The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fl...The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fluent,a specialist computational tool in the ANSYS software,was used to simulate internal combustion engine dynamics and combustion processes.Numerical analysis was carried out using biodiesel blends with three Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles in 50,100,and 150 ppm concentrations.The tested samples are called D100,B20,B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 accordingly.The modeling runs were carried out at various engine loads of 0,100,and 200 Nm at a rated speed of 1800 rpm.The combustion characteristics are improved due to the catalytic effect and higher surface area of nano additives.The results showed the improvements in the combustion process as the result of nanoparticle addition,which led to the higher peak cylinder pressure.The increases in the peak cylinder pressures for B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 about B20 were 3%,5%,and 8%,respectively,at load 200 Nm.The simulation found that the maximum temperature for biodiesel blends diesel was higher than pure diesel;this was due to higher hydrocarbon values of B20.Also,nano-additives caused a decrease in temperatures in the combustion of biofuels.展开更多
Owing to their unique biological effects and physicochemical properties,nanomaterials have garnered substantial attention in the field of bone tissue engineering(BTE),targeting the repair and restoration of impaired b...Owing to their unique biological effects and physicochemical properties,nanomaterials have garnered substantial attention in the field of bone tissue engineering(BTE),targeting the repair and restoration of impaired bone tissue.In recent years,strategies for the design and optimization of nanomaterials through thiolation modification have been widely applied in BTE.This review concisely summarizes the categories of nanomaterials commonly used in BTE and focuses on various strategies for the modification of nanomaterials via thiolation.A multifaceted analysis of the mechanisms by which thiolated nanomaterials enhance nanomaterial-cell interactions,promote drug loading and release,and modulate osteogenic differentiation is presented.Furthermore,this review introduces biomedical applications of thiolated nanomaterials in BTE,including as scaffold components for bone regeneration,coatings for bone implants,and drug delivery systems.Finally,the future perspectives and challenges in the development of this field are discussed.Thiolation modification strategies provide a platform for developing new ideas and methods for designing nanomaterials for BTE and are expected to accelerate the development and clinical translation of novel bone repair materials.展开更多
This paper discusses the related contents of the integration application of information technology and computer software engineering.First,it briefly expounds the concepts and integration background of information tec...This paper discusses the related contents of the integration application of information technology and computer software engineering.First,it briefly expounds the concepts and integration background of information technology and computer software engineering.Then,it deeply analyzes the application status and significance of the integration application of information technology and computer software engineering in different fields.Finally,it briefly describes the specific application paths of the integration of information technology and computer software engineering,hoping to provide some valuable references for promoting the in-depth integration and development of information technology and computer software engineering.展开更多
This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene...This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.展开更多
This study focuses on the teaching reform of the communication application development course based on the core requirements of engineering education accreditation.To address key challenges such as the disconnection b...This study focuses on the teaching reform of the communication application development course based on the core requirements of engineering education accreditation.To address key challenges such as the disconnection between software and hardware teaching and insufficient practical skills among students,a project-driven“learning-practiceapplication”teaching model is proposed.By optimizing course content,innovating teaching methods,and introducing university-industry collaboration mechanisms,the reform aligns the curriculum more closely with engineering education standards and industry demands.The approach significantly enhances students’comprehensive skills,practical abilities,and employability.This study provides theoretical foundations and practical strategies for the teaching reform of courses in communication engineering.展开更多
Existing creep constitutive models rarely incorporate studies on the coupling mechanism between creep damage and rock strain softening/hardening.This study analyzed the strain softening and hardening behaviors of argi...Existing creep constitutive models rarely incorporate studies on the coupling mechanism between creep damage and rock strain softening/hardening.This study analyzed the strain softening and hardening behaviors of argillaceous sandstone and sandy mudstone during load-induced failure based on the plastic increment theory.These behaviors were then coupled with an improved Burgers creep model to establish a coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model.Finally,the validity and engineering applicability of the proposed model were verified through FLAC~(3D)numerical simulations.The numerical simulation results of standard cylindrical specimens show that the established coupling model can effectively reflect the unloading creep deformation law and failure characteristics of argillaceous sandstone and sandy mudstone.Taking the diversion tunnel of a hydropower station in Northwest China as an example for engineering application,the coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model is introduced into FLAC~(3D)to carry out numerical simulation calculation of the tunnel under excavation and unsupported creep conditions.The results show that the uncoordinated deformation of the upper and lower walls of the surrounding rock of the tunnel is more prominent.When the buried depth of the tunnel increases to 80 m,the monitoring point C in the sandy mudstone area of the upper wall shows nonlinear accelerated deformation under unsupported creep conditions,and the maximum displacement in the horizontal direction reaches 44.5 mm,and the maximum displacement in the vertical direction reaches 53.5 mm.The coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model established in the research results can well describe the whole process of uncoordinated deformation and failure in the unloading creep process of soft-hard interbedded rock mass.展开更多
Optimization problems are crucial for a wide range of engineering applications,as efficient solutions lead to better performance.This study introduces an improved coati optimization algorithm(ICOA)that overcomes the p...Optimization problems are crucial for a wide range of engineering applications,as efficient solutions lead to better performance.This study introduces an improved coati optimization algorithm(ICOA)that overcomes the primary limitations of the original coati optimization algorithm(COA),notably its insufficient population diversity and propensity to become trapped in local optima.To address these issues,the ICOA integrates three innovative strategies:Latin hypercube sampling(LHS),Lévyflight,and an adaptive local search.LHS is employed to ensure a diverse initial population,thereby laying a foundation for the optimization.Lévy-flight is utilized to facilitate an efficient global search,enhancing the algorithm’s ability to explore the solution space.The adaptive local search is designed to refine solutions,enabling more precise local exploration.Together,these strategies significantly improve the population’s quality and diversity,thereby improving the algorithm’s convergence accuracy and optimization capabilities.The performance of the ICOA is tested against several established algorithms,using 12 benchmark functions.Additionally,the ICOA’s practicality and effectiveness are demonstrated through application to a real-world engineering problem,specifically the design optimization of tension/compression springs.Simulation results show that the ICOA consistently outperforms the other algorithms,providing robust solutions for a wide range of optimization problems.展开更多
This study considers the effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel(ECB)blends on the performances,combustion,and emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine operated in a dual-fuel mode(D...This study considers the effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel(ECB)blends on the performances,combustion,and emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine operated in a dual-fuel mode(DFM)and equipped with an Exhaust gas recirculation technique(EGR).In particular,a single-cylinder,four-stroke,water-cooled diesel engine was utilized and four modes of fuel operation were considered:mode I,the engine operated with an ordinary diesel fuel;mode II,the engine operated with the addition of 2.4 L/min of lique-fied petroleum gas(LPG)and 20%EGR;mode III,20%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR;mode IV,40%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR.The operation conditions were constant engine speed(1500 rpm),var-iation of load(25%,50%,75%,and 100%),full load,with a compression ratio of 18,and a time injection of 23°BTDC(Before top died center).With regard to engine emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbons(UHC),and nitrogen oxide(NOX)were measured using a gas analyzer.The smoke opacity was measured using an OPABOX smoke meter.By comparing the results related to the different modes with mode I at full load,the BTE(Brake thermal efficiency)increased by 20.17%,11.45%,and 12.66%with modes II,III,and IV,respectively.In comparison to the results for mode II,the BTE decreased due to the combustion of ECB blends by 7.26%and 6.24%for mode III and mode IV,respectively,at full load.In comparison to mode II,the Brake specific energy consumption(BSEC)increased with the ECB substitution.With ECB blends,there is a noticeable decrease in the CO,CO_(2),and UHC emissions at a partial load.Furthermore,the 20%ECB has no effect on CO emissions at full load.For modes II and IV,the CO_(2)increased by 33.33%and 19%,respectively,while the UHC emissions were reduced by 14.49%for mode III and 26.08%for mode IV.The smoke of mode III was lower by 7.21%,but for mode IV,it was higher by 12.37%.In addition,with mode III and mode IV,the NOx emissions increased by 30.50%and 18.80%,respectively.展开更多
Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and pe...Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.展开更多
Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthe...Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.展开更多
Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal c...Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs)between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO)to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50%as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.展开更多
This paper reviews the development of forced motion apparatuses(FMAs) and their applications in wind engineering. A kind of FMA has been developed to investigate nonlinear and nonstationary aerodynamic forces consider...This paper reviews the development of forced motion apparatuses(FMAs) and their applications in wind engineering. A kind of FMA has been developed to investigate nonlinear and nonstationary aerodynamic forces considering the coupled effects of multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs). This apparatus can make section models to vibrate in a prescribed displacement defined by a numerical signal in time domain, including stationary and nonstationary movements with time-variant amplitudes and frequencies and even stochastic displacements. A series of validation tests show that the apparatus can re-illustrate various motions with enough precision in 3 D coupled states of two linear displacements and one torsional displacement. To meet the requirement of aerodynamic modeling, the flutter derivatives of a box girder section are identified, verifying its accuracy and feasibility by comparing with previously reported results. By simulating the nonstationary vibration with time-variant amplitude, the phenomena of frequency multiplication and memory effects are examined. In addition to studying the aerodynamics of a bluff body under large amplitudes and nonstationary vibrations, some potential applications of the proposed FMA are discussed in vehicle-bridge-wind dynamic analysis, pile-soil interaction, and line-tower coupled vibration aerodynamics in structural engineering.展开更多
Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of s...Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.展开更多
A diesel engine for tractor was tested for 250 hours of durability with biodiesel fuel of 100%. An engine test cycle was designed based on the ISO test code of off-road vehicle. Eight test conditions, combination of t...A diesel engine for tractor was tested for 250 hours of durability with biodiesel fuel of 100%. An engine test cycle was designed based on the ISO test code of off-road vehicle. Eight test conditions, combination of three engine speeds and eight engine loads, were applied to the engine endurance test, and the engine was operated for eight hours in a day. Power output, fuel consumption rate, exhaust gas quality and particulate matter （PM） were measured and discussed. For the extensive 250 hours of the tractor diesel engine endurance test no significant changes of power output, fuel consumption rate, exhaust gas quality and PM were monitored and authors could not find any difference in the engine patterns of the two fuels of BDF100 and light oil. During all the engine endurance test conditions, no abrupt stopping was encountered but because of temperature down by the cold season the endurance test could not carried out for some periods. PMs were collected and the average F＇M was 0.027 g/kw which was far below than Tier 4 diesel engine PM of 0.3 g/kw h defined by US EPA PM of the diesel engine clas,;. Overall even 100% biodiesel can be an alternative fuel for light oil for diesel engine operation with some considerations for cold sea：son use.展开更多
Sticky rice is not only a notoriously food, or a kind of important medicinal herb, but also serves as a kind of important engineering materials having rich re- sources. Sticky rice has excellent toughness, anti-seepag...Sticky rice is not only a notoriously food, or a kind of important medicinal herb, but also serves as a kind of important engineering materials having rich re- sources. Sticky rice has excellent toughness, anti-seepage property, bonding proper- ty, reinforcing property, high strength and superior engineering performance with su- perior engineering value, ecolOgical value and landscape value on account of its starch composition mainly composed of amylopectin of which the granules are poly- hedron. The development and application of sticky rice has important strategic signif- icance to promotion of sustainable development of ecological landscape construction, alleviation of resource shortage, reduction of environmental pollution, acceleration of constructing environmental friendly society and realization of sustainable development of China.展开更多
Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons ...Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NO<sub>x</sub> emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NO<sub>x</sub> emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NO<sub>x</sub> reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction.展开更多
Due to the influence of joint fissure, mining intensity, designed slope angle, underground water and rainfall, the failure process of mine slope project is extremely complicated. The current safety factor calculation ...Due to the influence of joint fissure, mining intensity, designed slope angle, underground water and rainfall, the failure process of mine slope project is extremely complicated. The current safety factor calculation method has certain limitations, and it would be difficult to obtain the reliability index when the performance function of reliability analysis is implicit or has high order terms. Therefore, with the help of the logistic equation of chaos theory, a new algorithm of mine slope reliability based on limiting state hyper-plane is proposed. It is shown that by using this new reliability algorithm the calculation of partial derivative of performance function is avoided, and it has the advantages of being simple and easy to program. The new algorithm is suitable for calculating the reliability index of complex performance function containing high order terms. Furthermore, the limiting state hyper-plane models of both simplified Bishop's and Janbu's method adaptive to slope project are obtained, and have achieved satisfactory effect in the study of mine slope stability in Dexing copper open pit.展开更多
The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by r...The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by running the engine on an electric dynamometer at eight steady-state operating conditions.The refined engine model was used to predict the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） less than those measured earlier in the experiments,and hence to recommend changes in the engine for the verification of the results.The refined engine model is greatly influenced by the start of injection angle （ψ）,ignition delay （φ）,premix duration （DP）,and main duration （DM） for the prediction of reduced NOx emissions.It is found that optimum ψ is 6.5° before top dead center （BTDC）.At this angle,the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement,showing only a difference of up to 4%,6.2%,and 7.5% for engine performance,maximum combustion pressure （Pmax）,and NOx,respectively.展开更多
Radiative cooling systems(RCSs)possess the distinctive capability to dissipate heat energy via solar and thermal radiation,making them suitable for thermal regulation and energy conservation applications,essential for...Radiative cooling systems(RCSs)possess the distinctive capability to dissipate heat energy via solar and thermal radiation,making them suitable for thermal regulation and energy conservation applications,essential for mitigating the energy crisis.A comprehensive review connecting the advancements in engineered radiative cooling systems(ERCSs),encompassing material and structural design as well as thermal and energy-related applications,is currently absent.Herein,this review begins with a concise summary of the essential concepts of ERCSs,followed by an introduction to engineered materials and structures,containing nature-inspired designs,chromatic materials,meta-structural configurations,and multilayered constructions.It subsequently encapsulates the primary applications,including thermal-regulating textiles and energy-saving devices.Next,it highlights the challenges of ERCSs,including maximized thermoregulatory effects,environmental adaptability,scalability and sustainability,and interdisciplinary integration.It seeks to offer direction for forthcoming fundamental research and industrial advancement of radiative cooling systems in real-world applications.展开更多
文摘The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fluent,a specialist computational tool in the ANSYS software,was used to simulate internal combustion engine dynamics and combustion processes.Numerical analysis was carried out using biodiesel blends with three Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles in 50,100,and 150 ppm concentrations.The tested samples are called D100,B20,B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 accordingly.The modeling runs were carried out at various engine loads of 0,100,and 200 Nm at a rated speed of 1800 rpm.The combustion characteristics are improved due to the catalytic effect and higher surface area of nano additives.The results showed the improvements in the combustion process as the result of nanoparticle addition,which led to the higher peak cylinder pressure.The increases in the peak cylinder pressures for B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 about B20 were 3%,5%,and 8%,respectively,at load 200 Nm.The simulation found that the maximum temperature for biodiesel blends diesel was higher than pure diesel;this was due to higher hydrocarbon values of B20.Also,nano-additives caused a decrease in temperatures in the combustion of biofuels.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52103184 and 8226030956)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2407503)+3 种基金Key Project of the Natural Science Basic Research Plan of Shaanxi Province(No.2022JZ43)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2024JCYBQN-0874)Medical Research Key Project of Xi'an Science and Technology Bureau(No.2024JH-YXZD-0055)Medical Research Project of Xi'an Science and Technology Bureau(No.22YXYJ0083)
文摘Owing to their unique biological effects and physicochemical properties,nanomaterials have garnered substantial attention in the field of bone tissue engineering(BTE),targeting the repair and restoration of impaired bone tissue.In recent years,strategies for the design and optimization of nanomaterials through thiolation modification have been widely applied in BTE.This review concisely summarizes the categories of nanomaterials commonly used in BTE and focuses on various strategies for the modification of nanomaterials via thiolation.A multifaceted analysis of the mechanisms by which thiolated nanomaterials enhance nanomaterial-cell interactions,promote drug loading and release,and modulate osteogenic differentiation is presented.Furthermore,this review introduces biomedical applications of thiolated nanomaterials in BTE,including as scaffold components for bone regeneration,coatings for bone implants,and drug delivery systems.Finally,the future perspectives and challenges in the development of this field are discussed.Thiolation modification strategies provide a platform for developing new ideas and methods for designing nanomaterials for BTE and are expected to accelerate the development and clinical translation of novel bone repair materials.
文摘This paper discusses the related contents of the integration application of information technology and computer software engineering.First,it briefly expounds the concepts and integration background of information technology and computer software engineering.Then,it deeply analyzes the application status and significance of the integration application of information technology and computer software engineering in different fields.Finally,it briefly describes the specific application paths of the integration of information technology and computer software engineering,hoping to provide some valuable references for promoting the in-depth integration and development of information technology and computer software engineering.
基金the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)for funding the researchUK India Education Research Initiative(UKIERI)for funding support.
文摘This review provides an insightful and comprehensive exploration of the emerging 2D material borophene,both pristine and modified,emphasizing its unique attributes and potential for sustainable applications.Borophene’s distinctive properties include its anisotropic crystal structures that contribute to its exceptional mechanical and electronic properties.The material exhibits superior electrical and thermal conductivity,surpassing many other 2D materials.Borophene’s unique atomic spin arrangements further diversify its potential application for magnetism.Surface and interface engineering,through doping,functionalization,and synthesis of hybridized and nanocomposite borophene-based systems,is crucial for tailoring borophene’s properties to specific applications.This review aims to address this knowledge gap through a comprehensive and critical analysis of different synthetic and functionalisation methods,to enhance surface reactivity by increasing active sites through doping and surface modifications.These approaches optimize diffusion pathways improving accessibility for catalytic reactions,and tailor the electronic density to tune the optical and electronic behavior.Key applications explored include energy systems(batteries,supercapacitors,and hydrogen storage),catalysis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions,sensors,and optoelectronics for advanced photonic devices.The key to all these applications relies on strategies to introduce heteroatoms for tuning electronic and catalytic properties,employ chemical modifications to enhance stability and leverage borophene’s conductivity and reactivity for advanced photonics.Finally,the review addresses challenges and proposes solutions such as encapsulation,functionalization,and integration with composites to mitigate oxidation sensitivity and overcome scalability barriers,enabling sustainable,commercial-scale applications.
基金Quality Engineering Project of Higher Education Institutions in Anhui Province(2023aqnujyxm26,2023sx060,2023zyxwjxalk124)Natural Science Key Research Project for Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province(2024AH051117,2024AH051126)+1 种基金Excellent Young Backbone Teachers’Domestic and Foreign Visiting and Training Program in Universities(gxgnfx20220262022)Research and Industrialization Project of High Precision Positioning System for Intelligent Connected Vehicles。
文摘This study focuses on the teaching reform of the communication application development course based on the core requirements of engineering education accreditation.To address key challenges such as the disconnection between software and hardware teaching and insufficient practical skills among students,a project-driven“learning-practiceapplication”teaching model is proposed.By optimizing course content,innovating teaching methods,and introducing university-industry collaboration mechanisms,the reform aligns the curriculum more closely with engineering education standards and industry demands.The approach significantly enhances students’comprehensive skills,practical abilities,and employability.This study provides theoretical foundations and practical strategies for the teaching reform of courses in communication engineering.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U22A20600)。
文摘Existing creep constitutive models rarely incorporate studies on the coupling mechanism between creep damage and rock strain softening/hardening.This study analyzed the strain softening and hardening behaviors of argillaceous sandstone and sandy mudstone during load-induced failure based on the plastic increment theory.These behaviors were then coupled with an improved Burgers creep model to establish a coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model.Finally,the validity and engineering applicability of the proposed model were verified through FLAC~(3D)numerical simulations.The numerical simulation results of standard cylindrical specimens show that the established coupling model can effectively reflect the unloading creep deformation law and failure characteristics of argillaceous sandstone and sandy mudstone.Taking the diversion tunnel of a hydropower station in Northwest China as an example for engineering application,the coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model is introduced into FLAC~(3D)to carry out numerical simulation calculation of the tunnel under excavation and unsupported creep conditions.The results show that the uncoordinated deformation of the upper and lower walls of the surrounding rock of the tunnel is more prominent.When the buried depth of the tunnel increases to 80 m,the monitoring point C in the sandy mudstone area of the upper wall shows nonlinear accelerated deformation under unsupported creep conditions,and the maximum displacement in the horizontal direction reaches 44.5 mm,and the maximum displacement in the vertical direction reaches 53.5 mm.The coupled creep-damage and plastic softening/hardening model established in the research results can well describe the whole process of uncoordinated deformation and failure in the unloading creep process of soft-hard interbedded rock mass.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China(Nos.2021JJ10045 and 2025JJ60072)the Open Research Subject of State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game(No.ZBKF-24-01)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20240989)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M754304).
文摘Optimization problems are crucial for a wide range of engineering applications,as efficient solutions lead to better performance.This study introduces an improved coati optimization algorithm(ICOA)that overcomes the primary limitations of the original coati optimization algorithm(COA),notably its insufficient population diversity and propensity to become trapped in local optima.To address these issues,the ICOA integrates three innovative strategies:Latin hypercube sampling(LHS),Lévyflight,and an adaptive local search.LHS is employed to ensure a diverse initial population,thereby laying a foundation for the optimization.Lévy-flight is utilized to facilitate an efficient global search,enhancing the algorithm’s ability to explore the solution space.The adaptive local search is designed to refine solutions,enabling more precise local exploration.Together,these strategies significantly improve the population’s quality and diversity,thereby improving the algorithm’s convergence accuracy and optimization capabilities.The performance of the ICOA is tested against several established algorithms,using 12 benchmark functions.Additionally,the ICOA’s practicality and effectiveness are demonstrated through application to a real-world engineering problem,specifically the design optimization of tension/compression springs.Simulation results show that the ICOA consistently outperforms the other algorithms,providing robust solutions for a wide range of optimization problems.
文摘This study considers the effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Biodiesel(ECB)blends on the performances,combustion,and emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine operated in a dual-fuel mode(DFM)and equipped with an Exhaust gas recirculation technique(EGR).In particular,a single-cylinder,four-stroke,water-cooled diesel engine was utilized and four modes of fuel operation were considered:mode I,the engine operated with an ordinary diesel fuel;mode II,the engine operated with the addition of 2.4 L/min of lique-fied petroleum gas(LPG)and 20%EGR;mode III,20%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR;mode IV,40%ECB with 2.4 L/min LPG and 20%EGR.The operation conditions were constant engine speed(1500 rpm),var-iation of load(25%,50%,75%,and 100%),full load,with a compression ratio of 18,and a time injection of 23°BTDC(Before top died center).With regard to engine emissions,carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbons(UHC),and nitrogen oxide(NOX)were measured using a gas analyzer.The smoke opacity was measured using an OPABOX smoke meter.By comparing the results related to the different modes with mode I at full load,the BTE(Brake thermal efficiency)increased by 20.17%,11.45%,and 12.66%with modes II,III,and IV,respectively.In comparison to the results for mode II,the BTE decreased due to the combustion of ECB blends by 7.26%and 6.24%for mode III and mode IV,respectively,at full load.In comparison to mode II,the Brake specific energy consumption(BSEC)increased with the ECB substitution.With ECB blends,there is a noticeable decrease in the CO,CO_(2),and UHC emissions at a partial load.Furthermore,the 20%ECB has no effect on CO emissions at full load.For modes II and IV,the CO_(2)increased by 33.33%and 19%,respectively,while the UHC emissions were reduced by 14.49%for mode III and 26.08%for mode IV.The smoke of mode III was lower by 7.21%,but for mode IV,it was higher by 12.37%.In addition,with mode III and mode IV,the NOx emissions increased by 30.50%and 18.80%,respectively.
文摘Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.
基金support from Australian Research Council (ARC, FT150100450, IH150100006 and CE170100039)support from the MCATM and the FLEET+1 种基金the support from Shenzhen Nanshan District Pilotage Team Program (LHTD20170006)support from Guangzhou Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 201804010322)
文摘Metal halide perovskite nanostructures have emerged as low-dimensional semiconductors of great significance in many fields such as photovoltaics,photonics,and optoelectronics.Extensive efforts on the controlled synthesis of perovskite nanostructures have been made towards potential device applications.The engineering of their band structures holds great promise in the rational tuning of the electronic and optical properties of perovskite nanostructures,which is one of the keys to achieving efficient and multifunctional optoelectronic devices.In this article,we summarize recent advances in band structure engineering of perovskite nanostructures.A survey of bandgap engineering of nanostructured perovskites is firstly presented from the aspects of dimensionality tailoring,compositional substitution,phase segregation and transition,as well as strain and pressure stimuli.The strategies of electronic doping are then reviewed,including defect-induced self-doping,inorganic or organic molecules-based chemical doping,and modification by metal ions or nanostructures.Based on the bandgap engineering and electronic doping,discussions on engineering energy band alignments in perovskite nanostructures are provided for building high-performance perovskite p-n junctions and heterostructures.At last,we provide our perspectives in engineering band structures of perovskite nanostructures towards future low-energy optoelectronics technologies.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41403084,41807341,4171101108 and 41603090)the Project from Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(No.16ZR1414800)
文摘Ship auxiliary engines contribute large amounts of air pollutants when at berth.Biodiesel,including that from waste cooking oil(WCO),can favor a reduction in the emission of primary pollutant when used with internal combustion engines.This study investigated the emissions of gaseous intermediate-volatile organic compounds(IVOCs)between WCO biodiesel and marine gas oil(MGO)to further understand the differences in secondary organic aerosol(SOA)production of exhausts.Results revealed that WCO exhaust exhibited similar IVOC composition and volatility distribution to MGO exhaust,despite the differences between fuel contents.While WCO biodiesel could reduce IVOC emissions by 50%as compared to MGO,and thus reduced the SOA production from IVOCs.The compositions and volatility distributions of exhaust IVOCs varied to those of their fuels,implying that fuel-component-based SOA predicting model should be used with more cautions when assessing SOA production of WCO and MGO exhausts.WCO biodiesel is a cleaner fuel comparing to conventional MGO on ship auxiliary engines with regard to the reductions in gaseous IVOC emissions and corresponding SOA productions.Although the tests were conducted on test bench,the results could be considered as representative due to the widely applications of the test engine and MGO fuel on real-world ships.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFC0809600 and 2018YFC0809604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51678451)the Independent Subject of State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering(No.SLDRCE19-B-11),Tongji University,China。
文摘This paper reviews the development of forced motion apparatuses(FMAs) and their applications in wind engineering. A kind of FMA has been developed to investigate nonlinear and nonstationary aerodynamic forces considering the coupled effects of multiple degrees of freedom(DOFs). This apparatus can make section models to vibrate in a prescribed displacement defined by a numerical signal in time domain, including stationary and nonstationary movements with time-variant amplitudes and frequencies and even stochastic displacements. A series of validation tests show that the apparatus can re-illustrate various motions with enough precision in 3 D coupled states of two linear displacements and one torsional displacement. To meet the requirement of aerodynamic modeling, the flutter derivatives of a box girder section are identified, verifying its accuracy and feasibility by comparing with previously reported results. By simulating the nonstationary vibration with time-variant amplitude, the phenomena of frequency multiplication and memory effects are examined. In addition to studying the aerodynamics of a bluff body under large amplitudes and nonstationary vibrations, some potential applications of the proposed FMA are discussed in vehicle-bridge-wind dynamic analysis, pile-soil interaction, and line-tower coupled vibration aerodynamics in structural engineering.
基金Sponsored by the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Internal Combustion Engine Combustion,Tianjin University(Grand No.K2020-12)the Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20200910)+1 种基金the Natural Science Research Projects in Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(Grant No.20KJB470015)the Provincial Engineering Research Center for New Energy Vehicle Intelligent Control and Simulation Test Technology of Sichuan(Grant No.XNYQ2021-003)。
文摘Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.
文摘A diesel engine for tractor was tested for 250 hours of durability with biodiesel fuel of 100%. An engine test cycle was designed based on the ISO test code of off-road vehicle. Eight test conditions, combination of three engine speeds and eight engine loads, were applied to the engine endurance test, and the engine was operated for eight hours in a day. Power output, fuel consumption rate, exhaust gas quality and particulate matter （PM） were measured and discussed. For the extensive 250 hours of the tractor diesel engine endurance test no significant changes of power output, fuel consumption rate, exhaust gas quality and PM were monitored and authors could not find any difference in the engine patterns of the two fuels of BDF100 and light oil. During all the engine endurance test conditions, no abrupt stopping was encountered but because of temperature down by the cold season the endurance test could not carried out for some periods. PMs were collected and the average F＇M was 0.027 g/kw which was far below than Tier 4 diesel engine PM of 0.3 g/kw h defined by US EPA PM of the diesel engine clas,;. Overall even 100% biodiesel can be an alternative fuel for light oil for diesel engine operation with some considerations for cold sea：son use.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of Hunan Province(2011NK3046)Hunan Leading Academic Discipline Project of Botany during the Twelfth Five-year~~
文摘Sticky rice is not only a notoriously food, or a kind of important medicinal herb, but also serves as a kind of important engineering materials having rich re- sources. Sticky rice has excellent toughness, anti-seepage property, bonding proper- ty, reinforcing property, high strength and superior engineering performance with su- perior engineering value, ecolOgical value and landscape value on account of its starch composition mainly composed of amylopectin of which the granules are poly- hedron. The development and application of sticky rice has important strategic signif- icance to promotion of sustainable development of ecological landscape construction, alleviation of resource shortage, reduction of environmental pollution, acceleration of constructing environmental friendly society and realization of sustainable development of China.
文摘Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NO<sub>x</sub> emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NO<sub>x</sub> emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NO<sub>x</sub> reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NO<sub>x</sub> emission reduction.
基金Project(2013BAB02B05)supported by National Science and Technology Support Program of ChinaProject(2013JSJJ029)supported by the Teacher Fund of Central South University,ChinaProjects(51074177,41372278)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Due to the influence of joint fissure, mining intensity, designed slope angle, underground water and rainfall, the failure process of mine slope project is extremely complicated. The current safety factor calculation method has certain limitations, and it would be difficult to obtain the reliability index when the performance function of reliability analysis is implicit or has high order terms. Therefore, with the help of the logistic equation of chaos theory, a new algorithm of mine slope reliability based on limiting state hyper-plane is proposed. It is shown that by using this new reliability algorithm the calculation of partial derivative of performance function is avoided, and it has the advantages of being simple and easy to program. The new algorithm is suitable for calculating the reliability index of complex performance function containing high order terms. Furthermore, the limiting state hyper-plane models of both simplified Bishop's and Janbu's method adaptive to slope project are obtained, and have achieved satisfactory effect in the study of mine slope stability in Dexing copper open pit.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50576063)
文摘The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by running the engine on an electric dynamometer at eight steady-state operating conditions.The refined engine model was used to predict the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） less than those measured earlier in the experiments,and hence to recommend changes in the engine for the verification of the results.The refined engine model is greatly influenced by the start of injection angle （ψ）,ignition delay （φ）,premix duration （DP）,and main duration （DM） for the prediction of reduced NOx emissions.It is found that optimum ψ is 6.5° before top dead center （BTDC）.At this angle,the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement,showing only a difference of up to 4%,6.2%,and 7.5% for engine performance,maximum combustion pressure （Pmax）,and NOx,respectively.
基金support from the Contract Research(“Development of Breathable Fabrics with Nano-Electrospun Membrane”,CityU ref.:9231419“Research and application of antibacterial and healing-promoting smart nanofiber dressing for children’s burn wounds”,CityU ref:PJ9240111)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(“Study of Multi-Responsive Shape Memory Polyurethane Nanocomposites Inspired by Natural Fibers”,Grant No.51673162)Startup Grant of CityU(“Laboratory of Wearable Materials for Healthcare”,Grant No.9380116).
文摘Radiative cooling systems(RCSs)possess the distinctive capability to dissipate heat energy via solar and thermal radiation,making them suitable for thermal regulation and energy conservation applications,essential for mitigating the energy crisis.A comprehensive review connecting the advancements in engineered radiative cooling systems(ERCSs),encompassing material and structural design as well as thermal and energy-related applications,is currently absent.Herein,this review begins with a concise summary of the essential concepts of ERCSs,followed by an introduction to engineered materials and structures,containing nature-inspired designs,chromatic materials,meta-structural configurations,and multilayered constructions.It subsequently encapsulates the primary applications,including thermal-regulating textiles and energy-saving devices.Next,it highlights the challenges of ERCSs,including maximized thermoregulatory effects,environmental adaptability,scalability and sustainability,and interdisciplinary integration.It seeks to offer direction for forthcoming fundamental research and industrial advancement of radiative cooling systems in real-world applications.
