Alternative methods for biodiesel purification that focus on ease of operation,cost reduction,and elimination of contaminated residues or that are easier to treat have received more attention.The dry wash route was us...Alternative methods for biodiesel purification that focus on ease of operation,cost reduction,and elimination of contaminated residues or that are easier to treat have received more attention.The dry wash route was used as an alternative to the wet route in biodiesel production.Filter membranes were developed based on cellulose nanofibers as the matrix and sugarcane bagasse fibers or soy hulls,as reinforcement to the matrix,before and after two chemical treatments(carboxymethylation and regeneration with sulfuric acid).The filters were characterized by permeability capacity,morphology,wettability,porosity,SEM and mechanical properties.The filtered biodiesel was also completely characterized.One of the major impacts of dry purification of biodiesel was the glycerin content after filtration.The filters CNFBR 20-28,CNFSR 5-28,CNFSR 5-35,and CNFBC 5-28 produced purified biodiesel with glycerin content below 0.02%(200 mg/L).Another relevant fact is related to the best results for acidity index,combined alkalinity,and glycerin content,obtained by the regenerated filter CNFBR 20-28,which presented a considerable permeate flow rate value above 4145 L h^(-1) m^(-2),which can be related to compacted lamellar layers observed by SEM.The produced filters were applied to biodiesel purification using a low-pressure filtration system and a simple vacuum pump,which resulted in an appreciable reduction in cost.The produced filter with sugarcane bagasse fiber carboxymethylated at 28 mesh of granulometry was efficient for biodiesel purification,including the efficient removal of free glycerin,in agreement with the standards defined by the national controlling agencies.展开更多
Fuel injection properties,including the injection rate(temporal aspects)and spray behavior(spatial aspects),play a crucial role in the combustion efficiency and emissions of diesel engines.This study investigates the ...Fuel injection properties,including the injection rate(temporal aspects)and spray behavior(spatial aspects),play a crucial role in the combustion efficiency and emissions of diesel engines.This study investigates the effects of different ethanol-biodiesel-diesel(EBD)blends on the injection performance in diesel engines.Experimental tests are conducted to examine key injection parameters,such as spray penetration distance,spray cone angle,and droplet size,alongside an analysis of coupling leakage.The main findings are as follows:(1)The injection behavior of ethanol and diesel differs significantly.The addition of ethanol reduces the density,viscosity,and modulus of elasticity of the fuel mixture.While the injection advance angle,penetration distance,and Sauter mean diameter show minimal changes,the spray cone angle and coupling leakage increase notably.These alterations may disrupt the“fuelair-chamber”matching characteristics of the original engine,potentially affecting performance.(2)In contrast,the injection performance of biodiesel ismore similar to that of diesel.As biodiesel content increases,the density,viscosity,and modulus of elasticity of the blended fuel also grow.Though changes in injection timing,penetration distance,and spray cone angle remain minimal,the Sauter mean diameter experiences a slight increase.The“air-fuel chamber”compatibility of the original engine is largely unaffected,though fuel atomization slightly deteriorates.Blending up to 20%biodiesel and 30%ethanol with diesel effectively compensates for the shortcomings of using single fuels,maintaining favorable injection dynamics while enhancing lubrication and sealing performance of engine components.展开更多
Biodiesel is a clean and renewable energy,and it is an effective measure to optimize engine combustion fueled with biodiesel to meet the increasingly strict toxic and CO_(2) emission regulations of internal combustion...Biodiesel is a clean and renewable energy,and it is an effective measure to optimize engine combustion fueled with biodiesel to meet the increasingly strict toxic and CO_(2) emission regulations of internal combustion engines.A suitable-scale chemical kinetic mechanism is very crucial for the accurate and rapid prediction of engine combustion and emissions.However,most previous researchers developed the mechanism of blend fuels through the separate simplification and merging of the reduced mechanisms of diesel and biodiesel rather than considering their cross-reaction.In this study,a new reduced chemical reaction kinetics mechanism of diesel and biodiesel was constructed through the adoption of directed relationship graph (DRG),directed relationship graph with error propagation,and full-species sensitivity analysis (FSSA).N-heptane and methyl decanoate (MD) were selected as surrogates of traditional diesel and biodiesel,respectively.In this mechanism,the interactions between the intermediate products of both fuels were considered based on the cross-reaction theory.Reaction pathways were revealed,and the key species involved in the oxidation of n-heptane and MD were identified through sensitivity analyses.The reduced mechanism of n-heptane/MD consisting of 288 species and 800 reactions was developed and sufficiently verified by published experimental data.Prediction maps of ignition delay time were established at a wide range of parameter matrices (temperature from 600 to 1 700 K,pressure from 10 bar to 80 bar,equivalence ratio from 0.5 to 1.5) and different substitution ratios to identify the occurrence regions of the crossreaction.Concentration and sensitivity analyses were then conducted to further investigate the effects of cross-reactions.The results indicate temperature as the primary factor causing cross-reactivity.In addition,the reduced mechanism with cross-reactions was more accurate than that without cross-reactions.At 700–1 000 K,the cross-reactions inhibited the consumption of n-heptane/MD,which resulted in a prolonged ignition delay time.At this point,the elementary reaction,NC_(7)H_(16)+OH<=>C_(7)H_(15)-2+H_(2)O,played a dominant role in fuel consumption.Specifically,the contribution of the MD consumption reaction to ignition decreased,and the increased generation time of OH,HO_(2),and H_(2)O_(2) was directly responsible for the increased ignition delay.展开更多
The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fl...The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fluent,a specialist computational tool in the ANSYS software,was used to simulate internal combustion engine dynamics and combustion processes.Numerical analysis was carried out using biodiesel blends with three Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles in 50,100,and 150 ppm concentrations.The tested samples are called D100,B20,B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 accordingly.The modeling runs were carried out at various engine loads of 0,100,and 200 Nm at a rated speed of 1800 rpm.The combustion characteristics are improved due to the catalytic effect and higher surface area of nano additives.The results showed the improvements in the combustion process as the result of nanoparticle addition,which led to the higher peak cylinder pressure.The increases in the peak cylinder pressures for B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 about B20 were 3%,5%,and 8%,respectively,at load 200 Nm.The simulation found that the maximum temperature for biodiesel blends diesel was higher than pure diesel;this was due to higher hydrocarbon values of B20.Also,nano-additives caused a decrease in temperatures in the combustion of biofuels.展开更多
In the quest to develop high-performance lubrication additives,a novel nanocomposite comprising biodiesel soot modified by silver(Ag/BDS)was synthesized.The tribological behavior of Ag/BDS nanocomposite as an additive...In the quest to develop high-performance lubrication additives,a novel nanocomposite comprising biodiesel soot modified by silver(Ag/BDS)was synthesized.The tribological behavior of Ag/BDS nanocomposite as an additive for liquid paraffin(LP)were systematically investigated using response surface methodology.To elucidate the friction and wear mechanisms associated with the Ag/BDS nanocomposite,various analytical techniques were employed,including scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy(SEM/EDS),Raman spectroscopy,and molecular dynamics simulations.The results show that the concentration of Ag/BDS has a significant impact on the tribological properties of LP under different applied loads and sliding speeds.Notably,LP containing 0.25%Ag/BDS shows the most favorable tribological performance and in comparison,to pure LP,the average friction coefficient and average wear volume have been reduced by 42.7%and 21.2%,respectively.The mechanisms underlying the reduction in friction and anti-wear mechanism of Ag/BDS have been attributed to the excellent synergies of Ag and BDS.Specifically,the Ag particles facilitate the incorporation of BDS particles in the formation of uniform boundary lubrication films.展开更多
Alkane-based biodiesel is considered the next generation of biodiesel owing to its potential environmental benefits and the fact that it exhibits much higher specific caloric values than traditional biodiesel.However,...Alkane-based biodiesel is considered the next generation of biodiesel owing to its potential environmental benefits and the fact that it exhibits much higher specific caloric values than traditional biodiesel.However,the formidable obstacle impeding the commercialization of this cutting-edge fuel alternative lies in the cost associated with its production.In this study,an engineered strain Escherichia coli(E.coli)showcasing harmonized coexpression of a lipase(from Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase,TLL)and a fatty acid photodecarboxylase(from Chlorella variabilis,CvFAP)was first constructed to transform triglycerides into alkanes.The potential of E.coli BL21(DE3)/pRSFDuet-1-TLL-CvFAP for alkane synthesis was evaluated with tripalmitin as a model substrate under various process conditions.Following a comprehensive examination of the reaction parameters,the scope of the biotransformation was expanded to‘real’substrates(vegetable oils).The results showed that bioderived oils can be transformed into alkanes with high yields(0.80-10.20 mmol·L^(-1))under mild conditions(35℃,pH 8.0,and 36 h)and blue light illumination.The selected processes were performed on an increased lab scale(up to 100 ml)with up to 24.77 mmol·L^(-1) tripalmitin,leading to a yield of 18.89 mmol·L^(-1) pentadecane.With the employment of a method for efficiently producing alkanes under mild conditions and a simple procedure to isolate alkanes from the reaction system,the utilization of sustainable biomass as a fundamental feedstock emerges as the primary solution to lower the cost of alkane-based biodiesel.Thus,this study proposes a readily implementable and highly effective approach for alkane-based biodiesel production.展开更多
This study investigates the use of waste fat biodiesel(WFB)from the leather industry as a substitute for diesel fuel.Specifically,it examines the diesel engine performance of WFB,a blend of WFB and diesel(B50),and dif...This study investigates the use of waste fat biodiesel(WFB)from the leather industry as a substitute for diesel fuel.Specifically,it examines the diesel engine performance of WFB,a blend of WFB and diesel(B50),and different blends of WFB and silicon dioxide(SiO_(2))nanoparticles(B50SiO_(2)40,B50SiO_(2)80,and B50SiO_(2)120μg/g).The results indicate that the B50SiO_(2)120 blend increases brake thermal efficiency by 10.03%compared to pure biodiesel but falls 1.93%short of neat diesel.Furthermore,the B50SiO_(2)120 mixture reduces smoke,hydrocarbon,and carbon monoxide emissions by 31.87%,34.14%,and 43.97%respectively,compared to diesel.However,the B50SiO_(2)120 blend shows a 4.91%increase in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel.展开更多
In this study, a homogeneous alkaline catalyst was used in the production of biodiesel from raw and refined castor oil feedstock. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst between the two feedstocks, raw a...In this study, a homogeneous alkaline catalyst was used in the production of biodiesel from raw and refined castor oil feedstock. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst between the two feedstocks, raw and refined castor oil was compared. The transesterification technique was utilized in this study, aiming to investigate the effect of different parameters, which include the reaction temperature, methanol-to-oil mole ratio, and catalyst concentration at a constant period of 90 minutes. The result revealed the performance of the KOH catalyst on raw castor oil yielded 98.49% FAME, which was higher than the refined castor oil which yielded 97.9% FAME. The optimal conditions obtained from refined castor oil were applied to raw castor oil because of the same properties. The fuel quality of castor oil and produced biodiesel were tested for physicochemical properties.展开更多
Energy obtained from a variety of non-renewable sources is considered unsustainable. Various fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are among these sources. The combustion of fossil fuels resulted in ...Energy obtained from a variety of non-renewable sources is considered unsustainable. Various fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are among these sources. The combustion of fossil fuels resulted in the generation of greenhouse gases, which increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming and ozone layer degradation are the negative consequences. In a country like India, where consumable oils are still imported, it is sense to look at the possibility of using such unpalatable oils in CI engines that aren’t often utilized as cooking oil. Palm oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the monocarp of the oil palm’s crop. The main goal is to provide a low-cost, high-performance alternative to diesel. The possibility of palm oil as a realistic, modest, and effective hotspot for the generation of biodiesel is investigated in this research. The article is focused on the comparison of palm oil and diesel in terms of characteristics.展开更多
Global concerns about the environmental impact of combustion emissions from petroleum fuels influence new research to seek for alternative energy sources. The current study investigates the possibility of using safflo...Global concerns about the environmental impact of combustion emissions from petroleum fuels influence new research to seek for alternative energy sources. The current study investigates the possibility of using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative biodiesel raw material. Four plant growth regulators (PGR) were used to boost the production of safflower. Thirteen treatments were constituted from the four plant regulators and applied to the safflower crop arranged in completely randomised design, repeated three times. The results show that the effect of plant growth regulators was not more than that of the control. More studies have to be channelled towards the relationship between safflower and plant growth regulators.展开更多
Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly biofuel with similar flow and combustion properties as petroleum-based diesel and low emission profile, which is commonly prepared from triglyceride （TG） sources such as vegeta...Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly biofuel with similar flow and combustion properties as petroleum-based diesel and low emission profile, which is commonly prepared from triglyceride （TG） sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste greases, holds good promises as an alternative to diesel fuel. Alternate fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and awareness of the increased environmental consequences of emissions from petroleum-fuelled engines, as the world is confronted with an energy crisis. Currently, the production of methyl or ethyl esters from edible oils is much more expensive than that of diesel fuels due to the relatively high costs of vegetable oils （about four times the cost of diesel in China）. Methyl esters produced from such oils can be expected to compete economically with diesel fuels, and there is a need to explore low cost alternate feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Rapeseed is little sensitive to crop input levels, allowing reduction of tillage, irrigation, and weed control. Significant yield increases will be attained using new hybrids and better crop management. Rapeseed cultures in seasonal set-aside lands such as Dongting Lake surroundings can significantly decreases the amount of subsides spent for agricultural overproduction in China, which leads to an increase in farmer incomes as well as the creation of new employment. This significantly lowers production costs, reduces environmental impact, and increases final energy gains. Our rapeseed oil is good source for biodiesel with respect to high oil content and proper fatty acid composition.展开更多
Biodiesel from inedible sources has become prominent in last few decades. But it is economically incompatible with petroleum diesel. At the same time, both petro-diesel and biodiesels are concerned with environmental ...Biodiesel from inedible sources has become prominent in last few decades. But it is economically incompatible with petroleum diesel. At the same time, both petro-diesel and biodiesels are concerned with environmental pollution, global warming, etc. Algae, on the other hand, utilize CO2 for their growth and can minimize some sort of pollution level and results in carbon credit for a country. In Punjab, India, algae are seen to grow in many water bodies. But all those are taken away and dumped in vats. Some of this huge biomass was used for production of biodiesel in this work. Extraction of oil from algae was conducted by using Soxtherm（solvent extraction）. An amount of 9 wt% of algal oil was extracted by comparatively costly hexane, whereas 8% extraction was done by cheaper acetone. In the transesterification reaction, molar ratio（methanol： oil） of 6：1, catalyst（KOH） concentration of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, 60 min reaction time and a settling time of 2.5 h were found to be optimum conditions to get maximum ester with minimum free fatty acid content and viscosity. A statistical analysis for the transesterification procedure also showed a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6：1 and catalyst concentration of 3 wt% to be the optimum. Characterization of biodiesel was done and compared with ASTM/BIS standards. Most important properties of biodiesel ester like viscosity（3.12 c St or 3.12 mm2/s）, cloud and pour point（-1 and-6 °C, respectively）, flash and fire point（153 and 158 °C）, carbon residue content（0.03%）, acid number（0.36 mg of KOH/gm） were within the range of concerned standards.展开更多
Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and pe...Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.展开更多
Oil content from seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolia from 13 areas in China was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine oil characteristics and biodiesel properties. The seeds had a high kern...Oil content from seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolia from 13 areas in China was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine oil characteristics and biodiesel properties. The seeds had a high kernel percentage (53.67%± 7.51), oil content (52.21%± 4.01), and biodiesel yield (99.77%± 0.21). Among the fatty acids in the oil were high percentages of linoleic acid (41.66 ± 2.26)% and oleic acid (28.44%± 2.03). Most of the fuel properties complied well with the ASTM D6751-10, EN 14214-08, and GB/T 20828-2014 standards. The 13 sampling areas were grouped into four clusters based on different kernel percentage, oil content, biodiesel yield, and fatty acid composition. The results showed that the quality of kernel oils from seeds from Ar Horqin Banner was the best, although kernel oils from seeds in all 13 areas were suitable for biodiesel production. This study provides a basis for selecting optimal sites to harvest seeds from X. sorbifolia.展开更多
The production of biodiesel through a transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains high levels of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and oil and grease （O＆G）. Currently, flotation is t...The production of biodiesel through a transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains high levels of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and oil and grease （O＆G）. Currently, flotation is the conventional primary treatment for O＆G removal prior to biological treatments. In this study, electrocoagulation （EC） was adopted to treat the biodiesel wastewater. The effects of initial pH, applied voltage, and reaction time on the EC process for the removal of COD, O＆G, and suspended solids （SS） were investigated using one factor at a time experiment. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken design, an experimental design for response surface methodology （RSM）, was used to create a set of 15 experimental runs needed for optimizing of the operating conditions. Quadratic regression models with estimated coefficients were developed to describe the pollutant removals. The experimental results show that EC could effectively reduce COD, O＆G, and SS by 55.43%, 98.42%, and 96.59%, respectively, at the optimum conditions of pH 6.06, applied voltage 18.2 V, and reaction time 23.5 min. The experimental observations were in reasonable agreement with the modeled values.展开更多
The inexpensive and moisture-stable Lewis-acidic ionic liquids were prepared and applied for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel.The influences of molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil,reaction temperatur...The inexpensive and moisture-stable Lewis-acidic ionic liquids were prepared and applied for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel.The influences of molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil,reaction temperature and amount of ionic liquids were investigated.The transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by choline chloride·xZnCl2 ionic liquids showed many advantages such as mild conditions and lower cost.On the other hand,the non-ideal yield and complicated separation between biodiesel and soybean oil were also investigated and analyzed.The improvement on the systems of choline chloride·xZnCl2 was proposed for further investigation.展开更多
Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activi...Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of red mud catalysts was investigated. It was found that highly active catalyst was obtained by simply drying red mud at 200℃. Utilization of red mud as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid red mud waste, significantly reducing its environmental effects, but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.展开更多
Biodiesel industrial production based on a solid base catalyst in a fixed-bed was simulated. The lab and bench scale experiments were carded out effectively, in which the kinetic model is established and it can descri...Biodiesel industrial production based on a solid base catalyst in a fixed-bed was simulated. The lab and bench scale experiments were carded out effectively, in which the kinetic model is established and it can describe the transesterification reaction well. The Antoine equation of biodiesel is regressed with the vapor-liquid data cited of literature. The non-random two liquid （NRTL） model is applied to describe the system of fatty acid methyl ester （FAME）, methanol and glycerol and parameters are obtained. The Ternary phase map is obtained from Aspen Plus via the liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data. In order to describe the production in a fixed-bed performs in industrial scale after being magnified 1 000 times, the Aspen Plus simulation is employed, where two flowsheets are simulated to predict material and energy consumption. The simulation results prove that at least 350. 42 kW energy consumption can be reduced per hour to produce per ton biodiesel compared with data reported in previous references.展开更多
Alumina supports modified by lanthanum （La） and barium （Ba） were prepared by peptization. Catalysts with different KOH contents supported on modified alumina were prepared by impregnation method. Various technique...Alumina supports modified by lanthanum （La） and barium （Ba） were prepared by peptization. Catalysts with different KOH contents supported on modified alumina were prepared by impregnation method. Various techniques, including N2 adsorption-desorption （Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method, BET）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy （FT-IR）. Catalytic activity for microalgae oil conversion to methyl ester via transesterification was evaluated and analyzed by GC-MS and GC. BET results showed that the support possessed high specific surface area, suitable pore volume and pore size distribution. Activity results indicated that the catalyst with 25 wt% KOH showed the best activity for microalgae oil conversion. XRD and SEM results revealed that Al-O-K compound was the active phase for microalgae oil conversion. The agglomeration and changing of pore structure should be the main reasons for the catalyst deactivation when KOH content was higher than 30 wt%.展开更多
Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation, generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production....Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation, generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production. To date, these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process. A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca （〉30 wt%）. TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures （400-800 ~C） decomposed the majority of carbon species, while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase. CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils, providing moderate to good activities （50%-70% after 12 h） to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.展开更多
基金supported by the Minas Gerais State’s Foundation for Research Support(FAPEMIG,Brazil,Process CEX-APQ-01651-17,RED-00224-23,and PPM-00645-17).
文摘Alternative methods for biodiesel purification that focus on ease of operation,cost reduction,and elimination of contaminated residues or that are easier to treat have received more attention.The dry wash route was used as an alternative to the wet route in biodiesel production.Filter membranes were developed based on cellulose nanofibers as the matrix and sugarcane bagasse fibers or soy hulls,as reinforcement to the matrix,before and after two chemical treatments(carboxymethylation and regeneration with sulfuric acid).The filters were characterized by permeability capacity,morphology,wettability,porosity,SEM and mechanical properties.The filtered biodiesel was also completely characterized.One of the major impacts of dry purification of biodiesel was the glycerin content after filtration.The filters CNFBR 20-28,CNFSR 5-28,CNFSR 5-35,and CNFBC 5-28 produced purified biodiesel with glycerin content below 0.02%(200 mg/L).Another relevant fact is related to the best results for acidity index,combined alkalinity,and glycerin content,obtained by the regenerated filter CNFBR 20-28,which presented a considerable permeate flow rate value above 4145 L h^(-1) m^(-2),which can be related to compacted lamellar layers observed by SEM.The produced filters were applied to biodiesel purification using a low-pressure filtration system and a simple vacuum pump,which resulted in an appreciable reduction in cost.The produced filter with sugarcane bagasse fiber carboxymethylated at 28 mesh of granulometry was efficient for biodiesel purification,including the efficient removal of free glycerin,in agreement with the standards defined by the national controlling agencies.
基金supported by Innovation Research Project for the training of high-level scientific and technological talents(Technical expert talents)of the Armed Police Force ZZKY20222415“13th Five-Year Plan”military key colleges and key disciplines-Equipment Engineering(Power)-17.
文摘Fuel injection properties,including the injection rate(temporal aspects)and spray behavior(spatial aspects),play a crucial role in the combustion efficiency and emissions of diesel engines.This study investigates the effects of different ethanol-biodiesel-diesel(EBD)blends on the injection performance in diesel engines.Experimental tests are conducted to examine key injection parameters,such as spray penetration distance,spray cone angle,and droplet size,alongside an analysis of coupling leakage.The main findings are as follows:(1)The injection behavior of ethanol and diesel differs significantly.The addition of ethanol reduces the density,viscosity,and modulus of elasticity of the fuel mixture.While the injection advance angle,penetration distance,and Sauter mean diameter show minimal changes,the spray cone angle and coupling leakage increase notably.These alterations may disrupt the“fuelair-chamber”matching characteristics of the original engine,potentially affecting performance.(2)In contrast,the injection performance of biodiesel ismore similar to that of diesel.As biodiesel content increases,the density,viscosity,and modulus of elasticity of the blended fuel also grow.Though changes in injection timing,penetration distance,and spray cone angle remain minimal,the Sauter mean diameter experiences a slight increase.The“air-fuel chamber”compatibility of the original engine is largely unaffected,though fuel atomization slightly deteriorates.Blending up to 20%biodiesel and 30%ethanol with diesel effectively compensates for the shortcomings of using single fuels,maintaining favorable injection dynamics while enhancing lubrication and sealing performance of engine components.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52171298)the National Foreign Experts Program (G2023180006L)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China (Grant No. ZD2019E003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3072022TS0303)。
文摘Biodiesel is a clean and renewable energy,and it is an effective measure to optimize engine combustion fueled with biodiesel to meet the increasingly strict toxic and CO_(2) emission regulations of internal combustion engines.A suitable-scale chemical kinetic mechanism is very crucial for the accurate and rapid prediction of engine combustion and emissions.However,most previous researchers developed the mechanism of blend fuels through the separate simplification and merging of the reduced mechanisms of diesel and biodiesel rather than considering their cross-reaction.In this study,a new reduced chemical reaction kinetics mechanism of diesel and biodiesel was constructed through the adoption of directed relationship graph (DRG),directed relationship graph with error propagation,and full-species sensitivity analysis (FSSA).N-heptane and methyl decanoate (MD) were selected as surrogates of traditional diesel and biodiesel,respectively.In this mechanism,the interactions between the intermediate products of both fuels were considered based on the cross-reaction theory.Reaction pathways were revealed,and the key species involved in the oxidation of n-heptane and MD were identified through sensitivity analyses.The reduced mechanism of n-heptane/MD consisting of 288 species and 800 reactions was developed and sufficiently verified by published experimental data.Prediction maps of ignition delay time were established at a wide range of parameter matrices (temperature from 600 to 1 700 K,pressure from 10 bar to 80 bar,equivalence ratio from 0.5 to 1.5) and different substitution ratios to identify the occurrence regions of the crossreaction.Concentration and sensitivity analyses were then conducted to further investigate the effects of cross-reactions.The results indicate temperature as the primary factor causing cross-reactivity.In addition,the reduced mechanism with cross-reactions was more accurate than that without cross-reactions.At 700–1 000 K,the cross-reactions inhibited the consumption of n-heptane/MD,which resulted in a prolonged ignition delay time.At this point,the elementary reaction,NC_(7)H_(16)+OH<=>C_(7)H_(15)-2+H_(2)O,played a dominant role in fuel consumption.Specifically,the contribution of the MD consumption reaction to ignition decreased,and the increased generation time of OH,HO_(2),and H_(2)O_(2) was directly responsible for the increased ignition delay.
文摘The current work includes a numerical investigation of the effect of biodiesel blends with different aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentrations on the combustion process in the cylinder of a diesel engine.IC Engine Fluent,a specialist computational tool in the ANSYS software,was used to simulate internal combustion engine dynamics and combustion processes.Numerical analysis was carried out using biodiesel blends with three Al_(2)O_(3) nanoparticles in 50,100,and 150 ppm concentrations.The tested samples are called D100,B20,B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 accordingly.The modeling runs were carried out at various engine loads of 0,100,and 200 Nm at a rated speed of 1800 rpm.The combustion characteristics are improved due to the catalytic effect and higher surface area of nano additives.The results showed the improvements in the combustion process as the result of nanoparticle addition,which led to the higher peak cylinder pressure.The increases in the peak cylinder pressures for B20A50,B20A100,and B20A150 about B20 were 3%,5%,and 8%,respectively,at load 200 Nm.The simulation found that the maximum temperature for biodiesel blends diesel was higher than pure diesel;this was due to higher hydrocarbon values of B20.Also,nano-additives caused a decrease in temperatures in the combustion of biofuels.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52075141)the Open Project of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Critical Friction Pair for Advanced Equipment(LCFP-2408)+9 种基金Key Research&Development(R&D)Plan of Anhui Province under Grant(2022a05020019)Support Program for Outstanding Young Talents in Anhui Province Colleges and Universities(gxyq2022079)Excellent Research and Innovation Teams Project of Anhui Province's Universities(2022AH010092)Discipline Construction Quality Improvement Project of Chaohu University(kj22fdzy03,XLZ202307,XLZ202301)School-level Scientific Research Project of Chaohu University(XLY-202112)Scientific Research Planning Project of Anhui Provincial(2022AH051726)Anhui Province University Science and Engineering Teachers'Internship Program in Enterprises(2024jsqygz89)Anhui Province College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202410380020)Anhui Province Postdoctoral Research Project(2024A773)Horizontal Research Project of Chaohu University(hxkt20230006).
文摘In the quest to develop high-performance lubrication additives,a novel nanocomposite comprising biodiesel soot modified by silver(Ag/BDS)was synthesized.The tribological behavior of Ag/BDS nanocomposite as an additive for liquid paraffin(LP)were systematically investigated using response surface methodology.To elucidate the friction and wear mechanisms associated with the Ag/BDS nanocomposite,various analytical techniques were employed,including scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy(SEM/EDS),Raman spectroscopy,and molecular dynamics simulations.The results show that the concentration of Ag/BDS has a significant impact on the tribological properties of LP under different applied loads and sliding speeds.Notably,LP containing 0.25%Ag/BDS shows the most favorable tribological performance and in comparison,to pure LP,the average friction coefficient and average wear volume have been reduced by 42.7%and 21.2%,respectively.The mechanisms underlying the reduction in friction and anti-wear mechanism of Ag/BDS have been attributed to the excellent synergies of Ag and BDS.Specifically,the Ag particles facilitate the incorporation of BDS particles in the formation of uniform boundary lubrication films.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42376097)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515030226,2021A1515010829).
文摘Alkane-based biodiesel is considered the next generation of biodiesel owing to its potential environmental benefits and the fact that it exhibits much higher specific caloric values than traditional biodiesel.However,the formidable obstacle impeding the commercialization of this cutting-edge fuel alternative lies in the cost associated with its production.In this study,an engineered strain Escherichia coli(E.coli)showcasing harmonized coexpression of a lipase(from Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase,TLL)and a fatty acid photodecarboxylase(from Chlorella variabilis,CvFAP)was first constructed to transform triglycerides into alkanes.The potential of E.coli BL21(DE3)/pRSFDuet-1-TLL-CvFAP for alkane synthesis was evaluated with tripalmitin as a model substrate under various process conditions.Following a comprehensive examination of the reaction parameters,the scope of the biotransformation was expanded to‘real’substrates(vegetable oils).The results showed that bioderived oils can be transformed into alkanes with high yields(0.80-10.20 mmol·L^(-1))under mild conditions(35℃,pH 8.0,and 36 h)and blue light illumination.The selected processes were performed on an increased lab scale(up to 100 ml)with up to 24.77 mmol·L^(-1) tripalmitin,leading to a yield of 18.89 mmol·L^(-1) pentadecane.With the employment of a method for efficiently producing alkanes under mild conditions and a simple procedure to isolate alkanes from the reaction system,the utilization of sustainable biomass as a fundamental feedstock emerges as the primary solution to lower the cost of alkane-based biodiesel.Thus,this study proposes a readily implementable and highly effective approach for alkane-based biodiesel production.
文摘This study investigates the use of waste fat biodiesel(WFB)from the leather industry as a substitute for diesel fuel.Specifically,it examines the diesel engine performance of WFB,a blend of WFB and diesel(B50),and different blends of WFB and silicon dioxide(SiO_(2))nanoparticles(B50SiO_(2)40,B50SiO_(2)80,and B50SiO_(2)120μg/g).The results indicate that the B50SiO_(2)120 blend increases brake thermal efficiency by 10.03%compared to pure biodiesel but falls 1.93%short of neat diesel.Furthermore,the B50SiO_(2)120 mixture reduces smoke,hydrocarbon,and carbon monoxide emissions by 31.87%,34.14%,and 43.97%respectively,compared to diesel.However,the B50SiO_(2)120 blend shows a 4.91%increase in nitrogen oxide emissions compared to diesel.
文摘In this study, a homogeneous alkaline catalyst was used in the production of biodiesel from raw and refined castor oil feedstock. The effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst between the two feedstocks, raw and refined castor oil was compared. The transesterification technique was utilized in this study, aiming to investigate the effect of different parameters, which include the reaction temperature, methanol-to-oil mole ratio, and catalyst concentration at a constant period of 90 minutes. The result revealed the performance of the KOH catalyst on raw castor oil yielded 98.49% FAME, which was higher than the refined castor oil which yielded 97.9% FAME. The optimal conditions obtained from refined castor oil were applied to raw castor oil because of the same properties. The fuel quality of castor oil and produced biodiesel were tested for physicochemical properties.
文摘Energy obtained from a variety of non-renewable sources is considered unsustainable. Various fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, are among these sources. The combustion of fossil fuels resulted in the generation of greenhouse gases, which increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Global warming and ozone layer degradation are the negative consequences. In a country like India, where consumable oils are still imported, it is sense to look at the possibility of using such unpalatable oils in CI engines that aren’t often utilized as cooking oil. Palm oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the monocarp of the oil palm’s crop. The main goal is to provide a low-cost, high-performance alternative to diesel. The possibility of palm oil as a realistic, modest, and effective hotspot for the generation of biodiesel is investigated in this research. The article is focused on the comparison of palm oil and diesel in terms of characteristics.
文摘Global concerns about the environmental impact of combustion emissions from petroleum fuels influence new research to seek for alternative energy sources. The current study investigates the possibility of using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as an alternative biodiesel raw material. Four plant growth regulators (PGR) were used to boost the production of safflower. Thirteen treatments were constituted from the four plant regulators and applied to the safflower crop arranged in completely randomised design, repeated three times. The results show that the effect of plant growth regulators was not more than that of the control. More studies have to be channelled towards the relationship between safflower and plant growth regulators.
文摘Biodiesel, an environmentally friendly biofuel with similar flow and combustion properties as petroleum-based diesel and low emission profile, which is commonly prepared from triglyceride （TG） sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste greases, holds good promises as an alternative to diesel fuel. Alternate fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to diminishing petroleum reserves and awareness of the increased environmental consequences of emissions from petroleum-fuelled engines, as the world is confronted with an energy crisis. Currently, the production of methyl or ethyl esters from edible oils is much more expensive than that of diesel fuels due to the relatively high costs of vegetable oils （about four times the cost of diesel in China）. Methyl esters produced from such oils can be expected to compete economically with diesel fuels, and there is a need to explore low cost alternate feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Rapeseed is little sensitive to crop input levels, allowing reduction of tillage, irrigation, and weed control. Significant yield increases will be attained using new hybrids and better crop management. Rapeseed cultures in seasonal set-aside lands such as Dongting Lake surroundings can significantly decreases the amount of subsides spent for agricultural overproduction in China, which leads to an increase in farmer incomes as well as the creation of new employment. This significantly lowers production costs, reduces environmental impact, and increases final energy gains. Our rapeseed oil is good source for biodiesel with respect to high oil content and proper fatty acid composition.
基金all the members of Thapar University and CSIR CMERI for providing the funding and the laboratory facilities.
文摘Biodiesel from inedible sources has become prominent in last few decades. But it is economically incompatible with petroleum diesel. At the same time, both petro-diesel and biodiesels are concerned with environmental pollution, global warming, etc. Algae, on the other hand, utilize CO2 for their growth and can minimize some sort of pollution level and results in carbon credit for a country. In Punjab, India, algae are seen to grow in many water bodies. But all those are taken away and dumped in vats. Some of this huge biomass was used for production of biodiesel in this work. Extraction of oil from algae was conducted by using Soxtherm（solvent extraction）. An amount of 9 wt% of algal oil was extracted by comparatively costly hexane, whereas 8% extraction was done by cheaper acetone. In the transesterification reaction, molar ratio（methanol： oil） of 6：1, catalyst（KOH） concentration of 3 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, 60 min reaction time and a settling time of 2.5 h were found to be optimum conditions to get maximum ester with minimum free fatty acid content and viscosity. A statistical analysis for the transesterification procedure also showed a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6：1 and catalyst concentration of 3 wt% to be the optimum. Characterization of biodiesel was done and compared with ASTM/BIS standards. Most important properties of biodiesel ester like viscosity（3.12 c St or 3.12 mm2/s）, cloud and pour point（-1 and-6 °C, respectively）, flash and fire point（153 and 158 °C）, carbon residue content（0.03%）, acid number（0.36 mg of KOH/gm） were within the range of concerned standards.
文摘Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.
基金financially supported by the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(2014DFA31140)
文摘Oil content from seed kernels of Xanthoceras sorbifolia from 13 areas in China was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine oil characteristics and biodiesel properties. The seeds had a high kernel percentage (53.67%± 7.51), oil content (52.21%± 4.01), and biodiesel yield (99.77%± 0.21). Among the fatty acids in the oil were high percentages of linoleic acid (41.66 ± 2.26)% and oleic acid (28.44%± 2.03). Most of the fuel properties complied well with the ASTM D6751-10, EN 14214-08, and GB/T 20828-2014 standards. The 13 sampling areas were grouped into four clusters based on different kernel percentage, oil content, biodiesel yield, and fatty acid composition. The results showed that the quality of kernel oils from seeds from Ar Horqin Banner was the best, although kernel oils from seeds in all 13 areas were suitable for biodiesel production. This study provides a basis for selecting optimal sites to harvest seeds from X. sorbifolia.
基金supported by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy Royal Thai Government under the grant for supporting conservation of energy
文摘The production of biodiesel through a transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains high levels of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and oil and grease （O＆G）. Currently, flotation is the conventional primary treatment for O＆G removal prior to biological treatments. In this study, electrocoagulation （EC） was adopted to treat the biodiesel wastewater. The effects of initial pH, applied voltage, and reaction time on the EC process for the removal of COD, O＆G, and suspended solids （SS） were investigated using one factor at a time experiment. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken design, an experimental design for response surface methodology （RSM）, was used to create a set of 15 experimental runs needed for optimizing of the operating conditions. Quadratic regression models with estimated coefficients were developed to describe the pollutant removals. The experimental results show that EC could effectively reduce COD, O＆G, and SS by 55.43%, 98.42%, and 96.59%, respectively, at the optimum conditions of pH 6.06, applied voltage 18.2 V, and reaction time 23.5 min. The experimental observations were in reasonable agreement with the modeled values.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2007AA06Z202)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006BAC02A10)the Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation of Jilin Province(20060114)
文摘The inexpensive and moisture-stable Lewis-acidic ionic liquids were prepared and applied for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel.The influences of molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil,reaction temperature and amount of ionic liquids were investigated.The transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel catalyzed by choline chloride·xZnCl2 ionic liquids showed many advantages such as mild conditions and lower cost.On the other hand,the non-ideal yield and complicated separation between biodiesel and soybean oil were also investigated and analyzed.The improvement on the systems of choline chloride·xZnCl2 was proposed for further investigation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (No.2010JM2003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. GK200902006)
文摘Red mud was investigated in triglyceride transesterification with a view to determine its viability as a basic catalyst for use in biodiesel synthesis. The effect of calcination temperature on the structure and activity of red mud catalysts was investigated. It was found that highly active catalyst was obtained by simply drying red mud at 200℃. Utilization of red mud as a catalyst for biodiesel production not only provides a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of recycling this solid red mud waste, significantly reducing its environmental effects, but also reduces the price of biodiesel to make biodiesel competitive with petroleum diesel.
基金The National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2010CB732206)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21076044,21276050)
文摘Biodiesel industrial production based on a solid base catalyst in a fixed-bed was simulated. The lab and bench scale experiments were carded out effectively, in which the kinetic model is established and it can describe the transesterification reaction well. The Antoine equation of biodiesel is regressed with the vapor-liquid data cited of literature. The non-random two liquid （NRTL） model is applied to describe the system of fatty acid methyl ester （FAME）, methanol and glycerol and parameters are obtained. The Ternary phase map is obtained from Aspen Plus via the liquid-liquid equilibrium （LLE） data. In order to describe the production in a fixed-bed performs in industrial scale after being magnified 1 000 times, the Aspen Plus simulation is employed, where two flowsheets are simulated to predict material and energy consumption. The simulation results prove that at least 350. 42 kW energy consumption can be reduced per hour to produce per ton biodiesel compared with data reported in previous references.
基金supported by the Institute of Chemical Materials Foundation of CAEP(No.626010937)
文摘Alumina supports modified by lanthanum （La） and barium （Ba） were prepared by peptization. Catalysts with different KOH contents supported on modified alumina were prepared by impregnation method. Various techniques, including N2 adsorption-desorption （Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method, BET）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy （FT-IR）. Catalytic activity for microalgae oil conversion to methyl ester via transesterification was evaluated and analyzed by GC-MS and GC. BET results showed that the support possessed high specific surface area, suitable pore volume and pore size distribution. Activity results indicated that the catalyst with 25 wt% KOH showed the best activity for microalgae oil conversion. XRD and SEM results revealed that Al-O-K compound was the active phase for microalgae oil conversion. The agglomeration and changing of pore structure should be the main reasons for the catalyst deactivation when KOH content was higher than 30 wt%.
基金the Gobierno de Espaa for the Provision of a Ramon y Cajal Contract (ref. RYC-2009-04199).supported by the Projects CTQ2010-18126 and CTQ2011 28954-C02-02 (MICINN) as well as P10-FQM-6711 (Consejeria de Ciencia e Innovacion,Junta de Andalucia)
文摘Tars and alkali ashes from biomass gasification processes currently constitute one of the major problems in biomass valorisation, generating clogging of filters and issues related with the purity of syngas production. To date, these waste residues find no useful applications and they are generally disposed upon generation in the gasification process. A detailed analysis of these residues pointed out the presence of high quantities of Ca （〉30 wt%）. TG experiments indicated that a treatment under air at moderate temperatures （400-800 ~C） decomposed the majority of carbon species, while XRD indicated the presence of a crystalline CaO phase. CaO enriched valorized materials turned out to be good heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils, providing moderate to good activities （50%-70% after 12 h） to fatty acid methyl esters in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol.
