Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a powerful tool for magnetic resonance imaging, biodetection, drug delivery, and hyperthermia. This review focuses on the biological detection of magnetic nanoparticles as well a...Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a powerful tool for magnetic resonance imaging, biodetection, drug delivery, and hyperthermia. This review focuses on the biological detection of magnetic nanoparticles as well as their physicochemical properties. Substantial progress in the sensitivity of detection has been made by developing variety of methods. Five applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biological detection are discussed in this review: magnetic separation, magnetic sensing, magnetic manipulation, magnetic catalysis, and signal enhancer for surface plasmon resonance(SPR). Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas are outlined.展开更多
Inspired by sophisticated biological structures and their physiological processes, supramolecular chemistry has been developed for understanding and mimicking the behaviors of natural species. Through spontaneous self...Inspired by sophisticated biological structures and their physiological processes, supramolecular chemistry has been developed for understanding and mimicking the behaviors of natural species. Through spontaneous self-assembly of functional building blocks, we are able to control the structures and regulate the functions of resulting supramolecular assemblies. Up to now, numerous functional supramolecular assemblies have been constructed and successfully employed as molecular devices, machines and biological diagnostic platforms. This review will focus on molecular structures of functional molecular building blocks and their assembled superstructures for biological detection and delivery.展开更多
Acoustofluidics is a term describing the class of phenomena in which mechanical or acoustic vibrations induce a deformation or a flow in a fluid.Many deficiencies in our understanding of these phenomena remain to be a...Acoustofluidics is a term describing the class of phenomena in which mechanical or acoustic vibrations induce a deformation or a flow in a fluid.Many deficiencies in our understanding of these phenomena remain to be addressed,with respect to the fundamental theoretical framework as well as in numerous applications.In this regard,the frequency of external forcing is a key parameter.Owing to the low cost,substantial magnitude,and versatility associated with acoustofluidic phenomena at audible frequencies,studies of these phenomena in the audible range have emerged with increasing amount in recent years and have attracted considerable attention.However,compared with studies focusing on the ultrasonic frequency domain,critical features and information specific to audible acoustofluidics remain dispersed across many independent publications,and a systematic integration of the literature on this topic is necessary.Accordingly,this review summarizes the basic theory and methods for generating vibrations in the audible range,presents various applications thereof in biology,chemistry,and other fields,and provides a high-level overview of the current status of the topic to motivate developing interesting proposals for further research in this field of study.展开更多
Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles(McNs)have received considerable attention for biomedical applications due to their unique structural features,including high specific surface area,adjustable pore size,and remarkable bi...Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles(McNs)have received considerable attention for biomedical applications due to their unique structural features,including high specific surface area,adjustable pore size,and remarkable biocompatibility.These properties have addressed key challenges such as inefficiencies in drug loading and release,minimizing the side effects associated with conventional treatments.In this review,the classification and the research progress of MCNs are summarized firstly,the preparation and modification techniques to enhance their functionality and properties are further reviewed,the main physicochemical properties are introduced as well,highlighting their contributions to McNs in applications.In addition,the biomedical applications of MCNs are emphasized,including tumor therapy,tumor theranostics,antibacterial,delivery of active molecules and biological detection.Finally,the prospects and challenges of clinical application based on MCNs are analyzed to provide an effective reference and lay the foundation for further research.展开更多
Optical imaging and spectroscopic modalities are of broad interest for in-vivo molecular imaging,fluorescence guided cancer surgery,minimally invasive diagnostic procedures,and wearable devices.However,considerable de...Optical imaging and spectroscopic modalities are of broad interest for in-vivo molecular imaging,fluorescence guided cancer surgery,minimally invasive diagnostic procedures,and wearable devices.However,considerable debate still exists as to how deeply visible and near-infrared(NIR)light could penetrate normal and diseased tissues under clinically relevant conditions.Here we report the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)nanotags embedded in ex-vivo animal tissues for direct and quantitative measurements of light attenuation and spectroscopic detection depth at both the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral windows.SERS nanotags are well suited for this purpose because of their sharp spectral features that can be accurately differentiated from fluorescence and background emission.For the first time,the spectroscopic detection depth is quantitatively defined and measured as the maximal thickness of tissues through which the embedded SERS nanotags are still detected at a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of three(99.7%confidence level).Based on data from six types of fresh ex-vivo tissues(brain,kidney,liver,muscle,fat,and skin),we find that the maximum detection depth values range from 1—3 mm in the NIR-I window,to 3—6 mm in the NIR-II window.The depth values are largely determined by two factors-the intrinsic optical properties of the tissue,and the overall SNRs of the system without the tissue(system SNR,a result of nanotag brightness,instrument efficiency,and data acquisition parameters).In particular,there is an approximately linearlogarithmic relationship between the system SNR and maximum detection depth.Thus,the detection of hidden or occult lesions can be improved by three strategies-reducing tissue attenuation,minimizing background noise,and maximizing the system’s performance as judged by SNR.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)has been identified as one of the major foodborne pathogenic bacteria.The development of rapid detection methods for S.aureus is needed for assuring food safety.In this study,quantum dot...Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)has been identified as one of the major foodborne pathogenic bacteria.The development of rapid detection methods for S.aureus is needed for assuring food safety.In this study,quantum dots were used as fluorescent labels in an immunoassay for quantitative detection of S.aureus.Firstly,biotin-labeled anti-S.aureus antibody was conjugated with streptavidin-coated magnetic nanobeads(180 nm diameter)and used to separate S.aureus cells.Then streptavidin coated quantum dots(QDs)were conjugated with biotin-labeled anti-S.aureus antibody and used as the fluorescence labels to mix with the separated S.aureus.Finally the fluorescence intensity of the bead-cell-QD complexes was measured at a wavelength of 620 nm.A linear relationship between S.aureus cell number(X)and fluorescence intensity(Y)was found for cell numbers ranging from 10^(3) to 10^(6) CFU(Colony Forming Unit)/mL,and the detection limit was 10^(3) CFU/mL.The regression model can be expressed as Y=7.68X+35.06 with R^(2)=0.94.The detection of S.aureus in food sample was explored initially.The fluorescence intensity of food sample was close to the background,so it was not satisfied.Further study will focus on the application of the method for detection of S.aureus in food sample.展开更多
Optical fiber based SPR sensors have attracted more and more attention due to their unique advantages over the prism-based SPR sensors. A novel fiber-optic SPR sensor with multi-alternating metal layers for biochemica...Optical fiber based SPR sensors have attracted more and more attention due to their unique advantages over the prism-based SPR sensors. A novel fiber-optic SPR sensor with multi-alternating metal layers for biochemical analysis is presented in this paper. Based on the fundamental SPR theory of the fiber optic sensing technology, we theoretically investigated the effects of the existence of alternating layers deposited on sensing region SPR wavelength changes. The emphasis was placed on the numerical simulation of the fiber-optic SPR sensor＇s sensitivity which could be affected by its technical parameters such as the metal thickness, number of alternating layers. Results showed that, compared to the normal SPR sensor with the single metal layer, the proposed sensor had a wider detecting range of the refractive index and higher sensitivity, which can find applications in biological analysis.展开更多
Label-free detection of biological events at single-cell resolution in the brain can non-invasively capture brain status for medical diagnosis and basic neuroscience research.NADH is an universal coenzyme that not onl...Label-free detection of biological events at single-cell resolution in the brain can non-invasively capture brain status for medical diagnosis and basic neuroscience research.NADH is an universal coenzyme that not only plays a central role in cellular metabolism but may also be used as a biomarker to capture metabolic processes in brain cells and structures.We have developed a new label-free,multiphoton photoacoustic microscope(LF-MP-PAM)with a near-infrared femtosecond laser to observe endogenous NAD(P)H in living cells.The imaging depth of NAD(P)H in tissues with all-optical methods is limited to~100μm in brain tissue by the strong absorption of the near-ultraviolet fluorescence.Here,acoustic detection of the thermal signature of multi-photon(three-photon)excitation of NAD(P)H,a low quantum yield fluorophore,allows detection at an unprecedented depth while the focused excitation ensures high spatial resolution.We validated the photoacoustic detection of NAD(P)H by monitoring an increase in intracellular NAD(P)H in HEK293T cells and HepG2 cells incubated in NADH solution.We also demonstrated the detection of endogenous NAD(P)H photoacoustic signals in brain slices to 700μm depth and in cerebral organoids to 1100μm depth.Finally,we developed and demonstrated simultaneous photoacoustic and optical imaging of NAD(P)H in brain cells with a real-time image acquisition and processing pipeline.This approach could open a new door to monitor brain metabolic changes during development and disease,and changes due to neuronal activity,at single-cell level deep in the brains of both humans and animals.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2014M561073,51173139)the Program for Young Outstanding Scientists of Institute of Chemistry,and the Chinese Academy of Science(Y41Z011)
文摘Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a powerful tool for magnetic resonance imaging, biodetection, drug delivery, and hyperthermia. This review focuses on the biological detection of magnetic nanoparticles as well as their physicochemical properties. Substantial progress in the sensitivity of detection has been made by developing variety of methods. Five applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biological detection are discussed in this review: magnetic separation, magnetic sensing, magnetic manipulation, magnetic catalysis, and signal enhancer for surface plasmon resonance(SPR). Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas are outlined.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2013CB932701 )the 100-Talent program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2132053)Young Scientists Fund of National Natural Science Foundation(No.51102014)
文摘Inspired by sophisticated biological structures and their physiological processes, supramolecular chemistry has been developed for understanding and mimicking the behaviors of natural species. Through spontaneous self-assembly of functional building blocks, we are able to control the structures and regulate the functions of resulting supramolecular assemblies. Up to now, numerous functional supramolecular assemblies have been constructed and successfully employed as molecular devices, machines and biological diagnostic platforms. This review will focus on molecular structures of functional molecular building blocks and their assembled superstructures for biological detection and delivery.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2406600 and 2020YFB2009000)the Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2021TD-23)。
文摘Acoustofluidics is a term describing the class of phenomena in which mechanical or acoustic vibrations induce a deformation or a flow in a fluid.Many deficiencies in our understanding of these phenomena remain to be addressed,with respect to the fundamental theoretical framework as well as in numerous applications.In this regard,the frequency of external forcing is a key parameter.Owing to the low cost,substantial magnitude,and versatility associated with acoustofluidic phenomena at audible frequencies,studies of these phenomena in the audible range have emerged with increasing amount in recent years and have attracted considerable attention.However,compared with studies focusing on the ultrasonic frequency domain,critical features and information specific to audible acoustofluidics remain dispersed across many independent publications,and a systematic integration of the literature on this topic is necessary.Accordingly,this review summarizes the basic theory and methods for generating vibrations in the audible range,presents various applications thereof in biology,chemistry,and other fields,and provides a high-level overview of the current status of the topic to motivate developing interesting proposals for further research in this field of study.
基金Grants from“Xing Liao Talent Program”of Liaoning Province(Grant No.:XLYC2203156)Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province(Grant No.:20170520001)are greatly acknowledged.
文摘Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles(McNs)have received considerable attention for biomedical applications due to their unique structural features,including high specific surface area,adjustable pore size,and remarkable biocompatibility.These properties have addressed key challenges such as inefficiencies in drug loading and release,minimizing the side effects associated with conventional treatments.In this review,the classification and the research progress of MCNs are summarized firstly,the preparation and modification techniques to enhance their functionality and properties are further reviewed,the main physicochemical properties are introduced as well,highlighting their contributions to McNs in applications.In addition,the biomedical applications of MCNs are emphasized,including tumor therapy,tumor theranostics,antibacterial,delivery of active molecules and biological detection.Finally,the prospects and challenges of clinical application based on MCNs are analyzed to provide an effective reference and lay the foundation for further research.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82272054 and 81901786)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.21511102100)+4 种基金Innovation Research Plan supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.ZXWF082101)S.N.acknowledges insightful discussions with Dr.Sunil Singhal of the University of Pennsylvania,the US National Institutes of Health(grant 1P01 CA254859)the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaignsupported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019T120343),Shanghai Jiao Tong University(Nos.YG2019QNA28 and YG2022QN006)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology.L.L.also acknowledges“Chenguang Program”supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(21CGA09).
文摘Optical imaging and spectroscopic modalities are of broad interest for in-vivo molecular imaging,fluorescence guided cancer surgery,minimally invasive diagnostic procedures,and wearable devices.However,considerable debate still exists as to how deeply visible and near-infrared(NIR)light could penetrate normal and diseased tissues under clinically relevant conditions.Here we report the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)nanotags embedded in ex-vivo animal tissues for direct and quantitative measurements of light attenuation and spectroscopic detection depth at both the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral windows.SERS nanotags are well suited for this purpose because of their sharp spectral features that can be accurately differentiated from fluorescence and background emission.For the first time,the spectroscopic detection depth is quantitatively defined and measured as the maximal thickness of tissues through which the embedded SERS nanotags are still detected at a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of three(99.7%confidence level).Based on data from six types of fresh ex-vivo tissues(brain,kidney,liver,muscle,fat,and skin),we find that the maximum detection depth values range from 1—3 mm in the NIR-I window,to 3—6 mm in the NIR-II window.The depth values are largely determined by two factors-the intrinsic optical properties of the tissue,and the overall SNRs of the system without the tissue(system SNR,a result of nanotag brightness,instrument efficiency,and data acquisition parameters).In particular,there is an approximately linearlogarithmic relationship between the system SNR and maximum detection depth.Thus,the detection of hidden or occult lesions can be improved by three strategies-reducing tissue attenuation,minimizing background noise,and maximizing the system’s performance as judged by SNR.
基金This research was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.QN2011144)the Yangling Modern Agriculture International Institute(No.A213021005).
文摘Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)has been identified as one of the major foodborne pathogenic bacteria.The development of rapid detection methods for S.aureus is needed for assuring food safety.In this study,quantum dots were used as fluorescent labels in an immunoassay for quantitative detection of S.aureus.Firstly,biotin-labeled anti-S.aureus antibody was conjugated with streptavidin-coated magnetic nanobeads(180 nm diameter)and used to separate S.aureus cells.Then streptavidin coated quantum dots(QDs)were conjugated with biotin-labeled anti-S.aureus antibody and used as the fluorescence labels to mix with the separated S.aureus.Finally the fluorescence intensity of the bead-cell-QD complexes was measured at a wavelength of 620 nm.A linear relationship between S.aureus cell number(X)and fluorescence intensity(Y)was found for cell numbers ranging from 10^(3) to 10^(6) CFU(Colony Forming Unit)/mL,and the detection limit was 10^(3) CFU/mL.The regression model can be expressed as Y=7.68X+35.06 with R^(2)=0.94.The detection of S.aureus in food sample was explored initially.The fluorescence intensity of food sample was close to the background,so it was not satisfied.Further study will focus on the application of the method for detection of S.aureus in food sample.
基金The authors would like to thank the financial supports from the National Nature Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 61137005 and 60977055） and the Ministry of Education of China （Grant Nos.NCET-09-0255 and SRFDP 20120041110040）.
文摘Optical fiber based SPR sensors have attracted more and more attention due to their unique advantages over the prism-based SPR sensors. A novel fiber-optic SPR sensor with multi-alternating metal layers for biochemical analysis is presented in this paper. Based on the fundamental SPR theory of the fiber optic sensing technology, we theoretically investigated the effects of the existence of alternating layers deposited on sensing region SPR wavelength changes. The emphasis was placed on the numerical simulation of the fiber-optic SPR sensor＇s sensitivity which could be affected by its technical parameters such as the metal thickness, number of alternating layers. Results showed that, compared to the normal SPR sensor with the single metal layer, the proposed sensor had a wider detecting range of the refractive index and higher sensitivity, which can find applications in biological analysis.
基金T.O.was supported by NIH grant R01MH085802(MS).W.D.L.Was supported by the Peter So Lab and the Simons Center for the Social Brain(M.S.)R.Z.was supported by the NIH training grant TL1DK143273+1 种基金Experiments and equipment were supported by NIH grants R01MH085802,R01NS130361,and R01MH133066the Picower Institute Innovation Fund(M.S.).
文摘Label-free detection of biological events at single-cell resolution in the brain can non-invasively capture brain status for medical diagnosis and basic neuroscience research.NADH is an universal coenzyme that not only plays a central role in cellular metabolism but may also be used as a biomarker to capture metabolic processes in brain cells and structures.We have developed a new label-free,multiphoton photoacoustic microscope(LF-MP-PAM)with a near-infrared femtosecond laser to observe endogenous NAD(P)H in living cells.The imaging depth of NAD(P)H in tissues with all-optical methods is limited to~100μm in brain tissue by the strong absorption of the near-ultraviolet fluorescence.Here,acoustic detection of the thermal signature of multi-photon(three-photon)excitation of NAD(P)H,a low quantum yield fluorophore,allows detection at an unprecedented depth while the focused excitation ensures high spatial resolution.We validated the photoacoustic detection of NAD(P)H by monitoring an increase in intracellular NAD(P)H in HEK293T cells and HepG2 cells incubated in NADH solution.We also demonstrated the detection of endogenous NAD(P)H photoacoustic signals in brain slices to 700μm depth and in cerebral organoids to 1100μm depth.Finally,we developed and demonstrated simultaneous photoacoustic and optical imaging of NAD(P)H in brain cells with a real-time image acquisition and processing pipeline.This approach could open a new door to monitor brain metabolic changes during development and disease,and changes due to neuronal activity,at single-cell level deep in the brains of both humans and animals.
