A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during ...A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.展开更多
Tomato cultivation faces formidable challenges from both biotic and abiotic stressors,necessitating innovative and sustainable strategies to ensure crop resilience and yield stability.This comprehensive review delves ...Tomato cultivation faces formidable challenges from both biotic and abiotic stressors,necessitating innovative and sustainable strategies to ensure crop resilience and yield stability.This comprehensive review delves into the evolving landscape of employing microbial consortia as a dynamic tool for the integrated management of biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato plants.The microbial consortium,comprising an intricate network of bacteria,fungi,and other beneficial microorganisms,plays a pivotal role in promoting plant health and bolstering defense mechanisms.Against biotic stressors,the consortium exhibits multifaceted actions,including the suppression of pathogenic organisms through antagonistic interactions and the induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants.On the abiotic front,the microbial consortium enhances nutrient availability,optimizes water retention,and ameliorates soil structure,thus mitigating the adverse effects of factors such as drought,salinity,and nutrient imbalances.This review synthesizes current research findings,highlighting the diverse mechanisms through which microbial consortia positively influence the physiological and molecular responses of tomato plants to stress.Furthermore,it explores the adaptability of microbial consortia to various agroecosystems,offering a versatile and sustainable approach to stress management.As a promising avenue for eco-friendly agriculture,the utilization of microbial consortia in tomato cultivation emerges not only as a tool for stress mitigation but also as a transformative strategy to foster long-term sustainability,reduce reliance on synthetic inputs,and enhance overall crop productivity in the face of changing environmental conditions.展开更多
Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinit...Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.展开更多
Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant...Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant species.In this study,we identified 15 DOMON genes in rice and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,and cis-regulatory elements.Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clustering of OsDOMON genes in rice and other monocots,compared with Arabidopsis thaliana.Promoter analysis showed a higher abundance of stress-related regulatory elements in Tetep,a well-known blast and abiotic stress-tolerant cultivar,compared with Nipponbare and HP2216.OsDOMON genes displayed differential expression under biotic stress(Magnaporthe oryzae infection)and abiotic stresses(drought,heat,and salinity)in contrasting cultivars.Tetep exhibited significantly higher expression levels of specific OsDOMON genes during early blast infection stages,particularly OsDOMON6.1 and OsDOMON9.2,suggesting their roles in cell wall fortification and reactive oxygen species signaling.Under abiotic stress,genes like OsDOMON3.3,OsDOMON8.1,and OsDOMON9.2 showed higher expression in Tetep,indicating their involvement in stress tolerance mechanisms.This study provides a foundation for future functional studies of OsDOMON genes,paving the way for developing rice cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.展开更多
Abiotic and biotic stressors adversely affect plant survival,biomass generation,and crop yields.As the global availability of arable land declines and the impacts of global warming intensify,such stressors may have in...Abiotic and biotic stressors adversely affect plant survival,biomass generation,and crop yields.As the global availability of arable land declines and the impacts of global warming intensify,such stressors may have increasingly pronounced effects on agricultural productivity.Currently,researchers face the overarching challenge of comprehensively enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stressors.The secondary cell wall plays a crucial role in bolstering the stress resistance of plants.To increase plant resistance to stress through genetic manipulation of the secondary cell wall,we cloned a cell wall protein designated glycine-rich protein-like(GhGRPL)from cotton fibers,and found that it is specifically expressed during the period of secondary cell wall biosynthesis.Notably,this protein differs from its Arabidopsis homolog,AtGRP,since its glycine-rich domain is deficient in glycine residues.GhGRPL is involved in secondary cell wall deposition.Upregulation of GhGRPL enhances lignin accumulation and,consequently,the thickness of the secondary cell walls,thereby increasing the plant’s resistance to abiotic stressors,such as drought and salinity,and biotic threats,including Verticillium dahliae infection.Conversely,interference with GhGRPL expression in cotton reduces lignin accumulation and compromises that resistance.Taken together,our findings elucidate the role of GhGRPL in regulating secondary cell wall development through its influence on lignin deposition,which,in turn,reinforces cell wall robustness and impermeability.These findings highlight the promising near-future prospect of adopting GhGRPL as a viable,effective approach for enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stress factors.展开更多
The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key co...The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.展开更多
The end-Permian mass extinction was one of the major global crises spanning the entire Early Triassic or longer.Eruptions of volcanos were one of the factors that delayed the biotic recovery after this event.Supervolc...The end-Permian mass extinction was one of the major global crises spanning the entire Early Triassic or longer.Eruptions of volcanos were one of the factors that delayed the biotic recovery after this event.Supervolcano eruptions can cause catastrophic effects on global environment,climate,and life.Here we investigate the tuff layers from Early-Middle Triassic boundary in the Yangtze Block and identify a supervolcano eruption event.The zircon U-Pb ages of the section-Langdai,section-Daijiagou and section-Longmendong tuff samples are 247.1±1.9 Ma,247.6±2.0 Ma and 247.7±1.7 Ma,respectively.These ages mark the Olenekian-Anisian boundary.The zircon grains from the tuff layers have negativeεHf(t)(-15.3 to-0.8),two-stage Hf model(TDM2)ages(1.7 to 2.2 Ga)and display high-δ18O values(mostly>10‰).Clay minerals and quartz dominate the rock composition.The whole rock compositions show that the tuff layers were derived from magma of intermediate to felsic composition,which formed by the remelting of Paleoproterozoic materials of continental crust.The volcanic eruption site is located in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan-Song Ma suture zone in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block.A combination of the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean Basin and the collision of the Indochina Block and South China contributed to the eruption,which was a supervolcano eruption under the active continental margin arc settings.We speculate that this supervolcano eruption might have contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction.展开更多
<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigate...<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigated for its impact on skin flora and skin barrier properties. <strong>Methods:</strong> Growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to determine the effect on skin bacteria growth, using <em>Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>. A skin penetration assay and skin barrier biomarker measurements were performed using an <em>ex vivo</em> human skin explant model. The triple-biotic complex of inulin, 2-butyloctanol, and a biomimic blend of postbiotics was tested individually as well as part of cosmetic formulations. <strong>Results:</strong> The triple-biotic technology, either as individual components or in a cosmetic formulation, inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria, in most cases. On the other hand, the growth of desirable bacteria was either promoted or maintained. The cosmetic formulations with the triple-biotic technology demonstrated an enhanced skin barrier and an increase in skin barrier biomarkers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A novel triple-biotic technology has been developed and shown to deliver a strong prebiotic effect with demonstrable benefits on bacterial growth, skin barrier properties, and the production of skin barrier biomarkers. This study indicates that triple-biotic technology can be used as a desirable prebiotic ingredient in personal care products to provide skin health benefits.展开更多
Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and bi...Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.展开更多
NAC family genes encode plant-specific transcription factors involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, the Arabidopsis NAC gene ATAF1 was found to be induced by drought, high-salinity, abscisic acid （...NAC family genes encode plant-specific transcription factors involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, the Arabidopsis NAC gene ATAF1 was found to be induced by drought, high-salinity, abscisic acid （ABA）, methyl jasmonate, mechanical wounding, and Botrytis cinerea infection. Significant induction of ATAF1 was found in an ABA-deficient mutant aba2 subjected to drought or high salinity, revealing an ABA-independent mechanism of expression. Arabidopsis ATAFl-overexpression lines displayed many altered phenotypes, including dwarfism and short primary roots. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicate that ATAF1 is a bonafide regulator modulating plant responses to many abiotic stresses and necrotrophic-pathogen infection. Overexpression of ATAF1 in Arabidopsis increased plant sensitivity to ABA, salt, and oxidative stresses. Especially, ATAF1 overexpression plants, but not mutant lines, showed remarkably enhanced plant tolerance to drought. Additionally, ATAF1 overexpression enhanced plant susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea, but did not alter disease symptoms caused by avirulent or virulent strains of P. syringae pv tomato DC3000. Transgenic plants overexpressing ATAF1 were hypersensitive to oxidative stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen intermediates may be related to ATAFl-mediated signaling in response to both pathogen and abiotic stresses.展开更多
WRKY transcription factors are involved in the regulation of response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A full-length cDNA clone of rice WRKY82 gene （OsWRKY82） was isolated from a cDNA library generated from...WRKY transcription factors are involved in the regulation of response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A full-length cDNA clone of rice WRKY82 gene （OsWRKY82） was isolated from a cDNA library generated from leaves infected by Magnaporthe grisea. OsWRKY82 contained an entire open reading frame in length of 1 701 bp, and was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 566 amino acid residues consisting of two WRKY domains, each with a zinc finger motif of C2H2, belonging to the WRKY subgroup I. OsWRKY82 shared high identity at the amino acid level with those from Sorghum bicolor, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. The transcript level of OsWRKY82 was relatively higher in stems, leaves, and flowers, and less abundant in grains. It was induced by inoculation with M. grisea and Rhizoctonia solani. However, the inducible expression in incompatible rice-M. grisea interactions was earlier and greater than that in compatible interactions. The expression of OsWRKY82 was up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and ethephon, whereas salicylic acid exerted no effects on its expression. Moreover, OsWRKY82 exhibited transcriptional activation ability in yeast. Additionally, OsWRKY82 transcripts could be induced by wounding and heat shocking, but not by abscisic acid, cold, high salinity and dehydration. By contrast, gibberellin suppressed the expression of OsWRKY82. These indicate that OsWRKY82 is a multiply stress-inducible gene responding to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and may be involved in the regulation of defense response to pathogens and tolerance against abiotic stresses by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling pathway.展开更多
As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiot...As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO2 flux（R（total））, its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R（total） was partitioned into biotic flux（R（biotic）） and abiotic flux（R（abiotic）） across a broad range of land-cover types（including eight sampling sites： cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland） in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R（abiotic） to R（total）, as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R（total）, R（biotic） and R（abiotic）, were analyzed. Results showed that R（abiotic） always contributed to R（total） for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） logarithmically increased with decreasing R（biotic）, suggesting that R（abiotic） strongly affected R（total） when R（biotic） was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R（abiotic） cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO2, but its effect on transient CO2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R（total） varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes（abiotic or biotic） of CO2 flux. Specifically, R（biotic） was driven by soil temperature while R（abiotic） was regulated by the change in soil temperature（ΔT）. Namely, declining temperature（ΔT0） resulted in positive R（abiotic）（i.e., CO2 released from soil）. Without recognition of R（abiotic）, R（biotic） would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R（abiotic） may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R（total） exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.展开更多
The “quasi-essential element” silicon (Si) is not considered indispensable for plant growth and its accumulation varies between species largely due to differential uptake phenomena. Silicon uptake and distribution i...The “quasi-essential element” silicon (Si) is not considered indispensable for plant growth and its accumulation varies between species largely due to differential uptake phenomena. Silicon uptake and distribution is a complex process involving the participation of three transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi6) and is beneficial during recovery from multiple stresses. This review focuses on the pivotal role of silicon in counteracting several biotic and abiotic stresses including nutrient imbalances, physical stresses together with uptake, transport of this metalloid in a wide variety of dicot and monocot species. The knowledge on the beneficial effects of silicon and possible Si-induced mechanisms of minimizing stress has been discussed. Accumulation of silicon beneath the cuticles fortifies the cell wall against pathogen attack. Si-induced reduction of heavy metal uptake, root-shoot translocation, chelation, complexation, upregulation of antioxidative defense responses and regulation of gene expression are the mechanisms involved in alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants. Silicon further improves growth and physiological attributes under salt and drought stress. Effective use of silicon in agronomy can be an alternative to the prevalent practice of traditional fertilizers for maintaining sustainable productivity. Therefore, soil nutrition with fertilizers containing plant-available silicon may be considered a cost-effective way to shield plant from various stresses, improve plant growth as well as yield and attain sustainable cultivation worldwide.展开更多
Members of the Pathogenesis Related(PR)10 protein family have been identified in a variety of plant species and a wide range of functions ranging from defense to growth and development has been attributed to them.PR10...Members of the Pathogenesis Related(PR)10 protein family have been identified in a variety of plant species and a wide range of functions ranging from defense to growth and development has been attributed to them.PR10 protein possesses ribonuclease(RNase)activity,interacts with phytohormones,involved in hormone-mediated signalling,afforded protection against various phytopathogenic fungi,bacteria,and viruses particularly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.The resistance mechanism of PR10 protein may include activation of defense signalling pathways through possible interacting proteins involved in mediating responses to pathogens,degradation of RNA of the invading pathogens.Moreover,several morphological changes have been shown to accompany the enhanced abiotic stress tolerance.In this review,the possible mechanism of action of PR10 protein against biotic and abiotic stress has been discussed.Furthermore,our findings also confirmed that the in vivo Nitric oxide(NO)is essential for most of environmental abiotic stresses and disease resistance against pathogen infection.The proper level of NO may be necessary and beneficial,not only in plant response to the environmental abiotic stress,but also to biotic stress.The updated information on this interesting group of proteins will be useful in future research to develop multiple stress tolerance in plants.展开更多
Biotic and abiotic stresses are major limiting factors for high crop productivity worldwide. A landrace collection consisting of 380 durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) entries originating in several countrie...Biotic and abiotic stresses are major limiting factors for high crop productivity worldwide. A landrace collection consisting of 380 durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) entries originating in several countries along with four check varieties were evaluated for biotic stresses:yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis Westendorf f. sp. tritici) and wheat stem sawfly(WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton(Hymenoptera: Cephidae), and abiotic stresses: cold and drought. The main objectives were to(i) quantify phenotypic diversity and identify variation in the durum wheat landraces for the different stresses and(ii) characterize the agronomic profiles of landraces in reaction to the stresses. Significant changes in reactions of landraces to stresses were observed.Landraces resistant to each stress were identified and agronomically characterized.Percentage reduction due to the stresses varied from 11.4%(yellow rust) to 21.6%(cold stress) for 1000-kernel weight(TKW) and from 19.9(yellow rust) to 91.9%(cold stress) for grain yield. Landraces from Asia and Europe showed enhanced genetic potential for both grain yield and cold tolerance under highland rainfed conditions of Iran. The findings showed that TKW and yield productivity could be used to assess the response of durum wheat landraces to different stresses. In conclusion, landraces showed high levels of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and selected landraces can serve in durum wheat breeding for adaptation to cold and drought-prone environments.展开更多
The distributions of species in their habitats are constantly changing. This phenomenon is thought to be determined by species’ environmental tolerance and biotic interactions for limited resources and space. Consequ...The distributions of species in their habitats are constantly changing. This phenomenon is thought to be determined by species’ environmental tolerance and biotic interactions for limited resources and space. Consequently, predicting the future distribution of species is a major challenge in ecology. To address this problem, we use mathematical model to study the combined effects of biotic interactions (e.g. competition) and environmental factors on multiple species community assembly in a heterogenous environment. To gain insights into the dynamics of this ecological system, we perform both analytical and numerical analyses of the range margins of the species. We observe that the range margins of the species can be influenced by biotic interactions combined with environmental factors. Depending on the strength of biotic interactions, our model exhibits coexistence of species and priority effects;mediated by weak and intense biotic interactions respectively. We also show the existence of bifurcation points (i.e. the threshold values of competition coefficient) which lead to the presence—absence of different species. Thus, we suggest that adequate knowledge of biotic interactions and changes in the environments is important for effective maintenance of biodiversity and conservation management.展开更多
von Willebrand factor A(vWA)genes are well characterized in humans except for few BONZAI genes,but the vWA genes are least explored in plants.Considering the novelty and vital role of vWA genes,this study aimed at cha...von Willebrand factor A(vWA)genes are well characterized in humans except for few BONZAI genes,but the vWA genes are least explored in plants.Considering the novelty and vital role of vWA genes,this study aimed at characterization of vWA superfamily in rice.Rice genome was found to have 40 vWA genes distributed across all the 12 chromosomes,and 20 of the 40 vWA genes were unique while the remaining shared large fragment similarities with each other,indicating gene duplication.In addition to vWA domain,vWA proteins possess other different motifs or domains,such as ubiquitin interacting motif in protein degradation pathway,and RING finger in protein-protein interaction.Expression analysis of vWA genes in available expression data suggested that they probably function in biotic and abiotic stress responses including hormonal response and signaling.The frequency of transposon elements in the entire 3K rice germplasm was negligible except for 9 vWA genes,indicating the importance of these genes in rice.Structural and functional diversities showed that the vWA genes in a blast-resistant rice variety Tetep had huge variations compared to blast-susceptible rice varieties HP2216 and Nipponbare.qRT-PCR analysis of vWA genes in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice tissues indicated OsvWA9,OsvWA36,OsvWA37 and OsvWA18 as the optimal candidate genes for disease resistance.This is the first attempt to characterize vWA gene family in plant species.展开更多
Plants are recurrently exposed to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses leading to several biochemical and physiological variations that cause severe impacts on plant growth and survival.To overcome these challenges,...Plants are recurrently exposed to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses leading to several biochemical and physiological variations that cause severe impacts on plant growth and survival.To overcome these challenges,plants activate two primary defense mechanisms,such as structural response(cell wall strengthening and waxy epidermal cuticle development)and metabolic changes,including the synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and proteins,especially the pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins.PR proteins are members of a super large family of defense proteins that exhibit antimicrobial activities.Their over-expression in plants provides tolerance to many abiotic and biotic stresses.PR proteins have been classified into 17 families,including PR-5–also called thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs)that involve osmotin and osmotin-like proteins(OLPs).Osmotin was first identified in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum var.Wisconsin 38),and then its homolog proteins(OLPs)were reported from the whole plant kingdom.Osmotin and OLPs are ubiquitous in all fruits and vegetables.Their expression has been detected in various plant tissues and organs.The phylogenetic tree studies revealed that the osmotin group originated from spermatophytes.Moreover,the atomic structure of OLP has shown similarity to thaumatin and TLPs from monocot and eudicot species,which determines a strong evolutionary pressure in flowering plants for conserving thaumatin fold.This is associated with the role of these proteins against pathogens as defense molecules and to induce stress tolerance to plants against several biotic and abiotic factors.In this review,we have briefly described the development history of osmotin,including its function and mechanism to induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to plants.展开更多
Plant calcineurin B-like （CBL） proteins have been proposed as important Ca2＋ sensors and specifically interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases （CIPKs） in plant-specific calcium signaling. Here, we identified...Plant calcineurin B-like （CBL） proteins have been proposed as important Ca2＋ sensors and specifically interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases （CIPKs） in plant-specific calcium signaling. Here, we identified and isolated 15 CIPK genes in a japonica rice variety Nipponbare based on the predicted sequences of rice CIPK gene family. Gene structure analysis showed that these 15 genes were divided into intron-less and intron-rich groups, and OsCIPK3 and OsCIPK24 exhibited alternative splicing in their mature process. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that rice CIPKs shared an ancestor with Arabidopsis and poplar CIPKs. Analyses of gene expression showed that these OsCIPK genes were differentially induced by biotic stresses such as bacterial blight and abiotic stresses （heavy metal such as Hg2＋, high salinity, cold and ABA）. Interestingly, five OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK1, 2, 10, 11 and 12, were transcriptionally up-regulated after bacterial blight infection whereas four OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK2, 10, 11 and 14, were induced by all treatments, indicating that some of OsCIPK genes are involved in multiple stress response pathways in plants. Our finding suggests that CIPKs play a key role in both biotic and abiotic stress responses.展开更多
The current situation of biotic communities in Meizhou Bay is presented in this paper.The species composition,seasonal variation,and distribution of phytoplankton,zooplankton, red tide organisms,fishes,and benthos in ...The current situation of biotic communities in Meizhou Bay is presented in this paper.The species composition,seasonal variation,and distribution of phytoplankton,zooplankton, red tide organisms,fishes,and benthos in Meizhou Bay were investigated,and the content of chlorophyll a and primary production and their seasonal variation were also determined.The water quality of Meizhou Bay was monitored by measuring the density of Escherichia coli. Results reveal that there is a great variety of species in Meizhou Bay and the water in Meizhou Bay is oligotrophic.But the individual numbers of various organisms are very low, especially those of algae.Moreover,there are more than 40 species of red tide organisms and there exist opportunities of red tides between May and November.All these demand cautious be taken in the future development of this area although it has great environment capacity.展开更多
基金The authors extend their gratitude to the Deanship of Scientific Research(DSR),King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,for funding the publication of this work(Project number:KFU250560).
文摘A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand.On the other hand,given the current climate change and population growth,agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable.Consequently,innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand.The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise.Nanoparticles(NPs)typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier,optimizing photosynthesis,stimulating enzymatic activity for defense,elevating the concentration of stress-resistant compounds,and activating the expression of genes associated with defense mechanisms.In this review,we thoroughly cover the uptake and translocations of NPs crops and their potential valuable functions in enhancing plant growth and development at different growth stages.Additionally,we addressed how NPs improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.Generally,this review presents a thorough understanding of the significance of NPs in plants and their prospective value for plant antioxidant and crop development.
基金funded by the Phytopathology Unit of the Department of Plant Pathology—Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture(Meknès)Financial support has been provided to SIRAM by PRIMA and MESRSI(Morocco),a program supported by H2020,the European Program for Research and Innovation.
文摘Tomato cultivation faces formidable challenges from both biotic and abiotic stressors,necessitating innovative and sustainable strategies to ensure crop resilience and yield stability.This comprehensive review delves into the evolving landscape of employing microbial consortia as a dynamic tool for the integrated management of biotic and abiotic stresses in tomato plants.The microbial consortium,comprising an intricate network of bacteria,fungi,and other beneficial microorganisms,plays a pivotal role in promoting plant health and bolstering defense mechanisms.Against biotic stressors,the consortium exhibits multifaceted actions,including the suppression of pathogenic organisms through antagonistic interactions and the induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants.On the abiotic front,the microbial consortium enhances nutrient availability,optimizes water retention,and ameliorates soil structure,thus mitigating the adverse effects of factors such as drought,salinity,and nutrient imbalances.This review synthesizes current research findings,highlighting the diverse mechanisms through which microbial consortia positively influence the physiological and molecular responses of tomato plants to stress.Furthermore,it explores the adaptability of microbial consortia to various agroecosystems,offering a versatile and sustainable approach to stress management.As a promising avenue for eco-friendly agriculture,the utilization of microbial consortia in tomato cultivation emerges not only as a tool for stress mitigation but also as a transformative strategy to foster long-term sustainability,reduce reliance on synthetic inputs,and enhance overall crop productivity in the face of changing environmental conditions.
文摘Plants are under constant exposure to varied biotic and abiotic stresses,which significantly affect their growth,productivity,and survival.Biotic stress,caused by pathogens,and abiotic stress,including drought,salinity,extreme temperatures,and heavy metals,activate overlapping yet distinct immune pathways.These are comprised of morphological barriers,hormonal signaling,and the induction of stress-responsive genes through complex pathways mediated by reactive oxygen species(ROS),phytohormones,and secondary metabolites.Abiotic stress triggers organelle-mediated retrograde signaling from organelles like chloroplasts and mitochondria,which causes unfolded protein responses and the regulation of cellular homeostasis.Simultaneously,biotic stress activates both PAMP-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI),mediated by salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and ethylene(ET).This review aims to provide an integrated overview of plant immune responses tomultiple stressors,with emphasis on molecular crosstalk and recent technological interventions.A systematic literature search was conducted using the Scopus database,covering studies published between 2010 and 2025.Advances in CRISPR-Cas genome editing,RNA interference,omics technologies,nanotechnology,and artificial intelligence have improved our knowledge of plant stress physiology and facilitated the design of resilient crop varieties.Despite these advances,the integration of immune signals under simultaneous biotic and abiotic stress remains poorly understood,particularly at tissue-specific and cellular levels.Additionally,practical challenges persist in delivery methods,regulatory hurdles,and long-term field validation.With the escalation of climate change,understanding the complex crosstalk between stress signalling pathways is essential formaintaining sustainable agriculture and global food security.Future directions point toward real-time monitoring tools,such as single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics,to fine-tune immune responses and support precision crop improvement.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Senior Research Fellowship from ICAR,India(Grant No.EDN/1/25/2015-Exam cell)ICAR-Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics and National Institute for Plant Biotechnology,India(Grant No.1006456).
文摘Dopamine β-monooxygenase N-terminal(DOMON)domain-containing genes are present across all taxa and are critical in cell signaling and redox transport.Despite their significance,these genes remain understudied in plant species.In this study,we identified 15 DOMON genes in rice and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships,conserved motifs,and cis-regulatory elements.Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clustering of OsDOMON genes in rice and other monocots,compared with Arabidopsis thaliana.Promoter analysis showed a higher abundance of stress-related regulatory elements in Tetep,a well-known blast and abiotic stress-tolerant cultivar,compared with Nipponbare and HP2216.OsDOMON genes displayed differential expression under biotic stress(Magnaporthe oryzae infection)and abiotic stresses(drought,heat,and salinity)in contrasting cultivars.Tetep exhibited significantly higher expression levels of specific OsDOMON genes during early blast infection stages,particularly OsDOMON6.1 and OsDOMON9.2,suggesting their roles in cell wall fortification and reactive oxygen species signaling.Under abiotic stress,genes like OsDOMON3.3,OsDOMON8.1,and OsDOMON9.2 showed higher expression in Tetep,indicating their involvement in stress tolerance mechanisms.This study provides a foundation for future functional studies of OsDOMON genes,paving the way for developing rice cultivars resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
基金supported by the Special Fund for the Youth Team of the Southwest Universities,China(SWUXJPY 202306)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(SWU-KR23009)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(U2003209 and 31871539)。
文摘Abiotic and biotic stressors adversely affect plant survival,biomass generation,and crop yields.As the global availability of arable land declines and the impacts of global warming intensify,such stressors may have increasingly pronounced effects on agricultural productivity.Currently,researchers face the overarching challenge of comprehensively enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stressors.The secondary cell wall plays a crucial role in bolstering the stress resistance of plants.To increase plant resistance to stress through genetic manipulation of the secondary cell wall,we cloned a cell wall protein designated glycine-rich protein-like(GhGRPL)from cotton fibers,and found that it is specifically expressed during the period of secondary cell wall biosynthesis.Notably,this protein differs from its Arabidopsis homolog,AtGRP,since its glycine-rich domain is deficient in glycine residues.GhGRPL is involved in secondary cell wall deposition.Upregulation of GhGRPL enhances lignin accumulation and,consequently,the thickness of the secondary cell walls,thereby increasing the plant’s resistance to abiotic stressors,such as drought and salinity,and biotic threats,including Verticillium dahliae infection.Conversely,interference with GhGRPL expression in cotton reduces lignin accumulation and compromises that resistance.Taken together,our findings elucidate the role of GhGRPL in regulating secondary cell wall development through its influence on lignin deposition,which,in turn,reinforces cell wall robustness and impermeability.These findings highlight the promising near-future prospect of adopting GhGRPL as a viable,effective approach for enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stress factors.
基金partially funded by the Chiang Mai University (Grant No. RG25/2566)the Thailand Rice Science Research Hub of Knowledge (NRCT: N34E670027), Thailand
文摘The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42272129]Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of Sichuan Province,China[grant number 23NSFJQ0162]+1 种基金Department of Natural Resources of Sichuan Province,China[grant number KJ-2023-011]the Everest Scientific Research Program of Chengdu University of Technology.
文摘The end-Permian mass extinction was one of the major global crises spanning the entire Early Triassic or longer.Eruptions of volcanos were one of the factors that delayed the biotic recovery after this event.Supervolcano eruptions can cause catastrophic effects on global environment,climate,and life.Here we investigate the tuff layers from Early-Middle Triassic boundary in the Yangtze Block and identify a supervolcano eruption event.The zircon U-Pb ages of the section-Langdai,section-Daijiagou and section-Longmendong tuff samples are 247.1±1.9 Ma,247.6±2.0 Ma and 247.7±1.7 Ma,respectively.These ages mark the Olenekian-Anisian boundary.The zircon grains from the tuff layers have negativeεHf(t)(-15.3 to-0.8),two-stage Hf model(TDM2)ages(1.7 to 2.2 Ga)and display high-δ18O values(mostly>10‰).Clay minerals and quartz dominate the rock composition.The whole rock compositions show that the tuff layers were derived from magma of intermediate to felsic composition,which formed by the remelting of Paleoproterozoic materials of continental crust.The volcanic eruption site is located in the Jinshajiang-Ailaoshan-Song Ma suture zone in the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block.A combination of the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean Basin and the collision of the Indochina Block and South China contributed to the eruption,which was a supervolcano eruption under the active continental margin arc settings.We speculate that this supervolcano eruption might have contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction.
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigated for its impact on skin flora and skin barrier properties. <strong>Methods:</strong> Growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to determine the effect on skin bacteria growth, using <em>Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>. A skin penetration assay and skin barrier biomarker measurements were performed using an <em>ex vivo</em> human skin explant model. The triple-biotic complex of inulin, 2-butyloctanol, and a biomimic blend of postbiotics was tested individually as well as part of cosmetic formulations. <strong>Results:</strong> The triple-biotic technology, either as individual components or in a cosmetic formulation, inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria, in most cases. On the other hand, the growth of desirable bacteria was either promoted or maintained. The cosmetic formulations with the triple-biotic technology demonstrated an enhanced skin barrier and an increase in skin barrier biomarkers. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A novel triple-biotic technology has been developed and shown to deliver a strong prebiotic effect with demonstrable benefits on bacterial growth, skin barrier properties, and the production of skin barrier biomarkers. This study indicates that triple-biotic technology can be used as a desirable prebiotic ingredient in personal care products to provide skin health benefits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31470630)Shanxi Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Project
文摘Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.
基金We would like to thank Dr Nam-Hai Chua （Rockefeller Univer- sity） for kindly providing the pBA002Myc vector and the Arabi- dopsis Biological Resource Center （ABRC）, Ohio State University for providing ToDNA insertion lines. This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30530400/90717006/30670195） to Q Xie and Y Wu, the Chinese Academy of Science （KSCX2-YW-N-010 and CXTD-S2005-2）, and the （iuangdong Natural Science Foundation, China （No. 5300648） to Z Deng.
文摘NAC family genes encode plant-specific transcription factors involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, the Arabidopsis NAC gene ATAF1 was found to be induced by drought, high-salinity, abscisic acid （ABA）, methyl jasmonate, mechanical wounding, and Botrytis cinerea infection. Significant induction of ATAF1 was found in an ABA-deficient mutant aba2 subjected to drought or high salinity, revealing an ABA-independent mechanism of expression. Arabidopsis ATAFl-overexpression lines displayed many altered phenotypes, including dwarfism and short primary roots. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicate that ATAF1 is a bonafide regulator modulating plant responses to many abiotic stresses and necrotrophic-pathogen infection. Overexpression of ATAF1 in Arabidopsis increased plant sensitivity to ABA, salt, and oxidative stresses. Especially, ATAF1 overexpression plants, but not mutant lines, showed remarkably enhanced plant tolerance to drought. Additionally, ATAF1 overexpression enhanced plant susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea, but did not alter disease symptoms caused by avirulent or virulent strains of P. syringae pv tomato DC3000. Transgenic plants overexpressing ATAF1 were hypersensitive to oxidative stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen intermediates may be related to ATAFl-mediated signaling in response to both pathogen and abiotic stresses.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30771387)the Commonweal Research Program of Agricultural Science of China (nyhyzx3-16)+2 种基金the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China (06B027)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province in China (10JJ2030)the Scientific Research Starting Foundation for Doctors of Hunan University of Science and Technology, China (E50563)
文摘WRKY transcription factors are involved in the regulation of response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A full-length cDNA clone of rice WRKY82 gene （OsWRKY82） was isolated from a cDNA library generated from leaves infected by Magnaporthe grisea. OsWRKY82 contained an entire open reading frame in length of 1 701 bp, and was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 566 amino acid residues consisting of two WRKY domains, each with a zinc finger motif of C2H2, belonging to the WRKY subgroup I. OsWRKY82 shared high identity at the amino acid level with those from Sorghum bicolor, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. The transcript level of OsWRKY82 was relatively higher in stems, leaves, and flowers, and less abundant in grains. It was induced by inoculation with M. grisea and Rhizoctonia solani. However, the inducible expression in incompatible rice-M. grisea interactions was earlier and greater than that in compatible interactions. The expression of OsWRKY82 was up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and ethephon, whereas salicylic acid exerted no effects on its expression. Moreover, OsWRKY82 exhibited transcriptional activation ability in yeast. Additionally, OsWRKY82 transcripts could be induced by wounding and heat shocking, but not by abscisic acid, cold, high salinity and dehydration. By contrast, gibberellin suppressed the expression of OsWRKY82. These indicate that OsWRKY82 is a multiply stress-inducible gene responding to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and may be involved in the regulation of defense response to pathogens and tolerance against abiotic stresses by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling pathway.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41301279, 41201041)the International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2010DFA92720)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-T09)
文摘As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO2 flux（R（total））, its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R（total） was partitioned into biotic flux（R（biotic）） and abiotic flux（R（abiotic）） across a broad range of land-cover types（including eight sampling sites： cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland） in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R（abiotic） to R（total）, as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R（total）, R（biotic） and R（abiotic）, were analyzed. Results showed that R（abiotic） always contributed to R（total） for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） logarithmically increased with decreasing R（biotic）, suggesting that R（abiotic） strongly affected R（total） when R（biotic） was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R（abiotic） cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO2, but its effect on transient CO2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R（total） varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes（abiotic or biotic） of CO2 flux. Specifically, R（biotic） was driven by soil temperature while R（abiotic） was regulated by the change in soil temperature（ΔT）. Namely, declining temperature（ΔT0） resulted in positive R（abiotic）（i.e., CO2 released from soil）. Without recognition of R（abiotic）, R（biotic） would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R（abiotic） may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R（total） exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.
文摘The “quasi-essential element” silicon (Si) is not considered indispensable for plant growth and its accumulation varies between species largely due to differential uptake phenomena. Silicon uptake and distribution is a complex process involving the participation of three transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi6) and is beneficial during recovery from multiple stresses. This review focuses on the pivotal role of silicon in counteracting several biotic and abiotic stresses including nutrient imbalances, physical stresses together with uptake, transport of this metalloid in a wide variety of dicot and monocot species. The knowledge on the beneficial effects of silicon and possible Si-induced mechanisms of minimizing stress has been discussed. Accumulation of silicon beneath the cuticles fortifies the cell wall against pathogen attack. Si-induced reduction of heavy metal uptake, root-shoot translocation, chelation, complexation, upregulation of antioxidative defense responses and regulation of gene expression are the mechanisms involved in alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants. Silicon further improves growth and physiological attributes under salt and drought stress. Effective use of silicon in agronomy can be an alternative to the prevalent practice of traditional fertilizers for maintaining sustainable productivity. Therefore, soil nutrition with fertilizers containing plant-available silicon may be considered a cost-effective way to shield plant from various stresses, improve plant growth as well as yield and attain sustainable cultivation worldwide.
基金The work supported by the grant Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic with co-financing from the European Union(grant“KOROLID”,CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000336)the Czech Academy of Sciences(RVO:60077344).
文摘Members of the Pathogenesis Related(PR)10 protein family have been identified in a variety of plant species and a wide range of functions ranging from defense to growth and development has been attributed to them.PR10 protein possesses ribonuclease(RNase)activity,interacts with phytohormones,involved in hormone-mediated signalling,afforded protection against various phytopathogenic fungi,bacteria,and viruses particularly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.The resistance mechanism of PR10 protein may include activation of defense signalling pathways through possible interacting proteins involved in mediating responses to pathogens,degradation of RNA of the invading pathogens.Moreover,several morphological changes have been shown to accompany the enhanced abiotic stress tolerance.In this review,the possible mechanism of action of PR10 protein against biotic and abiotic stress has been discussed.Furthermore,our findings also confirmed that the in vivo Nitric oxide(NO)is essential for most of environmental abiotic stresses and disease resistance against pathogen infection.The proper level of NO may be necessary and beneficial,not only in plant response to the environmental abiotic stress,but also to biotic stress.The updated information on this interesting group of proteins will be useful in future research to develop multiple stress tolerance in plants.
基金the regional durum wheat research project of the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute(DARI)of Iransupported by the Agricultural Research and Education Organization(AREEO)
文摘Biotic and abiotic stresses are major limiting factors for high crop productivity worldwide. A landrace collection consisting of 380 durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) entries originating in several countries along with four check varieties were evaluated for biotic stresses:yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis Westendorf f. sp. tritici) and wheat stem sawfly(WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton(Hymenoptera: Cephidae), and abiotic stresses: cold and drought. The main objectives were to(i) quantify phenotypic diversity and identify variation in the durum wheat landraces for the different stresses and(ii) characterize the agronomic profiles of landraces in reaction to the stresses. Significant changes in reactions of landraces to stresses were observed.Landraces resistant to each stress were identified and agronomically characterized.Percentage reduction due to the stresses varied from 11.4%(yellow rust) to 21.6%(cold stress) for 1000-kernel weight(TKW) and from 19.9(yellow rust) to 91.9%(cold stress) for grain yield. Landraces from Asia and Europe showed enhanced genetic potential for both grain yield and cold tolerance under highland rainfed conditions of Iran. The findings showed that TKW and yield productivity could be used to assess the response of durum wheat landraces to different stresses. In conclusion, landraces showed high levels of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and selected landraces can serve in durum wheat breeding for adaptation to cold and drought-prone environments.
文摘The distributions of species in their habitats are constantly changing. This phenomenon is thought to be determined by species’ environmental tolerance and biotic interactions for limited resources and space. Consequently, predicting the future distribution of species is a major challenge in ecology. To address this problem, we use mathematical model to study the combined effects of biotic interactions (e.g. competition) and environmental factors on multiple species community assembly in a heterogenous environment. To gain insights into the dynamics of this ecological system, we perform both analytical and numerical analyses of the range margins of the species. We observe that the range margins of the species can be influenced by biotic interactions combined with environmental factors. Depending on the strength of biotic interactions, our model exhibits coexistence of species and priority effects;mediated by weak and intense biotic interactions respectively. We also show the existence of bifurcation points (i.e. the threshold values of competition coefficient) which lead to the presence—absence of different species. Thus, we suggest that adequate knowledge of biotic interactions and changes in the environments is important for effective maintenance of biodiversity and conservation management.
基金the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology,National Agricultural Higher Education Project:Centre for Advanced Agricultural Science and Technology(Grant No.1010033)ICAR-Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics,Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute,New Delhi(IASRI)(Grant No.1006456).
文摘von Willebrand factor A(vWA)genes are well characterized in humans except for few BONZAI genes,but the vWA genes are least explored in plants.Considering the novelty and vital role of vWA genes,this study aimed at characterization of vWA superfamily in rice.Rice genome was found to have 40 vWA genes distributed across all the 12 chromosomes,and 20 of the 40 vWA genes were unique while the remaining shared large fragment similarities with each other,indicating gene duplication.In addition to vWA domain,vWA proteins possess other different motifs or domains,such as ubiquitin interacting motif in protein degradation pathway,and RING finger in protein-protein interaction.Expression analysis of vWA genes in available expression data suggested that they probably function in biotic and abiotic stress responses including hormonal response and signaling.The frequency of transposon elements in the entire 3K rice germplasm was negligible except for 9 vWA genes,indicating the importance of these genes in rice.Structural and functional diversities showed that the vWA genes in a blast-resistant rice variety Tetep had huge variations compared to blast-susceptible rice varieties HP2216 and Nipponbare.qRT-PCR analysis of vWA genes in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice tissues indicated OsvWA9,OsvWA36,OsvWA37 and OsvWA18 as the optimal candidate genes for disease resistance.This is the first attempt to characterize vWA gene family in plant species.
文摘Plants are recurrently exposed to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses leading to several biochemical and physiological variations that cause severe impacts on plant growth and survival.To overcome these challenges,plants activate two primary defense mechanisms,such as structural response(cell wall strengthening and waxy epidermal cuticle development)and metabolic changes,including the synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and proteins,especially the pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins.PR proteins are members of a super large family of defense proteins that exhibit antimicrobial activities.Their over-expression in plants provides tolerance to many abiotic and biotic stresses.PR proteins have been classified into 17 families,including PR-5–also called thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs)that involve osmotin and osmotin-like proteins(OLPs).Osmotin was first identified in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum var.Wisconsin 38),and then its homolog proteins(OLPs)were reported from the whole plant kingdom.Osmotin and OLPs are ubiquitous in all fruits and vegetables.Their expression has been detected in various plant tissues and organs.The phylogenetic tree studies revealed that the osmotin group originated from spermatophytes.Moreover,the atomic structure of OLP has shown similarity to thaumatin and TLPs from monocot and eudicot species,which determines a strong evolutionary pressure in flowering plants for conserving thaumatin fold.This is associated with the role of these proteins against pathogens as defense molecules and to induce stress tolerance to plants against several biotic and abiotic factors.In this review,we have briefly described the development history of osmotin,including its function and mechanism to induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos.30800677 and 30771329)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. Y3080359)+1 种基金National Key Programs for Transgenic Crops (Grant Nos. 2008ZX08009-001 and 2009ZX08009-076B)Zhejiang Normal University Innovative Research Team Program, China
文摘Plant calcineurin B-like （CBL） proteins have been proposed as important Ca2＋ sensors and specifically interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases （CIPKs） in plant-specific calcium signaling. Here, we identified and isolated 15 CIPK genes in a japonica rice variety Nipponbare based on the predicted sequences of rice CIPK gene family. Gene structure analysis showed that these 15 genes were divided into intron-less and intron-rich groups, and OsCIPK3 and OsCIPK24 exhibited alternative splicing in their mature process. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that rice CIPKs shared an ancestor with Arabidopsis and poplar CIPKs. Analyses of gene expression showed that these OsCIPK genes were differentially induced by biotic stresses such as bacterial blight and abiotic stresses （heavy metal such as Hg2＋, high salinity, cold and ABA）. Interestingly, five OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK1, 2, 10, 11 and 12, were transcriptionally up-regulated after bacterial blight infection whereas four OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK2, 10, 11 and 14, were induced by all treatments, indicating that some of OsCIPK genes are involved in multiple stress response pathways in plants. Our finding suggests that CIPKs play a key role in both biotic and abiotic stress responses.
文摘The current situation of biotic communities in Meizhou Bay is presented in this paper.The species composition,seasonal variation,and distribution of phytoplankton,zooplankton, red tide organisms,fishes,and benthos in Meizhou Bay were investigated,and the content of chlorophyll a and primary production and their seasonal variation were also determined.The water quality of Meizhou Bay was monitored by measuring the density of Escherichia coli. Results reveal that there is a great variety of species in Meizhou Bay and the water in Meizhou Bay is oligotrophic.But the individual numbers of various organisms are very low, especially those of algae.Moreover,there are more than 40 species of red tide organisms and there exist opportunities of red tides between May and November.All these demand cautious be taken in the future development of this area although it has great environment capacity.
