductivity than the CrN layer.Considering cost,corrosion performance and ICR result,the Ti-TiN layer combination is recommended for industrial scale application.[Conclusions]Multiple layer coating structure of Ta-C film had stronger corrosion resistance;with more than 50%sp^(3) content,while it also had larger water contact angle and higher corrosion resistance than DLC film.The filtered arcing deposition technology was able to make the film to be more consistent and stable than normal arcing technology in terms of the preparation of Ta-C.The coating displayed corrosion density of 1.26×10^(−7) A·cm^(−2) and ICR of less than 5 mΩ·cm^(2),far beyond technical target of 2025 DOE(US Department of Energy).This indicated that the mass-production scale coating technology for PEMFC bipolar plates is highly possible.展开更多
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD),marked by recurring manic and depressive episodes,often coexists with anxiety disorder(AD),which increases treatment complexity and morbidity.Although quetiapine,an atypical antipsychot...BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD),marked by recurring manic and depressive episodes,often coexists with anxiety disorder(AD),which increases treatment complexity and morbidity.Although quetiapine,an atypical antipsychotic,has demonstrated efficacy in treating BD and AD,further investigation is needed regarding its effectiveness and safety in patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD.AIM To explore the application and efficacy of quetiapine in combination therapy for patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD.METHODS This study included 67 patients,with two excluded,leaving 65 divided into Group A(sertraline treatment)and Group B(combination treatment).All patients received sertraline,with Group B additionally receiving quetiapine.Efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA),Hamilton depression scale(HAMD),and Bech-Rafaelsen Mania sale(BRMS)throughout the treatment period.Side effects and physiological indicators were also monitored.RESULTS No significant baseline differences existed between the two groups at treatment onset.Over the treatment course,Group B exhibited significantly lower HAMA scores than Group A at the end of weeks 1 and 24.HAMD scores gradually decreased over time,with Group B consistently showing lower scores than Group A.BRMS scores decreased significantly from baseline by week 8.In Group A,27.27%of patients received zolpidem treatment compared to 10.53%in Group B,which was a significant difference.Incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly between groups at treatment onset,but most patients experienced relief from adverse reactions within 4 weeks.CONCLUSION Combination of quetiapine and sertraline can more rapidly alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD,improving treatment outcomes.展开更多
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenh...Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.展开更多
BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid syndrome(PMS)is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability,delayed language development,autism spectrum disorders,motor tone abnormalities,and a high risk of psychiatri...BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid syndrome(PMS)is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability,delayed language development,autism spectrum disorders,motor tone abnormalities,and a high risk of psychiatric symptoms,including bipolar disorder.CASE SUMMARY This report presented an 18-year clinical history of a 36-year-old woman with PMS,marked by intellectual disabilities,social withdrawal,and stereotyped behaviors.Diagnosed with bipolar disorder at the age of 18 years old,she encountered significant treatment challenges,including severe adverse reactions to antipsychotic medications in 2022,which led to speech and functional regression.Through rehabilitation and comprehensive therapy,her condition gradually improved.In 2024,after further treatment,her symptoms stabilized,highlighting the complexities and successes of long-term management.CONCLUSION Effective management of PMS requires a thorough clinical history,genetic testing,and long-term supportive care.展开更多
Objective:Whether vortioxetine has a utility as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of bipolar depression remains controversial.This study aimed to validate the efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in bipolar depression....Objective:Whether vortioxetine has a utility as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of bipolar depression remains controversial.This study aimed to validate the efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in bipolar depression.Methods:Patients with bipolarⅡdepression were enrolled in this prospective,two-center,randomized,12-week pilot trial.The main indicator for assessing treatment effectiveness was a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS)of≥50%.All eligible patients initially received four weeks of lurasidone monotherapy.Patients who responded well continued to receive this kind of monotherapy.However,no-response patients were randomly assigned to either valproate or vortioxetine treatment for eight weeks.By comprehensively comparing the results of MADRS over a period of 4-12 weeks,a systematic analysis was conducted to determine whether vortioxetine could be used as an adjuvant drug for treating bipolar depression.Results:Thirty-seven patients responded to lurasidone monotherapy,and 60 patients were randomly assigned to the valproate or vortioxetine group for eight weeks.After two weeks of combined valproate or vortioxetine treatment,the MADRS score in the vortioxetine group was significantly lower than that in the valproate group.There was no difference in the MADRS scores between the two groups at 8 and 12 weeks.The incidence of side effects did not significantly differ between the valproate and vortioxetine groups.Importantly,three patients in the vortioxetine group appeared to switch to mania or hypomania.Conclusions:This study suggested that lurasidone combination with vortioxetine might have potential benefits to bipolar II depression in the early stage,while disease progression should be monitored closely for the risk of switching to mania.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a prominent feature of bipolar disorder(BD)and often persist even in remission,thereby contributing to poor clinical outcomes.Despite the widespread use of lithium and valproic acid a...BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a prominent feature of bipolar disorder(BD)and often persist even in remission,thereby contributing to poor clinical outcomes.Despite the widespread use of lithium and valproic acid as mood stabilizers,their effects on sleep quality have not been examined in adequate detail.AIM To evaluate and compare the effects of lithium and valproic acid on sleep quality in BD patients under remission.METHODS A total of 130 patients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition criteria for BD in remission were included in this crosssectional study.The participants were receiving either lithium(n=78),or valproic acid(n=52),for a minimum of six months either alone or in combination with antipsychotics.Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).Comparative analyses between the lithium and valproic acid groups were conducted using independent t-tests,χ^(2)tests,and ANCOVA,adjusting for key variables such as age,sex,and body mass index.RESULTS Both groups demonstrated poor sleep quality,with the mean PSQI scores above the clinical threshold of 5.Patients in the lithium group exhibited significantly better habitual sleep efficiency(lithium:0.47±0.65,valproic acid:0.78±0.87,P=0.009)and fewer sleep disturbances(lithium:1.26±0.57,valproic acid:1.61±0.84,P=0.005).Other sleep parameters,including total sleep duration(P=0.082)and sleep latency(P=0.625),did not differ significantly.CONCLUSION Patients in the lithium group showed significantly better habitual sleep efficiency and fewer sleep disturbances compared to those receiving valproic acid,although other sleep parameters did not differ.These findings suggest a potential advantage of lithium in certain aspects of sleep quality in BD patients under remission.Future studies using objective sleep measures and longitudinal designs are warranted to confirm these findings.展开更多
The present paper deals with the Cauchy problem to a two-fluid plasma model with unequal viscosities in any dimension N≥2.Employing the precise spectral analysis for the corresponding linearized system,we prove the g...The present paper deals with the Cauchy problem to a two-fluid plasma model with unequal viscosities in any dimension N≥2.Employing the precise spectral analysis for the corresponding linearized system,we prove the global well-posedness provided that the initial data are close to a stable equilibrium state in critical functional framework which is not related to the energy space.Moreover,the optimal decay rates for the constructed global solution are also established.展开更多
Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression,and it is prone to delayed diagnosis,which can lead to worsened outcomes,including more frequent mood episodes,...Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression,and it is prone to delayed diagnosis,which can lead to worsened outcomes,including more frequent mood episodes,greater functional impairment,and comorbidities.Early diagnosis of BD remains a significant challenge,although recent advances offer promising insights,such as research in molecular biomarkers,neuroimaging,exosomes,genetics,and epigenetics.This mini-review highlights their potential for providing earlier,more accurate identification of BD and discusses the underlying reasons why current research has not yet succeeded.For instance,the high heterogeneity of symptomatic presentations leads to low consistency in study participants;delayed BD diagnosis results in the inclusion of potential BD patients in the depression group;low specificity of biomarkers stems from limited understanding of BD pathophysiology;and there is a possibility that BD is not innate but develops over the course of the disease.Deepening our understanding of BD pathology,identifying more specific biomarkers,and integrating multiomics approaches for validation studies in well-defined homogeneous cohorts hold promise for significant breakthroughs.展开更多
Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technolog...Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technology is well represented,including by microblade technology.Lithic miniaturization has been identified in South China,though this technological feature has received little research attention in comparison to the north.Here,we examine three miniaturized lithic assemblages in South China,ranging from the terminal Pleistocene to middle Holocene.To examine technological variations in lithic miniaturization,the three assemblages were subject to comparative quantitative analyses,including principal component analysis(PCA),K-means clustering and the Zingg system.The three sites were found to exhibit varied temporal and geographic patterns of lithic miniaturization across South China,potentially related to fluctuating climatic conditions and changes in population dynamics since the Late Pleistocene.展开更多
Reward or stress,which exists extensively,causes resilient emotional fluctuations under common situations.However,reward or stress is a typical trigger for manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder(BD),which is...Reward or stress,which exists extensively,causes resilient emotional fluctuations under common situations.However,reward or stress is a typical trigger for manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder(BD),which is corroborated by psychological theory,biological findings,and psychosocial treatment approaches[1,2].During an episode of BD,the affective aberration can be persistent and switchable,accompanied by opposite constellations of cognitive and psychomotor symptoms.Characterized by uncontrollable mood ranging in severity,duration,and polarity,to disentangle the pathophysiology mechanism of BD is to delineate the mystery of affective fluctuations driven by reward or stress.展开更多
Cyber threat detection is a crucial aspect of contemporary cybersecurity due to the depth and complexity of cyberattacks.It is the identification of malicious activity,unauthorized access,and possible intrusions in ne...Cyber threat detection is a crucial aspect of contemporary cybersecurity due to the depth and complexity of cyberattacks.It is the identification of malicious activity,unauthorized access,and possible intrusions in networks and systems.Modern detection methods employ artificial intelligence and machine learning to study vast amounts of data,learn patterns,and anticipate potential threats.Real-time monitoring and anomaly detection improve the capacity to react to changing threats more rapidly.Cyber threat detection systems aim to reduce false positives and provide complete coverage against the broadest possible attacks.This research advocates for proactive measures and adaptive technologies in defending digital environments.Improvements in detection ability by organizations will assist in safeguarding assets and integrity in operations in this increasingly digital world.This paper draws on the categorization of cyber threat detection methods using hesitant bipolar fuzzy Frank operators.Categorization is a step that is necessary for systematic comparison and assessment of detection methods so that the most suitable method for particular cybersecurity requirements is chosen.Furthermore,this research manages uncertainty and vagueness that exists in decision-making by applying hesitant bipolar fuzzy logic.The importance of the work lies in how it fortifies cybersecurity architectures with a formal method of discovering optimal detection measures and improving responsiveness,resulting in holistic protection against dynamic threats.展开更多
Harnessing solar energy to enhance the rechargeable zinc-air batteries(RZABs)performance is a promising avenue toward sustainable energy storage and conversion.Simultaneously enhancing light-absorption capacity and ca...Harnessing solar energy to enhance the rechargeable zinc-air batteries(RZABs)performance is a promising avenue toward sustainable energy storage and conversion.Simultaneously enhancing light-absorption capacity and carrier separation efficiency in nanomaterials,as well as improving electrical conductivity and configuration for electrocatalysis,presents a formidable challenge due to inherent trade-offs and interdependencies.Here,we have developed a Janus dual-atom catalyst(JDAC)with bifunctional centers for efficient charge separation and electrocatalytic performance through a bipolar doping strategy.The in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure and Raman spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the Ni and Fe centers in JDAC not only function as effective sites for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction,respectively,but also serve as efficient hole and electron enrichment sites,effectively suppressing photoelectron recombination while enhancing photocurrent generation.As a result,the assembled JDAC-based lightassisted RZABs exhibited extraordinary stability at large current densities.This work delivers pivotal insight to design Janus dual-atom catalysts that efficiently convert solar energy into electric and chemical energy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion...BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion of items related to atypical symptoms such as mood reactivity,hypersomnia,increased appetite(or weight gain),leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.METHODS A search for English-language articles was conducted without time restrictions in the MEDLINE and Russian Science Citation Index databases using the following keywords:“depression”OR“bipolar depression”AND“scales”OR“questionnaires”.The analytical method used in this review involved a descriptive analysis of the included studies.RESULTS After reviewing studies on the validation of depression assessment scales,we found that only a small number include items addressing both increases and decreases in appetite or weight,as well as variations in sleep duration.Moreover,only a few studies have evaluated mood reactivity,leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.The most well-developed scale that considers all aspects of atypical and non-atypical depressions is the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology.CONCLUSION Ignoring atypical symptoms in common scales can lead to underestimation of depression severity and inaccuracies in evaluating therapy effectiveness in clinical trials, as well as hinder fundamental research aimed at finding biomarkers.展开更多
文摘Starting from a philosophical perspective,which states that the living structures are actually a combination between matter and information,this article presents the results on an analysis of the bipolar information-matter structure of the human organism,distinguishing three fundamental circuits for its survival,which demonstrates and supports this statement,as a base for further development of the informational model of consciousness to a general informational model of the human organism.For this,it was examined the Informational System of the Human Body and its components from the perspective of the physics/information/neurosciences concepts,showing specific functions of each of them,highlighting the correspondence of these centers with brain support areas and with their projections in consciousness,which are:Center of Acquisition and Storing of Information(CASI)reflected in consciousness as memory,Center of Decision and Command(CDC)(decision),Info-Emotional Center(IES)(emotions),Maintenance Informational System(MIS)(personal status),Genetic Transmission System(GTS)(associativity/genetic transmission)and Info Genetic Generator(IGG)related by the body development and inherited behaviors.The Info Connection(IC),detected in consciousness as trust and confidence can explain the Near-Death Experiences(NDEs)and associated phenomena.This connection is antientropic and informational,because from the multitude of uncertain possibilities is selected a certain one,helping/supporting the survival and life.The human body appears therefore as a bipolar structure,connected to two poles:information and matter.It is argued that the survival,which is the main objective of the organism,is complied in three main ways,by means of:(i)the reactive operation for adaptation by attitude;(ii)the info-genetic integration of information by epigenetic processes and genetic transmission of information for species survival,both circuits(i)and(ii)being associated to the information pole;(iii)maintenance of the material body(defined as informed matter)and its functions,associated to the matter pole of the organism.It results therefore that the informational system of the human body is supported by seven informational circuits formed by the neuro-connections between the specific zones of the brain corresponding to the informational subsystems,the cognitive centers,the sensors,transducers and execution(motor/mobile)elements.The fundamental informational circuits assuring the survival are the reactive circuit,expressible by attitude,the epigenetic/genetic circuit,absorbing and codifying information to be transmitted to the next generations,and the metabolic circuit,connected to matter(matter pole).The presented analysis allows to extend the informational modeling of consciousness to an Informational Model of Consciousness and Organism,fully describing the composition/functions of the organism in terms of information/matter and neurosciences concepts.
基金the Institutional Review Board of Konkuk University Hospital(IRB number:KUMC 2021-01-028).
文摘BACKGROUND Panic disorders frequently occur with affective disorders,particularly bipolar disorder.Patients with panic disorder and bipolar disorder are more likely to present with severe symptoms,such as high rates of suicidal behavior,poor symptomatic and functional recovery,and poor drug responses.AIM To investigate the psychological characteristics of panic disorder patients related to bipolarity.METHODS A total of 254 patients(136 men and 118 women,mean age=33.48±3.2 years)who were diagnosed with panic disorder were included in the study.Panic disorder with bipolarity(BP+)was defined as a score of≥7 on the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire(K-MDQ),and a score lower than 7 was considered as a panic disorder without bipolarity(BP-).Self-report questionnaires were analyzed to examine their association with bipolarity.Psychological tests used in the study were the Mood Disorder Questionnaire(MDQ),Panic Disorder Severity Scale,Beck Depression Inventory,State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI),Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI),and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI).Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between bipolarity of panic disorder patients and various psychological test results indicative of psychological characteristics.RESULTS Patients with a K-MDQ score of 7 or more were considered to have a history of manic or hypomanic episodes(BP+group,n=128),while patients with K-MDQ scores below 7 were defined as those without bipolarity(BP-group,n=126).The BP+group were more likely to be unmarried(single 56.2%vs 44.4%,P=0.008)and younger(30.78±0.59 vs 37.11±3.21,P<0.001).Additionally,the BP+group had significantly higher scores on psychological assessment scales,such as the hypochondriasis,psychopathic deviate,masculinity-femininity,psychasthenia,schizophrenia,and hypomania(Ma)in MMPI,and novelty seeking,harm avoidance and self-transcendence in TCI,and STAI(state and trait)compared to the BP-group.In logistic regression analysis,depression in MMPI,selfdirectedness in TCI,and age were negatively associated with MDQ score,meanwhile,Ma in MMPI and STAI(trait)were positively associated with MDQ score.CONCLUSION The result of this study suggests that almost 50%of patients with panic disorder are likely to have hypomanic or manic symptoms,and certain psychological factors are associated bipolarity in panic disorder.
文摘Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar disorder. We performed a PubMed search for microRNA biomarkers in bipolar disorder and found 18 original research articles on studies performed with human patients and published from January 2011 to June 2023. These studies included microRNA profiling in bloodand brain-based materials. From the studies that had validated the preliminary findings,potential candidate biomarkers for bipolar disorder in adults could be miR-140-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-21-3p,-330-3p,-345-5p in whole blood, miR-19b-3p,-1180-3p,-125a-5p, let-7e-5p in blood plasma, and miR-7-5p,-23b-5p,-142-3p,-221-5p,-370-3p in the blood serum. Two of the studies had investigated the changes in microRNA expression of patients with bipolar disorder receiving treatment. One showed a significant increase in plasma miR-134 compared to baseline after 4 weeks of treatment which included typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines. The other study had assessed the effects of prescribed medications which included neurotransmitter receptorsite binders(drug class B) and sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, and analgesics(drug class C) on microRNA results. The combined effects of the two drug classes increased the significance of the results for miR-219 and-29c with miR-30e-3p and-526b* acquiring significance. MicroRNAs were tested to see if they could serve as biomarkers of bipolar disorder at different clinical states of mania, depression, and euthymia. One study showed that upregulation in whole blood of miR-9-5p,-29a-3p,-106a-5p,-106b-5p,-107,-125a-3p,-125b-5p and of miR-107,-125a-3p occurred in manic and euthymic patients compared to controls, respectively, and that upregulation of miR-106a-5p,-107 was found for manic compared to euthymic patients. In two other studies using blood plasma,downregulation of miR-134 was observed in manic patients compared to controls, and dysregulation of miR-134,-152,-607,-633,-652,-155 occurred in euthymic patients compared to controls. Finally, microRNAs such as miR-34a,-34b,-34c,-137, and-140-3p,-21-3p,-30d-5p,-330-5p,-378a-5p,-134,-19b-3p were shown to have diagnostic potential in distinguishing bipolar disorder patients from schizophrenia or major depressive disorder patients, respectively. Further studies are warranted with adolescents and young adults having bipolar disorder and consideration should be given to using animal models of the disorder to investigate the effects of suppressing or overexpressing specific microRNAs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81901156(to ZZ),82271200(to ZZ),82171308(to XC)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No.xzy012022035(to ZZ)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,Nos.2021JM-261(to QK),2023-YBSF-303(to ZZ)Traditional Chinese Medicine Project of Shaanxi Province,No.2019-ZZ-JC047(to QK)。
文摘The organotypic retinal explant culture has been established for more than a decade and offers a range of unique advantages compared with in vivo experiments and cell cultures.However,the lack of systematic and continuous comparison between in vivo retinal development and the organotypic retinal explant culture makes this model controversial in postnatal retinal development studies.Thus,we aimed to verify the feasibility of using this model for postnatal retinal development studies by comparing it with the in vivo retina.In this study,we showed that postnatal retinal explants undergo normal development,and exhibit a consistent structure and timeline with retinas in vivo.Initially,we used SOX2 and PAX6 immunostaining to identify retinal progenitor cells.We then examined cell proliferation and migration by immunostaining with Ki-67 and doublecortin,respectively.Ki-67-and doublecortin-positive cells decreased in both in vivo and explants during postnatal retinogenesis,and exhibited a high degree of similarity in abundance and distribution between groups.Additionally,we used Ceh-10 homeodomain-containing homolog,glutamate-ammonia ligase(glutamine synthetase),neuronal nuclei,and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunostaining to examine the emergence of bipolar cells,Müller glia,mature neurons,and microglia,respectively.The timing and spatial patterns of the emergence of these cell types were remarkably consistent between in vivo and explant retinas.Our study showed that the organotypic retinal explant culture model had a high degree of consistency with the progression of in vivo early postnatal retina development.The findings confirm the accuracy and credibility of this model and support its use for long-term,systematic,and continuous observation.
基金supported by the National Key Re-search and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB4002100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271136)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2019TD-020 and 2021JC-06).
文摘Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis(PEMWE)is one of the most promising strategies to pro-duce green hydrogen energy,and it is crucial to exploit highly conductive and good corrosion-resistant coatings on bipolar plates(BPs),one of the core components in PEMWE cells.In this work,NbN coatings are deposited on Ti BPs by magnetron sputtering to improve the corrosion resistance and conductivity,for which the critical process parameters,such as the working pressure,partial nitrogen pressure and de-position temperature are well optimized.It is found that the compact microstructure,highly conductive δ-NbN and uniform nanoparticles play a dominant role in the synergistic improvement of the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of NbN coatings.The optimized NbN coatings exhibit excellent cor-rosion resistance with the low corrosion current density of 1.1×10^(-8) A cm^(-2),a high potential value of-0.005 V vs.SCE and a low ICR value of 15.8 mΩcm2@1.5 MPa.Accordingly,NbN coatings can be a promising candidate for the development of the low-cost and high-anti-corrosion Ti BPs of PEMWE.
基金Supported by the National College Students’Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program,No.202410403067the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students in Jiangxi Province,No.S202410403035.
文摘BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mental illness characterized by significant mood swings.Effective drug treatment modalities are crucial for managing BD.AIM To analyze the current status and future trends of global research on BD drug treatment over the last decade.METHODS The Web of Science Core Collection database spanning from 2015 to 2024 was utilized to retrieve literature related to BD drug treatment.A total of 2624 articles were extracted.Data visualization and analysis were conducted using CiteSpace,VOSviewer,Pajek,Scimago Graphica,and R-studio bibliometrix to identify RESULTS The United States,China,and the United Kingdom have made the most significant contributions to research on BD drug treatment and formed notable research collaboration networks.The University of Pittsburgh,Massachusetts General Hospital,and the University of Michigan have been identified as the major research institutions in this field.The Journal of Affective Disorders is the most influential journal.A keyword analysis revealed research hotspots related to clinical symptoms,drug efficacy,and genetic mechanisms.A citation analysis identified the management guidelines published by Yatham et al in 2018 as the most cited paper.CONCLUSION This study provides a detailed overview of the field of BD drug treatment,highlighting key contributors,research hotspots,and future directions.The study findings can be employed as a reference for future research and policymaking,which may enable further development and optimization of BD pharmacotherapy.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4002100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52271136)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2021JC-06)。
文摘TaN coatings were deposited on Ti bipolar plates by magnetron sputtering to improve corrosion resistance and service life.The influence of N_(2) flow rate on the surface morphology,hydrophobicity,crystallinity,corrosion resistance,and interfacial contact resistance of TaN coatings was studied.Results show that as the N_(2) flow rate increases,the roughness of TaN coatings decreases firstly and then increases,and the hydrophobicity increases firstly and then decreases.At the N_(2) flow rate of 3 mL/min,TaN coating with larger grain size presents lower roughness and high hydrophobicity.The coating possesses the lowest corrosion current density of 2.82µA·cm^(−2) and the highest corrosion potential of−0.184 V vs.SCE in the simulated proton exchange membrane water electrolyser environment.After a potentiostatic polarization test for 10 h,a few corrosion pits are observed on the TaN coatings deposited at an N_(2) flow rate of 3 mL/min.After 75 h of electrolytic water performance testing,the TaN coating on bipolar plate improves the corrosion resistance and thus enhances the electrolysis efficiency(68.87%),greatly reducing the cost of bipolar plates.
基金Major Science and technology projects of Anhui Province (202103a05020003)。
文摘[Background and purposes]Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs),which convert hydrogen energy directly into electrical energy and water,have received overwhelming attention,owing to their potential to significantly reduce energy consumption,pollution emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.Bipolar plates are the major part and key component of PEMFCs stack,which provide mechanical strength,collect and conduct current segregate oxidants and reduce agents.They contribute 70-80%weight and 20-30%cost of a whole stack,while significantly affecting the power density.There are three types plates,including metal bipolar plate,graphite bipolar plate and composite bipolar plate.Stainless steel bipolar plates,as one of metal bipolar plate,exhibit promising manufacturability,competitive cost and durability among various metal materials.However,stainless steel would be corroded in the harsh acid(pH 2-5)and humid PEMFCs environment,whereas the leached ions will contaminate the membrane.In addition,the passivated film formed on the surface will increase the interfacial contact resistance(ICR).In order to improve the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity of steel bipolar plates,surface coatings are essential.Metal nitride coatings,metal carbide coatings,polymer coatings and carbon-based coatings have been introduced in recent years.Carbon-based coatings,mainly including a-C(amorphous Carbon),Ta-C(Tetrahedral amorphous carbon)and DLC(diamond-like carbon),have attracted considerable attention from both academia and industry,owing to their superior performance,such as chemical inertness,mechanical hardness and electrical conductivity.However,Ta-C films as protective coating of PEMFCs have been rarely reported,due to the difficulty in production for industrial application.In this paper,multi-layer Ta-C composite films were produced by using customized industrial-scale vacuum equipment to address those issues.[Methods]Multiple layered Ta-C coatings were prepared by using PIS624 equipment,which assembled filtered cathodic arc evaporation,ion beam and magnetron sputtering into one equipment,while SS304 and silicon specimens were used as substrate for testing and analysis.Adhesion layer and intermediate layer were deposited by using magnetron sputtering at deposition temperature of 150℃and pressure of 3×10^(−1) Pa,while the sputtering current was set to be 5 A and bias power to be 300 V.The Ta-C layer was coated at arc current of 80-100 A,bias voltage of 1500 V and gas flow of 75 sccm.A scanning electron microscope(CIQTEK SEM3200)was used to characterize surface morphology,coating structure and cross-section profile of the coatings.Raman spectrometer(LabRam HR Evolution,HORIBA JOBIN YVON)was used to identify the bonding valence states.Electrochemical tests were performed by using an electrochemical work station(CHI760,Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co.,Ltd.),with the traditional three electrode system,where saturated Ag/AgCl and platinum mesh were used as the reference electrode and counter electrode,respectively.All samples were mounted in plastic tube and sealed with epoxy resin,with an exposure area of 2.25 cm^(2),serving as the working electrode.Electrochemical measurements were carried out in simulated PEMFCs cathode environment in 0.5 mol·L^(−1) H_(2)SO_(4)+5 ppm F−solution,at operating temperature of 70℃.As the cathode environment was harsher than the anode environment,all the samples are stabilized at the open-circuit potential(OCP)for approximately 30 min before the EIS measurements.ICR between bipolar plates and GDL was a key parameter affecting performance of the PEMFCs stack.The test sample sandwiched between 2 pieces of carbon paper(simulate gas diffusion layer,GDL)was placed between 2 gold-plated copper electrodes at a compaction pressure of 1.4 MPa,which was considered to be the conventional compaction pressure in the PEMFCs.Under the same conditions,the resistance of a single carbon paper was measured as well.The ICR was calculated according to the formula ICR=1/2(R2−R1)×S,where S was the contact area between GDL and coated stainless steel BPPs.All data of ICR were measured three times for averaging.[Results]The coatings deposited by filtered cathodic arc technology were compact and smooth,which reduced coating porosity and favorable to corrosion resistance.The coating thickness of adhesion and intermediate layers were 180 nm,while the protective Ta-C coating thickness was about 300 nm,forming multiple coating to provide stronger protection for metal bipolar plates.Cr,Ti,Nb and Ta coatings were selected as adhesion layers for comparison.According to electrochemical test,Ta and Nb coatings have higher corrosion resistance.However,Ta and Nb materials would be costly when they are used for mass production.Relatively,Cr and Ti materials were cost effective.Hence,a comprehensive assessment was indispensable to decide the materials to be selected as adhesion layer.Ta-TiN and Ti-TiN combined adhesion and intermediate layer exhibited stronger corrosion resistance,with the corrosion current to be less than 10^(−6) A·cm^(−2).Ta-C protective coating deposited by using filtered cathodic arc technology indicated displayed higher corrosion resistance,with the average corrosion density to be about 1.26×10^(−7) A·cm^(−2).Ta-C coating also shown larger contact angle,with the highest hydrophobicity,which was one of the important advantages for Ta-C,in terms of corrosion resistance.According to Raman spectroscopy,the I(D)/I(G)=549.8/1126.7=0.487,with the estimated fraction of sp^(3) bonding to be in the range of 5154%.The intermediate layer TiN has higher conductivity than the CrN layer.Considering cost,corrosion performance and ICR result,the Ti-TiN layer combination is recommended for industrial scale application.[Conclusions]Multiple layer coating structure of Ta-C film had stronger corrosion resistance;with more than 50%sp^(3) content,while it also had larger water contact angle and higher corrosion resistance than DLC film.The filtered arcing deposition technology was able to make the film to be more consistent and stable than normal arcing technology in terms of the preparation of Ta-C.The coating displayed corrosion density of 1.26×10^(−7) A·cm^(−2) and ICR of less than 5 mΩ·cm^(2),far beyond technical target of 2025 DOE(US Department of Energy).This indicated that the mass-production scale coating technology for PEMFC bipolar plates is highly possible.
基金Supported by Huzhou City Science and Technology Plan Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project[Key Project],No.2020GZ42.
文摘BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder(BD),marked by recurring manic and depressive episodes,often coexists with anxiety disorder(AD),which increases treatment complexity and morbidity.Although quetiapine,an atypical antipsychotic,has demonstrated efficacy in treating BD and AD,further investigation is needed regarding its effectiveness and safety in patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD.AIM To explore the application and efficacy of quetiapine in combination therapy for patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD.METHODS This study included 67 patients,with two excluded,leaving 65 divided into Group A(sertraline treatment)and Group B(combination treatment).All patients received sertraline,with Group B additionally receiving quetiapine.Efficacy was assessed using the Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA),Hamilton depression scale(HAMD),and Bech-Rafaelsen Mania sale(BRMS)throughout the treatment period.Side effects and physiological indicators were also monitored.RESULTS No significant baseline differences existed between the two groups at treatment onset.Over the treatment course,Group B exhibited significantly lower HAMA scores than Group A at the end of weeks 1 and 24.HAMD scores gradually decreased over time,with Group B consistently showing lower scores than Group A.BRMS scores decreased significantly from baseline by week 8.In Group A,27.27%of patients received zolpidem treatment compared to 10.53%in Group B,which was a significant difference.Incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly between groups at treatment onset,but most patients experienced relief from adverse reactions within 4 weeks.CONCLUSION Combination of quetiapine and sertraline can more rapidly alleviate anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with AD at high-risk factors for BD,improving treatment outcomes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12102310 and U21A20113the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No.2020A1515110818+2 种基金the Inovation Team Project for Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2023KCXTD030the Key Project of Biomedicine and Health in Colleges and Universities of Guangdong Province under Grant No.2021ZDZX2055the Medical Science and Technology Research Fund of Guangdong Province under Grant No.A2022004.
文摘Proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs)have gained increasing interests as promising power sources due to their ability to convert hydrogen and oxygen directly into electricity with high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emissions.Bipolar plates(BPs)are considered as a critical component of PEMFCs,serving to collect current,separate gases,distribute the flow field,and conduct heat.This paper reviews the technical status and advancements in BP materials,with special focus on strategies for enhancing interfacial contact resistance(ICR)and corrosion resistance through conductive polymer(CP)coatings.First,commonly used BP materials in PEMFCs are summarized.Then,the advantages and limitations of various coatings for metallic BPs are discussed.Finally,recent progress in CP coatings for metallic BPs,aimed at achieving high corrosion resistance and low ICR,is comprehensively reviewed.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Province Medicine and Health Science and Technology Program,No.2023KY980Hangzhou Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission,No.A20220133.
文摘BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid syndrome(PMS)is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability,delayed language development,autism spectrum disorders,motor tone abnormalities,and a high risk of psychiatric symptoms,including bipolar disorder.CASE SUMMARY This report presented an 18-year clinical history of a 36-year-old woman with PMS,marked by intellectual disabilities,social withdrawal,and stereotyped behaviors.Diagnosed with bipolar disorder at the age of 18 years old,she encountered significant treatment challenges,including severe adverse reactions to antipsychotic medications in 2022,which led to speech and functional regression.Through rehabilitation and comprehensive therapy,her condition gradually improved.In 2024,after further treatment,her symptoms stabilized,highlighting the complexities and successes of long-term management.CONCLUSION Effective management of PMS requires a thorough clinical history,genetic testing,and long-term supportive care.
基金partially supported by the Construction Fund of Key Medical Disciplines of Hangzhou(No.OO2020491)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2506200)+4 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.2021C03107)the Research Project of Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory(No.JNL-2023001B)the Leading Talent of Scientific and Technological Innovation-“Ten Thousand Talents Program”of Zhejiang Province(No.2021R52016)the Innovation Team for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Brain Diseases(No.2020R01001)the Chinese Medical Education Association(No.2022KTZ004).
文摘Objective:Whether vortioxetine has a utility as an adjuvant drug in the treatment of bipolar depression remains controversial.This study aimed to validate the efficacy and safety of vortioxetine in bipolar depression.Methods:Patients with bipolarⅡdepression were enrolled in this prospective,two-center,randomized,12-week pilot trial.The main indicator for assessing treatment effectiveness was a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS)of≥50%.All eligible patients initially received four weeks of lurasidone monotherapy.Patients who responded well continued to receive this kind of monotherapy.However,no-response patients were randomly assigned to either valproate or vortioxetine treatment for eight weeks.By comprehensively comparing the results of MADRS over a period of 4-12 weeks,a systematic analysis was conducted to determine whether vortioxetine could be used as an adjuvant drug for treating bipolar depression.Results:Thirty-seven patients responded to lurasidone monotherapy,and 60 patients were randomly assigned to the valproate or vortioxetine group for eight weeks.After two weeks of combined valproate or vortioxetine treatment,the MADRS score in the vortioxetine group was significantly lower than that in the valproate group.There was no difference in the MADRS scores between the two groups at 8 and 12 weeks.The incidence of side effects did not significantly differ between the valproate and vortioxetine groups.Importantly,three patients in the vortioxetine group appeared to switch to mania or hypomania.Conclusions:This study suggested that lurasidone combination with vortioxetine might have potential benefits to bipolar II depression in the early stage,while disease progression should be monitored closely for the risk of switching to mania.
文摘BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are a prominent feature of bipolar disorder(BD)and often persist even in remission,thereby contributing to poor clinical outcomes.Despite the widespread use of lithium and valproic acid as mood stabilizers,their effects on sleep quality have not been examined in adequate detail.AIM To evaluate and compare the effects of lithium and valproic acid on sleep quality in BD patients under remission.METHODS A total of 130 patients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition criteria for BD in remission were included in this crosssectional study.The participants were receiving either lithium(n=78),or valproic acid(n=52),for a minimum of six months either alone or in combination with antipsychotics.Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI).Comparative analyses between the lithium and valproic acid groups were conducted using independent t-tests,χ^(2)tests,and ANCOVA,adjusting for key variables such as age,sex,and body mass index.RESULTS Both groups demonstrated poor sleep quality,with the mean PSQI scores above the clinical threshold of 5.Patients in the lithium group exhibited significantly better habitual sleep efficiency(lithium:0.47±0.65,valproic acid:0.78±0.87,P=0.009)and fewer sleep disturbances(lithium:1.26±0.57,valproic acid:1.61±0.84,P=0.005).Other sleep parameters,including total sleep duration(P=0.082)and sleep latency(P=0.625),did not differ significantly.CONCLUSION Patients in the lithium group showed significantly better habitual sleep efficiency and fewer sleep disturbances compared to those receiving valproic acid,although other sleep parameters did not differ.These findings suggest a potential advantage of lithium in certain aspects of sleep quality in BD patients under remission.Future studies using objective sleep measures and longitudinal designs are warranted to confirm these findings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11971100)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.22ZR1402300)+1 种基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12326430)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2021MA017).
文摘The present paper deals with the Cauchy problem to a two-fluid plasma model with unequal viscosities in any dimension N≥2.Employing the precise spectral analysis for the corresponding linearized system,we prove the global well-posedness provided that the initial data are close to a stable equilibrium state in critical functional framework which is not related to the energy space.Moreover,the optimal decay rates for the constructed global solution are also established.
基金Supported by Research Plan Project of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission,No.2022KJ264.
文摘Bipolar disorder(BD)is a severe mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression,and it is prone to delayed diagnosis,which can lead to worsened outcomes,including more frequent mood episodes,greater functional impairment,and comorbidities.Early diagnosis of BD remains a significant challenge,although recent advances offer promising insights,such as research in molecular biomarkers,neuroimaging,exosomes,genetics,and epigenetics.This mini-review highlights their potential for providing earlier,more accurate identification of BD and discusses the underlying reasons why current research has not yet succeeded.For instance,the high heterogeneity of symptomatic presentations leads to low consistency in study participants;delayed BD diagnosis results in the inclusion of potential BD patients in the depression group;low specificity of biomarkers stems from limited understanding of BD pathophysiology;and there is a possibility that BD is not innate but develops over the course of the disease.Deepening our understanding of BD pathology,identifying more specific biomarkers,and integrating multiomics approaches for validation studies in well-defined homogeneous cohorts hold promise for significant breakthroughs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42177424,No.42488201Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.2020074National Key Research and Development Projects,No.2022YFF0801502。
文摘Lithic miniaturization is a key adaptive and technological feature of human populations and one of the key cultural hallmarks in the Late Pleistocene of Eastern Asia.In northern China this form of stone tool technology is well represented,including by microblade technology.Lithic miniaturization has been identified in South China,though this technological feature has received little research attention in comparison to the north.Here,we examine three miniaturized lithic assemblages in South China,ranging from the terminal Pleistocene to middle Holocene.To examine technological variations in lithic miniaturization,the three assemblages were subject to comparative quantitative analyses,including principal component analysis(PCA),K-means clustering and the Zingg system.The three sites were found to exhibit varied temporal and geographic patterns of lithic miniaturization across South China,potentially related to fluctuating climatic conditions and changes in population dynamics since the Late Pleistocene.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2506200)the Leading Talent of Scientific and Technological Innovation-"Ten Thousand Talents Program"of Zhejiang Province(2021R52016).
文摘Reward or stress,which exists extensively,causes resilient emotional fluctuations under common situations.However,reward or stress is a typical trigger for manic or depressive episodes of bipolar disorder(BD),which is corroborated by psychological theory,biological findings,and psychosocial treatment approaches[1,2].During an episode of BD,the affective aberration can be persistent and switchable,accompanied by opposite constellations of cognitive and psychomotor symptoms.Characterized by uncontrollable mood ranging in severity,duration,and polarity,to disentangle the pathophysiology mechanism of BD is to delineate the mystery of affective fluctuations driven by reward or stress.
基金funded by Ongoing Research Funding program(ORF-2025-749),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Cyber threat detection is a crucial aspect of contemporary cybersecurity due to the depth and complexity of cyberattacks.It is the identification of malicious activity,unauthorized access,and possible intrusions in networks and systems.Modern detection methods employ artificial intelligence and machine learning to study vast amounts of data,learn patterns,and anticipate potential threats.Real-time monitoring and anomaly detection improve the capacity to react to changing threats more rapidly.Cyber threat detection systems aim to reduce false positives and provide complete coverage against the broadest possible attacks.This research advocates for proactive measures and adaptive technologies in defending digital environments.Improvements in detection ability by organizations will assist in safeguarding assets and integrity in operations in this increasingly digital world.This paper draws on the categorization of cyber threat detection methods using hesitant bipolar fuzzy Frank operators.Categorization is a step that is necessary for systematic comparison and assessment of detection methods so that the most suitable method for particular cybersecurity requirements is chosen.Furthermore,this research manages uncertainty and vagueness that exists in decision-making by applying hesitant bipolar fuzzy logic.The importance of the work lies in how it fortifies cybersecurity architectures with a formal method of discovering optimal detection measures and improving responsiveness,resulting in holistic protection against dynamic threats.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFB4607600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.52303359)+1 种基金Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023A1515011511,2022A1515110848,2023B1515040027,Young Top Talents Program 2021QN02C174)Open program of State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(OEMT-2024-KF-06).
文摘Harnessing solar energy to enhance the rechargeable zinc-air batteries(RZABs)performance is a promising avenue toward sustainable energy storage and conversion.Simultaneously enhancing light-absorption capacity and carrier separation efficiency in nanomaterials,as well as improving electrical conductivity and configuration for electrocatalysis,presents a formidable challenge due to inherent trade-offs and interdependencies.Here,we have developed a Janus dual-atom catalyst(JDAC)with bifunctional centers for efficient charge separation and electrocatalytic performance through a bipolar doping strategy.The in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure and Raman spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that the Ni and Fe centers in JDAC not only function as effective sites for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction,respectively,but also serve as efficient hole and electron enrichment sites,effectively suppressing photoelectron recombination while enhancing photocurrent generation.As a result,the assembled JDAC-based lightassisted RZABs exhibited extraordinary stability at large current densities.This work delivers pivotal insight to design Janus dual-atom catalysts that efficiently convert solar energy into electric and chemical energy.
文摘BACKGROUND Atypical depression is an important indicator of a high risk of bipolar disorder and a genetic predisposition to immunometabolic traits.AIM To analyze common depression assessment scales for their inclusion of items related to atypical symptoms such as mood reactivity,hypersomnia,increased appetite(or weight gain),leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.METHODS A search for English-language articles was conducted without time restrictions in the MEDLINE and Russian Science Citation Index databases using the following keywords:“depression”OR“bipolar depression”AND“scales”OR“questionnaires”.The analytical method used in this review involved a descriptive analysis of the included studies.RESULTS After reviewing studies on the validation of depression assessment scales,we found that only a small number include items addressing both increases and decreases in appetite or weight,as well as variations in sleep duration.Moreover,only a few studies have evaluated mood reactivity,leaden paralysis,and interpersonal sensitivity.The most well-developed scale that considers all aspects of atypical and non-atypical depressions is the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology.CONCLUSION Ignoring atypical symptoms in common scales can lead to underestimation of depression severity and inaccuracies in evaluating therapy effectiveness in clinical trials, as well as hinder fundamental research aimed at finding biomarkers.
