The Southern African biomes are complex biotic communities, with its distinctive plant and animal species, and are maintained under the suitable climatic conditions of the region. It includes the Fynbos Biome and the ...The Southern African biomes are complex biotic communities, with its distinctive plant and animal species, and are maintained under the suitable climatic conditions of the region. It includes the Fynbos Biome and the Succulent Karoo Biome, which forms the smallest of the world’s six Floristic Kingdoms, and they are of conservation concern. The other six biomes are Albany Thicket, Desert, Grassland, Indian Ocean Coastal belt, Nama-Karoo, Savanna. The biomes are not only threatened by agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and mining;but also by future climate changes and droughts. This study investigates the how to best model the possible vulnerable biome areas, under future climate changes, and how Southern African geology plays a huge role in the restriction of the biome shifts. It provides evidence regarding the importance of the study to understanding the climate change impacts and the geological variables on the Southern African biomes, in terms of possible future biome habitat loss.展开更多
The global rate of fossil fuel combustion continues to rise, but the amount of CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere has not increased accordingly. The causes for this discrepancy are widely debated. Par- ticularly, the ...The global rate of fossil fuel combustion continues to rise, but the amount of CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere has not increased accordingly. The causes for this discrepancy are widely debated. Par- ticularly, the location and drivers for the interannual variability of atmospheric CO2 are highly uncertain. Here we examine links between global atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) and the climate anomalies of biomes based on (1986―1995) global climate data of ten years and accompanying satellite data sets. Our results show that four biomes, the tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, C4 grassland and boreal forest, and their responses to climate anomalies, are the major climate-sensitive CO2 sinks/sources that control the CGR. The nature and magnitude by which these biomes respond to climate anomalies are generally not the same. However, one common influence did emerge from our analysis; the ex- tremely high CGR observed for the one extreme El Nio year was caused by the response of the tropical biomes (rainforest, savanna and C4 grassland) to temperature.展开更多
1.Drylands face significant challenges under global change Drylands cover approximately 41%of Earth's terrestrial surface and support about 38%of the global population.They comprise a variety of biomes,and provide...1.Drylands face significant challenges under global change Drylands cover approximately 41%of Earth's terrestrial surface and support about 38%of the global population.They comprise a variety of biomes,and provide essential resources and ecosystem services for humans such as mineral resources,food,livestock products,sand stabilization,and soil and water conservation(Li et al.,2021).However,drylands are characterized by water limitation,and are highly sensitive to global change(Prăvălie et al.,2016).展开更多
Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we...Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we investigated pollination niche shift among four sympatric Eriosyce cacti with restricted distributions in the South American Mediterranean region.Utilizing a comprehensive approachdincluding pollination niche analysis,pollinator color perception studies,reproductive output assessments,molecular phylogenetics,gene flow analyses,and species distribution modelingdwe revealed a significant pollination niche displacement in E.chilensis and its variety,E.chilensis var.albidiflora.These taxa transitioned from a hummingbird-pollinated system prevalent in the Eriosyce sect.Neoporteria,characteristic of their sister species E.litoralis,to a bee-pollination strategy akin to that of the co-occurring species E.mutabilis.This shift highlights a simultaneous convergence of E.chilensis toward E.mutabilis and divergence from E.litoralis in pollination strategies,providing adaptive advantages by reducing pollen limitation and enhancing seed production.The morphological and flowering phenological similarities between E.chilensis and E.mutabilis suggest the evolution of a shared advertising display,potentially indicative of floral mimicry,wherein both species benefit from attracting shared bee pollinators.Genomic analyses reveal distinct pollinator-driven selection pressures,with E.chilensis/E.albidiflora exhibiting traits that promote reproductive isolation from E.litoralis,supporting a scenario of rapid speciation occurring within the past half of million years in the absence of geographic barriers.These findings underscore the pivotal role of pollinator interactions in shaping angiosperm speciation and biodiversity,highlighting their dynamic influence on ecological and evolutionary processes.展开更多
Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes...Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes remain to be fully understood.To address this knowledge gap,a globalmeta-analysis of 197 datasets was performed to assess the response of GHG fluxes to warming and N addition and their interactions under various climate and experimental conditions.The results indicate that warming significantly increased CO_(2)emissions,while N addition and the combined warming and N addition treatments had no impact on CO_(2)emissions.Moreover,both warming and N addition and their interactions exhibited positive effects on N_(2)O emissions.Under the combined warming and N addition treatments,warming was observed to exert a positive main effect on CO_(2)emissions,while N addition had a positive main effect on N_(2)O emissions.The interactive effects of warming and N addition exhibited antagonistic effects on CO_(2),N_(2)O,and CH_(4)emissions,with CH_(4)uptake dominated by additive effects.Furthermore,we identified biome and climate factors as the two treatments.These findings indicate that both warming and N addition substantially impact soil GHG fluxes and highlight the urgent need to investigate the influence of the combination of warming and N addition on terrestrial carbon and N cycling under ongoing global change.展开更多
Since the introduction of the concept, studies on valuation of ecosystem services have been overwhelming, in cognizance of its great significance. In this article, the authors took Northeast China as the study area an...Since the introduction of the concept, studies on valuation of ecosystem services have been overwhelming, in cognizance of its great significance. In this article, the authors took Northeast China as the study area and applied the published coefficients for the world by Costanza to calculate the ecosystem services values through a spatial convolution method. The convolution analysis was done with a square processor with 5×5 neighborhood cells. The results showed that the ecosystem services value for the study area in the year 2003 was US$44 990 million which is US$89 million less than the value without operation, and the main contributions for that decrease were from water bodies, wetlands and estuaries. It is expected that this article can attract more interest to explore this field adopting geographic methods.展开更多
以全球变暖为背景，以中国南部区域18．000-27．50°N，108．50°～112．50°E样带为研究对象，以纬度为梯度，应用CRU（Climate Research Unit殓球观测数据集和CO2体积分数倍增后的2050年模拟气候状况作为平衡态陆地生物...以全球变暖为背景，以中国南部区域18．000-27．50°N，108．50°～112．50°E样带为研究对象，以纬度为梯度，应用CRU（Climate Research Unit殓球观测数据集和CO2体积分数倍增后的2050年模拟气候状况作为平衡态陆地生物圈模型BIOME4的气候驱动，对中国南部样带历史100a和未来50a间的潜在植被净初级生产力（netprimary production，NPP）和叶面积指数（leaf area index，LAI）变化进行模拟和统计分析。结果显示样带内影响NPP的主要因素为年最低温度和年均降雨量，影响LAI的主要因素为年均温度和年均降雨量。植被类型变化与气候变化所造成的NPP、LAI变化略有不同。样带较高纬度地区，植被类型变化与气候变化造成的NPP均值差异较小而LAI则差异较大。未来气候状况下NPP、LAI都有大幅度的增加，但不同纬度增幅不同。展开更多
文摘The Southern African biomes are complex biotic communities, with its distinctive plant and animal species, and are maintained under the suitable climatic conditions of the region. It includes the Fynbos Biome and the Succulent Karoo Biome, which forms the smallest of the world’s six Floristic Kingdoms, and they are of conservation concern. The other six biomes are Albany Thicket, Desert, Grassland, Indian Ocean Coastal belt, Nama-Karoo, Savanna. The biomes are not only threatened by agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and mining;but also by future climate changes and droughts. This study investigates the how to best model the possible vulnerable biome areas, under future climate changes, and how Southern African geology plays a huge role in the restriction of the biome shifts. It provides evidence regarding the importance of the study to understanding the climate change impacts and the geological variables on the Southern African biomes, in terms of possible future biome habitat loss.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40401028, 40671173, 40425008, and 30590384)the Visiting-Professor Funding from the Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources (IGSNRR), Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The global rate of fossil fuel combustion continues to rise, but the amount of CO2 accumulating in the atmosphere has not increased accordingly. The causes for this discrepancy are widely debated. Par- ticularly, the location and drivers for the interannual variability of atmospheric CO2 are highly uncertain. Here we examine links between global atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) and the climate anomalies of biomes based on (1986―1995) global climate data of ten years and accompanying satellite data sets. Our results show that four biomes, the tropical rainforest, tropical savanna, C4 grassland and boreal forest, and their responses to climate anomalies, are the major climate-sensitive CO2 sinks/sources that control the CGR. The nature and magnitude by which these biomes respond to climate anomalies are generally not the same. However, one common influence did emerge from our analysis; the ex- tremely high CGR observed for the one extreme El Nio year was caused by the response of the tropical biomes (rainforest, savanna and C4 grassland) to temperature.
基金supported by the 111 projectthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China。
文摘1.Drylands face significant challenges under global change Drylands cover approximately 41%of Earth's terrestrial surface and support about 38%of the global population.They comprise a variety of biomes,and provide essential resources and ecosystem services for humans such as mineral resources,food,livestock products,sand stabilization,and soil and water conservation(Li et al.,2021).However,drylands are characterized by water limitation,and are highly sensitive to global change(Prăvălie et al.,2016).
基金supported by the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnologico[1160583 and 1211441 to P.C.G.,1240877 to G.O.C.]the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Científica y Tecnologica PIA[REDII 170031 to P.C.G., G.O.C.]+3 种基金ANID PIA/BASAL[FB210006]to the Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad(IEB)ANID PIA/BASAL[PFB210018]to the Cape Horn International Center(CHIC)A.V.M.acknowledges the support of ANID/BASAL FB210006 by the Institute of EcologyBiodiversity(IEB)with counterpart contributions from the Anglo-American Foundation.B.M.M.is grateful to the ANID Scholarship 20210673.
文摘Pollination niches,which encompass the factors influencing pollen exchange among angiosperms,are fundamental to understanding reproductive success and the intricate eco-evolutionary dynamics of plants.In this study,we investigated pollination niche shift among four sympatric Eriosyce cacti with restricted distributions in the South American Mediterranean region.Utilizing a comprehensive approachdincluding pollination niche analysis,pollinator color perception studies,reproductive output assessments,molecular phylogenetics,gene flow analyses,and species distribution modelingdwe revealed a significant pollination niche displacement in E.chilensis and its variety,E.chilensis var.albidiflora.These taxa transitioned from a hummingbird-pollinated system prevalent in the Eriosyce sect.Neoporteria,characteristic of their sister species E.litoralis,to a bee-pollination strategy akin to that of the co-occurring species E.mutabilis.This shift highlights a simultaneous convergence of E.chilensis toward E.mutabilis and divergence from E.litoralis in pollination strategies,providing adaptive advantages by reducing pollen limitation and enhancing seed production.The morphological and flowering phenological similarities between E.chilensis and E.mutabilis suggest the evolution of a shared advertising display,potentially indicative of floral mimicry,wherein both species benefit from attracting shared bee pollinators.Genomic analyses reveal distinct pollinator-driven selection pressures,with E.chilensis/E.albidiflora exhibiting traits that promote reproductive isolation from E.litoralis,supporting a scenario of rapid speciation occurring within the past half of million years in the absence of geographic barriers.These findings underscore the pivotal role of pollinator interactions in shaping angiosperm speciation and biodiversity,highlighting their dynamic influence on ecological and evolutionary processes.
基金supported by Ningxia Key Research and Development Fund Project of China(No.2023BCF01048)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2023-JC-YB-182).
文摘Global warming and nitrogen(N)deposition have a profound impact on greenhouse gas(GHG)fluxes and consequently,they also affect climate change.However,the global combined effects of warming and N addition on GHG fluxes remain to be fully understood.To address this knowledge gap,a globalmeta-analysis of 197 datasets was performed to assess the response of GHG fluxes to warming and N addition and their interactions under various climate and experimental conditions.The results indicate that warming significantly increased CO_(2)emissions,while N addition and the combined warming and N addition treatments had no impact on CO_(2)emissions.Moreover,both warming and N addition and their interactions exhibited positive effects on N_(2)O emissions.Under the combined warming and N addition treatments,warming was observed to exert a positive main effect on CO_(2)emissions,while N addition had a positive main effect on N_(2)O emissions.The interactive effects of warming and N addition exhibited antagonistic effects on CO_(2),N_(2)O,and CH_(4)emissions,with CH_(4)uptake dominated by additive effects.Furthermore,we identified biome and climate factors as the two treatments.These findings indicate that both warming and N addition substantially impact soil GHG fluxes and highlight the urgent need to investigate the influence of the combination of warming and N addition on terrestrial carbon and N cycling under ongoing global change.
基金funded by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (40930101)National Technology Introduction Program of China (948 Program,2009-Z31)the Key Project of the Commonweal Foundation of China's National Academy (2010-02)~~
文摘Since the introduction of the concept, studies on valuation of ecosystem services have been overwhelming, in cognizance of its great significance. In this article, the authors took Northeast China as the study area and applied the published coefficients for the world by Costanza to calculate the ecosystem services values through a spatial convolution method. The convolution analysis was done with a square processor with 5×5 neighborhood cells. The results showed that the ecosystem services value for the study area in the year 2003 was US$44 990 million which is US$89 million less than the value without operation, and the main contributions for that decrease were from water bodies, wetlands and estuaries. It is expected that this article can attract more interest to explore this field adopting geographic methods.
文摘以全球变暖为背景，以中国南部区域18．000-27．50°N，108．50°～112．50°E样带为研究对象，以纬度为梯度，应用CRU（Climate Research Unit殓球观测数据集和CO2体积分数倍增后的2050年模拟气候状况作为平衡态陆地生物圈模型BIOME4的气候驱动，对中国南部样带历史100a和未来50a间的潜在植被净初级生产力（netprimary production，NPP）和叶面积指数（leaf area index，LAI）变化进行模拟和统计分析。结果显示样带内影响NPP的主要因素为年最低温度和年均降雨量，影响LAI的主要因素为年均温度和年均降雨量。植被类型变化与气候变化所造成的NPP、LAI变化略有不同。样带较高纬度地区，植被类型变化与气候变化造成的NPP均值差异较小而LAI则差异较大。未来气候状况下NPP、LAI都有大幅度的增加，但不同纬度增幅不同。
