Bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs） have multiple roles in skeletal development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMPs signal via type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors （BMPRI and BMPRII）. In recent deca...Bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs） have multiple roles in skeletal development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMPs signal via type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors （BMPRI and BMPRII）. In recent decades, genetic studies in humans and mice have demonstrated that perturbations in BMP signaling via BMPRI resulted in various diseases in bone, cartilage, and muscles. In this review, we focus on all three types of BMPRI, which consist of activin-like kinase 2 （ALK2, also called type IA activin receptor）, activin- llke kinase 3 （ALK3, also called BMPRIA）, and activin-like kinase 6 （ALK6, also called BMPRIB）. The research areas covered include the current progress regarding the roles of these receptors during myogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. Understanding the physiological and pathological functions of these receptors at the cellular and molecular levels will advance drug development and tissue regeneration for treating musculoskeletal diseases and bone defects in the future.展开更多
Biodiversity is a multidimensional concept involving several scientific disciplines. The study of biodiversity allows to initiate a multidisciplinary analysis and ecological reading of an environmental problem. The ob...Biodiversity is a multidimensional concept involving several scientific disciplines. The study of biodiversity allows to initiate a multidisciplinary analysis and ecological reading of an environmental problem. The objective of this study is the knowledge of plant biodiversity and risk factors affecting the plant diversity in forest formations of Saida province （Algeria）. Plant biodiversity is estimated at 77 species with 37 best represented families （Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae）. The geophytes dominate with a rate of 44.15%. Among the degradation factors that threaten the biodiversity in the study area, the forest fires, overgrazing and trampling by domestic animals was mentioned.展开更多
Type 1 diabetes （T1D） is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disorder that is characterized by theprogressive immune destruction to pancreatic [3 cells, which begins years before clinical onset. The latest survey s...Type 1 diabetes （T1D） is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disorder that is characterized by theprogressive immune destruction to pancreatic [3 cells, which begins years before clinical onset. The latest survey showed that there are nearly 100 million patients with diabetes in China.1 At present, the therapy of this disease can not be carried out effectively aiming at etiology. Patients with T1D rely on insulin replacement treatment and bear huge risks of long-term complications and severe hypoglycemia. Biologic therapies are relatively innovative treatments. Unlike conventional medicines that modify the immune system as a whole, biologics affect specific immune component. Theoretically, this targeted approach is not only more specific in its effects but also less likely to result in adverse events. Therefore, biologic therapies have become a new research hotspot of T 1D treatment. They have been increasingly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases （e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease） and could offer new hope for autoimmune diabetic patients. Herein we concentrate on the recent clinical trials of biologic therapies in T1D （Table 1）.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81500814) (SXL)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81430012 and No. 81170939) (XJ)+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2012CB933604)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (No. 81225006)the National Institutes of Health Grants DE025014 and R56DE022789 (JQF)
文摘Bone morphogenetic proteins （BMPs） have multiple roles in skeletal development, homeostasis and regeneration. BMPs signal via type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors （BMPRI and BMPRII）. In recent decades, genetic studies in humans and mice have demonstrated that perturbations in BMP signaling via BMPRI resulted in various diseases in bone, cartilage, and muscles. In this review, we focus on all three types of BMPRI, which consist of activin-like kinase 2 （ALK2, also called type IA activin receptor）, activin- llke kinase 3 （ALK3, also called BMPRIA）, and activin-like kinase 6 （ALK6, also called BMPRIB）. The research areas covered include the current progress regarding the roles of these receptors during myogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. Understanding the physiological and pathological functions of these receptors at the cellular and molecular levels will advance drug development and tissue regeneration for treating musculoskeletal diseases and bone defects in the future.
文摘Biodiversity is a multidimensional concept involving several scientific disciplines. The study of biodiversity allows to initiate a multidisciplinary analysis and ecological reading of an environmental problem. The objective of this study is the knowledge of plant biodiversity and risk factors affecting the plant diversity in forest formations of Saida province （Algeria）. Plant biodiversity is estimated at 77 species with 37 best represented families （Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae）. The geophytes dominate with a rate of 44.15%. Among the degradation factors that threaten the biodiversity in the study area, the forest fires, overgrazing and trampling by domestic animals was mentioned.
文摘Type 1 diabetes （T1D） is a chronic, multifactorial autoimmune disorder that is characterized by theprogressive immune destruction to pancreatic [3 cells, which begins years before clinical onset. The latest survey showed that there are nearly 100 million patients with diabetes in China.1 At present, the therapy of this disease can not be carried out effectively aiming at etiology. Patients with T1D rely on insulin replacement treatment and bear huge risks of long-term complications and severe hypoglycemia. Biologic therapies are relatively innovative treatments. Unlike conventional medicines that modify the immune system as a whole, biologics affect specific immune component. Theoretically, this targeted approach is not only more specific in its effects but also less likely to result in adverse events. Therefore, biologic therapies have become a new research hotspot of T 1D treatment. They have been increasingly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases （e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease） and could offer new hope for autoimmune diabetic patients. Herein we concentrate on the recent clinical trials of biologic therapies in T1D （Table 1）.
