Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This...Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This research focuses on producing a detailed bioclimatic map of Oaxaca,Mexico,at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds,using the methodology developed by Rivas-Martínez et al.(2011).Oaxaca,characterised by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions,provides a unique opportunity to study bioclimatic patterns in a tropical region.Using high-resolution climate data from Chelsa database,we identified and mapped different bioclimates,variants,thermotypes and ombrotypes horizons and levels of continentality within the tropical macrobioclimate.Our analysis revealed a rich diversity of bioclimatic zones,reflecting the complex interplay between Oaxaca's physical geography and its bioclimates.The results,presented in high resolution maps,highlight the spatial variability and complexity of Oaxaca's bioclimatic landscape.These findings are crucial for several applications,including biodiversity conservation,agricultural planning and climate change adaptation strategies.By providing an accurate bioclimatic classification,this study makes a significant contribution to bioclimatology and could give valuable insights into climate-vegetation relationships in tropical regions.This detailed bioclimatic map improves our understanding of the current ecological status of Oaxaca and serves as a critical tool for future environmental planning and conservation efforts.Furthermore,it could be the basis for planning in national programs that consider agriculture and forests in Mexico such as Programa Sembrando Vida(PSV).展开更多
This study shows a technical,bioclimatic,and sustainable analysis of the first demountable house built entirely from glass components,Vitrohouse.The technical analysis details the construction challenges overcome to c...This study shows a technical,bioclimatic,and sustainable analysis of the first demountable house built entirely from glass components,Vitrohouse.The technical analysis details the construction challenges overcome to create a demountable house using only flat glass for all components(foundations,slabs,supporting structure,beams,roof,envelope,furnishings,kitchen fixtures,appliances).Secondly,we analyze the thermal and bioclimatic behavior of this demountable all-glass house to evaluate its energy efficiency.We also assess the contribution of Vitrohouse’s bioclimatic design to its sustainability level,using 11 of the most internationally recognized GBRSs(Green Building Rating Systems),demonstrating that it achieves a higher degree of sustainability than a conventional,non-bioclimatic home of the same size.Thirdly,we analyze the contribution of Vitrohouse’s demountable nature,showing that it has a higher level of sustainability than a conventionally built house.Finally,the sustainable analysis of its demountability is quantified using 11 GBRSs.The results show that it is perfectly feasible to construct buildings solely from flat glass,achieving high energy efficiency and sustainability.Furthermore,the glass components can be easily disassembled and reused,or recycled to manufacture new components with minimal energy consumption.展开更多
Buildings constructed with modern materials (cement blocks, sheet metal, reinforced concrete, etc.) in the Sahelian zone often generate excessive electricity consumption and consequently very high electricity bills. T...Buildings constructed with modern materials (cement blocks, sheet metal, reinforced concrete, etc.) in the Sahelian zone often generate excessive electricity consumption and consequently very high electricity bills. This study is a contribution to the development of new building types based on the principle of bioclimatic construction. The aim is to find materials suited to the Sahelian climate and improve thermal comfort. To this end, an experimental study of the hygrothermal behavior of a bioclimatic building prototype with a domed roof is being carried out. Site meteorological data, air temperature and relative humidity of the building’s internal environment were measured for three climatic seasons in Burkina Faso. The data acquisition system consists of thermocouples, solarimeters and humidity meters, and the data are processed using Excel and Origin Pro software. The results show that, despite the high temperature values (between 36˚C and 39˚C) of the internal environment measured in the hot season, good thermal performance is achieved, in particular an average phase shift of 7.17 h and an average damping of 10.81˚C. The dome-roofed building could therefore contribute to limiting heat transmission to the building interior, improving thermal comfort all year round. Analysis of humidity profiles shows that indoor humidity varies between 66% and 80% for the September period, and between 44% and 69% for the January period. The high values of internal ambient humidity could be reduced by very good ventilation of the building. This study shows that the proposed bioclimatic building prototype with domed roof could be integrated into the Sahelian habitat.展开更多
Phytolith analysis is employed in bioclimatic research into vermicular red earth, especially into its form, assemblage and zonation. The phytolith assemblage is divided into 10 zones. The statistics and main factor an...Phytolith analysis is employed in bioclimatic research into vermicular red earth, especially into its form, assemblage and zonation. The phytolith assemblage is divided into 10 zones. The statistics and main factor analysis of phytolith show that the obtained main factor load curves could suggest a climate change. Combined with phytolith assemblage feature, the bioclimatic variation of vermicular red earth during its formation stage, consisting of 5 arid-cold stages, 4 warm-humid stages and 2 mild stages, is reconstructed in detail. The research results indicate that phytolith records are ideal paleoclimatic signals in vermicular red earth, and that abundant information on environmental evolution can be located.展开更多
The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula compris...The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.展开更多
Bioclimatic zonation is critical for understanding how climate shapes biodiversity and biogeographic patterns.However,existing studies have primarily focused on macroorganisms,leaving microbial communities largely und...Bioclimatic zonation is critical for understanding how climate shapes biodiversity and biogeographic patterns.However,existing studies have primarily focused on macroorganisms,leaving microbial communities largely underexplored.This study seeks to address this gap through extensive sampling of bacterial communities from 931 sediment samples across 199 lakes in China.Based on the obtained data,we identified five distinct lacustrine microbial bioclimatic zones,each showing significant differences in multiple facets of bacterial diversity(i.e.,alpha,beta,and gamma diversity)and clear bioclimatic zone-dependent microbial biogeographic patterns.Notably,the alpha and beta diversity of the bacterial communities showed opposing patterns across bioclimatic zones.Dominant environmental variables—specifically mean annual temperature,elevation,lake hydrological variables,and sediment pH—exerted contrasting effects on the alpha and beta diversity and played critical roles in shaping microbial community distribution at different spatial scales.At continental scales,predominant geographic and climatic variables dictated the patterns of bioclimatic zonation of lacustrine microbial communities.At regional scales,hydrological variables influenced the dispersal capacity of lake microbes,whereas sediment physicochemical variables were the most important selection factors shaping local microbial communities.Furthermore,our findings indicated that bioclimatic boundaries substantially enhanced the contribution of variable selection on bacterial community assembly and led to marked changes in distance-decay relationships in community dissimilarities.Overall,this study established a continental bioclimatic framework for lacustrine microbial communities,clarifying how environmental variables control microbial distributions across spatial scales,providing new insights into microbial biogeography,and advancing our knowledge about biodiversity under future climate change scenarios.展开更多
Stacking is the process of overlaying inferred species potential distributions for multiple species based on outputs of bioclimatic envelope models(BEMs).The approach can be used to investigate patterns and processes ...Stacking is the process of overlaying inferred species potential distributions for multiple species based on outputs of bioclimatic envelope models(BEMs).The approach can be used to investigate patterns and processes of species richness.If data limitations on individual species distributions are inevitable,but how do they affect inferences of patterns and processes of species richness?We investigate the influence of different data sources on estimated species richness gradients in China.We fitted BEMs using species distributions data for 334 bird species obtained from(1)global range maps,(2)regional checklists,(3)museum records and surveys,and(4)citizen science data using presence-only(Mahalanobis distance),presence-background(MAXENT),and presence–absence(GAM and BRT)BEMs.Individual species predictions were stacked to generate species richness gradients.Here,we show that different data sources and BEMs can generate spatially varying gradients of species richness.The environmental predictors that best explained species distributions also differed between data sources.Models using citizen-based data had the highest accuracy,whereas those using range data had the lowest accuracy.Potential richness patterns estimated by GAM and BRT models were robust to data uncertainty.When multiple data sets exist for the same region and taxa,we advise that explicit treatments of uncertainty,such as sensitivity analyses of the input data,should be conducted during the process of modeling.展开更多
Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.) is a coniferous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates t...Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.) is a coniferous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates these dynamics in seven populations using ten microsatellite markers.The results show a high level of genetic diversity within the populations(Ho=0.633,He=0.746).In addition,molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA) shows that 98% of genetic diversity occurs within populations,with minimal differentiation between populations(Fst=0.009-0.033).Gene flow analysis shows significant migration rates between specific population pairs,particularly C-TH(87%),LS-Y(69%) and TH-LS(69%),suggesting genetic homogenization.Bayesian clustering(STRUCTURE) supports admixture and weak population differentiation.Environmental factors,especially temperature-related variables,significantly influence genetic patterns.Partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression show strong correlations between genetic distance and adaptations to cold temperatures(bio6 and bio11).Overall,this study emphasizes the robust genetic diversification and high migration rates in the populations of P.koraiensis and highlights their resilience.These results emphasize the importance of incorporating genetic and ecological factors into conservation strategies for sustainable forest management.This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetic variation,gene flow and environmental influences in forest tree species and improves our understanding of their adaptive mechanisms.展开更多
INTRODUCTION The problems discussed in forums such as that within the European Charter for Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning are still up-to-date.1 The role architecture plays in energy consumption calls...INTRODUCTION The problems discussed in forums such as that within the European Charter for Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning are still up-to-date.1 The role architecture plays in energy consumption calls for a conceptual reorientation that ensures a responsible design approach to the environment and the use of renewable resources based on local conditions.In this sense,the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto(1898-1976)figures as a pioneering precedent of a sustainable architecture.The Nordic climate and the deeply nature-concerned culture within which he lived are factors that derived a conscious design method characterised by the exploration of environmental concepts.The contextual approach was developed since his early career and reached a peak in his own summer house erected in Finland in the year 1953.As Aalto himself comments,this building had the advantage of being the‘experimental game’of the architect,where he could freely work without worrying about the constraints of usual project requirements.2 The biography of Aalto shows that he used to help his father,who was a surveyor,by drawing plans from the Finnish territory.3 Aalto himself grew up in Jyväskylä,a town located on the same lake studied here,and worked there in the first years of his professional career.He was familiar with the landscape and knew well in advance the general features of the house’s surroundings.The Summer House is a well-known building that has drawn attention in the academic context.Aalto published a seminal,brief text when the construction of the main block was finished,where experiments concerning topographical adaptation,material durability,and solar heating passive systems are mentioned.4 After appearing in the complete work of the architect,5 the Summer House was briefly mentioned in critical literature,6 and in recent years has been the subject of numerous studies.7 This panorama has contributed important information about the site and the house,which were,nevertheless,considered mainly by aesthetical and typological means.The bioclimatic themes seem to have not been systematically explored yet.The present essay seeks to identify and explain some design strategies that can illustrate the bioclimatic structure of the building.8 The textual argumentation is supported by photographs,diagrams,and a physical model.An introduction to the house is given by describing its geographical and programmatic situation.The study is then developed through the following topics:site and program;placement;spatial organization;and exterior-interior relations.As a conclusion,the house is evaluated as a precedent of an environmentally-concerned architecture.展开更多
Global maps of bioclimatic variables currently exist only at very coarse spatial resolution(e.g.WorldClim).For ecological studies requiring higher resolved information,this spatial resolution is often insufficient.The...Global maps of bioclimatic variables currently exist only at very coarse spatial resolution(e.g.WorldClim).For ecological studies requiring higher resolved information,this spatial resolution is often insufficient.The aim of this study is to estimate important bioclimatic variables of Mongolia from Earth Observation(EO)data at a higher spatial resolution of 1 km.The analysis used two different satellite time series data sets:land surface temperature(LST)from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS),and precipitation(P)from Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations(CHIRPS).Monthly maximum,mean,and minimum air temperature were estimated from Terra MODIS satellite(collection 6)LST time series product using the random forest(RF)regression model.Monthly total precipitation data were obtained from CHIRPS version 2.0.Based on this primary data,spatial maps of 19 bioclimatic variables at a spatial resolution of 1 km were generated,representing the period 2002-2017.We tested the relationship between estimated bioclimatic variables(SatClim)and WorldClim bioclimatic variables version 2.0(WorldClim)using determination coefficient(R^(2)),root mean square error(RMSE),and normalized root mean square error(nRMSE)and found overall good agreement.Among the set of 19 WorldClim bioclimatic variables,17 were estimated with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))higher than 0.7 and normalized RMSE(nRMSE)lower than 8%,confirming that the spatial pattern and value ranges can be retrieved from satellite data with much higher spatial resolution compared to WorldClim.Only the two bioclimatic variables related to temperature extremes(i.e.,annual mean diurnal range and isothermality)were modeled with only moderate accuracy(R^(2) of about 0.4 with nRMSE of about 11%).Generally,precipitation-related bioclimatic variables were closer correlated with WorldClim compared to temperature-related bioclimatic variables.The overall success of the modeling was attributed to the fact that satellite-derived data are well suited to generated spatial fields of precipitation and temperature variables,especially at high altitudes and high latitudes.As a consequence of the successful retrieval of the bioclimatic variables at 1 km spatial resolution,we are confident that the estimated 19 bioclimatic variables will be very useful for a range of applications,including species distribution modeling.展开更多
Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their pot...Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk,this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H.flava based on natural environmental factors.Geographic information system(GIS)images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H.flava.Data on 19 bioclimatic variables,environmental variables,and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H.flava.These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt,a model based on the maximum entropy principle,and to predict habitat suitability for H.flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios.The model performed well in predicting the H.flava distribution,with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73.A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H.flava.The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H.flava,with 141.61 km^(2)(11.77%),282.94 km^(2)(23.35%),and 405.30 km^(2)(33.69%)of highly,moderately,and poorly suitable habitats,respectively.The distribution decreased by 135.55 km^(2) and 138.82 km^(2) in 2050 and 2070,respectively,under the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1.2.6 climate change scenario.However,under SSP 5.8.5,the total area will decrease by 128.5 km^(2) in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km^(2) in 2070.From a One Health perspective,this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.展开更多
Known as the ＂king of spices＂,black pepper（Piper nigrum）,a perennial crop of the tropics,is economically the most important and the most widely used spice crop in the world.To understand its suitable bioclimatic d...Known as the ＂king of spices＂,black pepper（Piper nigrum）,a perennial crop of the tropics,is economically the most important and the most widely used spice crop in the world.To understand its suitable bioclimatic distribution,maximum entropy based on ecological niche modeling was used to model the bioclimatic niches of the species in its Asian range.Based on known occurrences,bioclimatic areas with higher probabilities are mainly located in the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Peninsula,the east of Sumatra Island,some areas in the Malay Archipelago,and the southeast coastal areas of China.Some undocumented places were also predicted as suitable areas.According to the jackknife procedure,the minimum temperature of the coldest month,the mean monthly temperature range,and the precipitation of the wettest month were identified as highly effective factors in the distribution of black pepper and could possibly account for the crop＇s distribution pattern.Such climatic requirements inhibited this species from dispersing and gaining a larger geographical range.展开更多
Climate change is thought to have a greater impact on crops that require particular conditions for their productivity.Southwest Ethiopia is a region where important cash crops such as Coffea arabica and Aframomum corr...Climate change is thought to have a greater impact on crops that require particular conditions for their productivity.Southwest Ethiopia is a region where important cash crops such as Coffea arabica and Aframomum corrorima(korerima)originate.These crops are known to require shade for their growth and productivity.This study was conducted to assess the impacts of climate change on an important but neglected cash crop of A.corrorima using GIS-based species distribution approaches.Local meteorological data and bioclimatic data from WorldClim were used to map past,present,and future distribution of the crop in the Coffee Forest System of Southwest Ethiopia.Moreover,96 key informants were interviewed and completed questionnaires to complement the distribution modeling.The key informants mapped the history and present occurrences of A.corrorima and based on this,ground-truthing survey was conducted.The interpolation method of the Inverse Distance Weighted was used in ArcGIS 10.5 to develop bioclimatic variables for modeling past and present distribution while data from IPCC(AR4)Emissions Scenarios was used for the future occurrence prediction using Principal Component Analysis.Eleven best bioclimatic variables were selected and MaxEnt was used to model past,present and future distribution of A.corrorima.The output of our model was validated using Area Under the Curve(AUC)approach.Temperature and precipitation are the most important environmental variable,then temperature increased by 1.3°C in the past(from 1988 to 2018)while it is predicted to increase further by at least 1.4°C before 2050.On the contrary,precipitation decreased by an average of 10.1 mm from the past while it is predicted to decrease further by 12.5 mm before 2050.Our model shows that the area suitable for korerima in 1988 was 20,638.2 ha and it was reduced by half and became 10,545.3 ha in 2018,similarly predicted to shrink into 3225.5 ha by 2050.The findings from the key informants confirm the model results whereby 89.1%of the respondent replied korerima producing area has been shifted into the mountains over the last 30 years(by 150 m a.s.l.from 1988 to 2018)and thus expected to be pushing up in the next 32 years(by 133 m before 2050).The community claims that the length of the rainy season of the area has been shortening from 9 months in the past to an average of 5.5 months recently which also coincides with increasing temperature.We conclude that with the changing climatic condition,the suitable habitat of korerima has already shrank by 48.9%(from 1988 to 2018)and the trend may lead to a shrink by 84.38%before 2050(from 1988 to 2050).Therefore,it is important to develop site-specific climate adaptation strategies for the region such as promoting alternative livelihoods and avoiding further coffee forest degradation and deforestation.展开更多
Background:Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.(Korean pine)is a key species of the mixed cold temperate forests of Northeast Asia.Current climate change can significantly worsen the quality of P.koraiensis habitats and...Background:Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.(Korean pine)is a key species of the mixed cold temperate forests of Northeast Asia.Current climate change can significantly worsen the quality of P.koraiensis habitats and therefore lead to a large-scale structural and functional transformation of the East Asian mixed forests.We built a species distribution model(SDM)for P.koraiensis using the random forest classifier–a versatile machine learning al-gorithm,to discover overlap areas of potential species occurrence in the climate condition of the Last Glacial Maximum(~21,000 year before present)and in the projected future climates(2070 year),from which possible permanent refugia for P.koraiensis were identified.Results:Using the random forest supervised learning algorithm,we developed models of the modern distribution of P.koraiensis in accordance with the five selected bioclimatic variables(Kira’s warmth and coldness indices,the index of continentality,the rain precipitation index,and the snow precipitation index).In addition to current climatic conditions,we performed this analysis for the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and for the future projected climate(2070)under scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5.Among the predictors,the rain index appears to be the most significant.The land area estimates with high suitability for P.koraiensis was 303,785 km 2 under current climatic conditions,586,499 km 2 for the Last Glacial Maximum,and 337,573 km^(2) for the future(2070)period under the RCP2.6 scenario,and 397,764 km^(2) under the RCP8.5 scenario.Conclusions:Most of the potential range of P.koraiensis during the Last Glacial Maximum was located outside the current distribution area of the species.The climatically suitable P.koraiensis habitats will likely disappear in the western part of its modern range.In the southern part of the range,which includes glacial refugia,the areas of continuous distribution of the P.koraiensis populations since the end of the Pleistocene are expected to be frag-mented,but some localities in the north of the Korean Peninsula,northeast China,southern Primorye(Russia),and central Honshu(Japan)with suitable climatic conditions for the species will support the existence of populations.展开更多
A novel satellite technique for air temperature mapping with a spatial resolution of~100 m was proposed for the town of Apatity,the Kola Peninsula(Russia),taken as a case study.The main idea behind this novel techniqu...A novel satellite technique for air temperature mapping with a spatial resolution of~100 m was proposed for the town of Apatity,the Kola Peninsula(Russia),taken as a case study.The main idea behind this novel technique is to find the statistical relationships between the land surface temperatures in each point of the study area,observed by multiple infrared thermal satellite imagery,and the time series of air temperatures recorded by World Meteorological Organization(WMO)weather station.Fourteen scenes of infrared thermal spectral band of the Landsat satellites for the period 2014–2019 were used,as well as the long-term time series of air temperature from the weather station and the results of air temperature observations carried out by the network of loggers.For calm weather conditions,according to the ground truth,the error of air temperature mapping wasσ=1.5°C,and the precision was estimated asδ=1.0°C.An analysis of the compiled air temperature map showed that,under polar night conditions,the air temperature on the hilltops was by 10–18°C higher than in the lowlands.It was concluded that,for economic reasons,as well as for the reasons of population health protection in the Arctic,it would be advisable to plan the placement of new cities on the hills.Each of these new areas should be designed in a“semi-isolated”manner in order to minimize the time needed by the local people for crossing the lowlands between the nearby districts.A characteristic feature of modern megalopolises is their internal structure formed by the growing primary settlements that can be considered as nuclei interlinked by transportation routes.Thus,the new Arctic cities can be called“Arctic megalopolises”because of their internal structure that is specific to megalopolises.展开更多
Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity, being covered by diverse ecosystems. Native trees commercially planted generate numerous benefits for communities, providing cultural, recreational, touri...Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity, being covered by diverse ecosystems. Native trees commercially planted generate numerous benefits for communities, providing cultural, recreational, tourism riches, as well as ecological benefits, such as nutrient regulation and carbon sequestration. Thus, this work aimed to generate potential distribution modeling for the Brazilian forest species, to provide information that will serve as a strategy for conservation, restoration and commercial plantation of them, that is, encouraging the use of legal native species in the forest sector. Eleven tree species and 19 bioclimatic variables were selected. The software Maxent 3.3.3 was applied in the generation of the distribution models and the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic （AUC） was used to analyze the model. The Jackknife test contributed to identify which bioclimatic variables are most important or influential in the model. The models showed AUC values ranged from 0.857 to 0.983. The species with higher AUC values were Araucaria angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella and Euterpe edulis, respectively. The maximum temperature of warmest month showed the highest influence for the most species, followed by the mean diurnal range and annual precipitation. It was observed that for some species, there were restricted areas of environmental suitability, such as Araucaria angustifolia, Ilex paraguariensis and Mimosa scabrella. The models used could trace the potential distribution areas using the environmental variables, and these models contribute significantly to sustainable forest management.展开更多
There have been numerous efforts to generate freely available climatic datasets for use in species distribution models, the most popular being the global climatic dataset known as WorldClim. The availability of such d...There have been numerous efforts to generate freely available climatic datasets for use in species distribution models, the most popular being the global climatic dataset known as WorldClim. The availability of such datasets is invaluable to scientists as many studies are performed in remote areas where no weather stations are found. However, many users do not critically assess the suitability of these datasets for their applications, and errors associated with global datasets are often assumed to be negligible. Understanding what a climate dataset can or cannot deliver requires the user to have a working knowledge of what the basic spatial climate-forcing factors are at the scale of his/her study, and to have a good understanding of the uncertainty in the dataset. In geographic studies, uncertainty is often described by the degree of error (uncertainty), or degree of accuracy (certainty) in data, and thematic uncertainty refers to the uncertainty in measures made for each variable, whereas temporal uncertainty refers to the uncertainty in time period represented by each variable. Here, we used climatic data from weather stations to investigate the climate-forcing factors in southern Kenya, and then used this weather station data to investigate the uncertainty in the WorldClim dataset. Results indicated that the nineteen core Worldclim variables, known as bioclimatic variables, accurately depicted the local variations in climate in the study area. However, whereas the monthly and seasonal temperature variables represented the same time period in different locations, the same was not true for the monthly and seasonal precipitation variables. The onset of rains is a key biological indicator, and scientists studying phenomena tied to the onset of rains need to keep in mind the temporal variations represented in the WorldClim dataset.展开更多
Environmental characteristics are often the factors that determine the distribution of species in nature. However, species response vis-A-vis these factors differs. For a better understanding of the phenomenon, we hav...Environmental characteristics are often the factors that determine the distribution of species in nature. However, species response vis-A-vis these factors differs. For a better understanding of the phenomenon, we have conducted this study which consists of following the spatio-temporal evolution of two species of Oribatida （Scheloribates sp. and Galumna sp.）. The sites which have been the subject of this study, are situated in different bioclimatic zones presenting a very different climatic, edaphic, nutritional, and altitudinal characteristics. The variability of ecological factors showed that the behavior of two species differs. Indeed, Scheloribates sp. is present in all sites except in Biskra whereas Galumna sp. is present only in sites belonging to humid and sub humid bioclimatic zones. Moreover, Scheloribates sp. appears more tolerant of environmental changes while Galumna sp. is more stringent and its presence is marked only in the sites where ecological conditions are better. Thus, it can be noted that the spatial and temporal distribution of oribatid is not only conditioned solely by environmental factors but also by intrinsic factors specific to each species. The specific behavior of Galumna sp. and the tolerance of Scheloribates sp. are interesting and can be the subject of bioindicator species that can inform us about the changes that effect whether natural or anthropogenic environment.展开更多
With a sustained period of economic growth, rapidly growing populations and with more diversified economies Africa need sustainable development; hence the greater need for massive investments in energy. Sub-Saharan co...With a sustained period of economic growth, rapidly growing populations and with more diversified economies Africa need sustainable development; hence the greater need for massive investments in energy. Sub-Saharan countries such as Djibouti have the potential and ability to harness their natural ventilation as a passive cooling system for designing new houses. The rapid expansion of the Djibouti city is affecting negatively the environment and the safety and comfort of its inhabitants. Proper atmospheric urban planning and management are key to making cities environmentally friendly and sustainable. Based on energy consumption, climate conditions in Djibouti and numerical analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD）, it is apparent that the natural ventilation creates a thermally comfortable indoor environment in buildings during the cool season of the year. Measured wind data from two measurement systems are presented and discussed. Statistical analyses, wind rose, Weibull distribution were carried out to understand the natural ventilation characteristic, which is used for evolving the basic criteria for economic viability of building in the semi-arid climate of Djibouti. The study found that it is possible to benefit from natural ventilation in buildings during the cool season of the year.展开更多
基金support is acknowledged from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Project:DGAPA-PAPIIT IN105721,Project IN229325 DGAPAUNAM and Posdoc scholarship for Alejandro González-Pérez(UNAM-DGAPA Postdoctoral Program).
文摘Bioclimatic classification(WBCS),which examines the relationship between vegetation distribution and climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature,is essential for understanding the ecological dynamics.This research focuses on producing a detailed bioclimatic map of Oaxaca,Mexico,at a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds,using the methodology developed by Rivas-Martínez et al.(2011).Oaxaca,characterised by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions,provides a unique opportunity to study bioclimatic patterns in a tropical region.Using high-resolution climate data from Chelsa database,we identified and mapped different bioclimates,variants,thermotypes and ombrotypes horizons and levels of continentality within the tropical macrobioclimate.Our analysis revealed a rich diversity of bioclimatic zones,reflecting the complex interplay between Oaxaca's physical geography and its bioclimates.The results,presented in high resolution maps,highlight the spatial variability and complexity of Oaxaca's bioclimatic landscape.These findings are crucial for several applications,including biodiversity conservation,agricultural planning and climate change adaptation strategies.By providing an accurate bioclimatic classification,this study makes a significant contribution to bioclimatology and could give valuable insights into climate-vegetation relationships in tropical regions.This detailed bioclimatic map improves our understanding of the current ecological status of Oaxaca and serves as a critical tool for future environmental planning and conservation efforts.Furthermore,it could be the basis for planning in national programs that consider agriculture and forests in Mexico such as Programa Sembrando Vida(PSV).
文摘This study shows a technical,bioclimatic,and sustainable analysis of the first demountable house built entirely from glass components,Vitrohouse.The technical analysis details the construction challenges overcome to create a demountable house using only flat glass for all components(foundations,slabs,supporting structure,beams,roof,envelope,furnishings,kitchen fixtures,appliances).Secondly,we analyze the thermal and bioclimatic behavior of this demountable all-glass house to evaluate its energy efficiency.We also assess the contribution of Vitrohouse’s bioclimatic design to its sustainability level,using 11 of the most internationally recognized GBRSs(Green Building Rating Systems),demonstrating that it achieves a higher degree of sustainability than a conventional,non-bioclimatic home of the same size.Thirdly,we analyze the contribution of Vitrohouse’s demountable nature,showing that it has a higher level of sustainability than a conventionally built house.Finally,the sustainable analysis of its demountability is quantified using 11 GBRSs.The results show that it is perfectly feasible to construct buildings solely from flat glass,achieving high energy efficiency and sustainability.Furthermore,the glass components can be easily disassembled and reused,or recycled to manufacture new components with minimal energy consumption.
文摘Buildings constructed with modern materials (cement blocks, sheet metal, reinforced concrete, etc.) in the Sahelian zone often generate excessive electricity consumption and consequently very high electricity bills. This study is a contribution to the development of new building types based on the principle of bioclimatic construction. The aim is to find materials suited to the Sahelian climate and improve thermal comfort. To this end, an experimental study of the hygrothermal behavior of a bioclimatic building prototype with a domed roof is being carried out. Site meteorological data, air temperature and relative humidity of the building’s internal environment were measured for three climatic seasons in Burkina Faso. The data acquisition system consists of thermocouples, solarimeters and humidity meters, and the data are processed using Excel and Origin Pro software. The results show that, despite the high temperature values (between 36˚C and 39˚C) of the internal environment measured in the hot season, good thermal performance is achieved, in particular an average phase shift of 7.17 h and an average damping of 10.81˚C. The dome-roofed building could therefore contribute to limiting heat transmission to the building interior, improving thermal comfort all year round. Analysis of humidity profiles shows that indoor humidity varies between 66% and 80% for the September period, and between 44% and 69% for the January period. The high values of internal ambient humidity could be reduced by very good ventilation of the building. This study shows that the proposed bioclimatic building prototype with domed roof could be integrated into the Sahelian habitat.
基金a grant from the Ministry of Territoryand Resources-1: 50 000 regional geological survey in Youcheng andTianbanjie district
文摘Phytolith analysis is employed in bioclimatic research into vermicular red earth, especially into its form, assemblage and zonation. The phytolith assemblage is divided into 10 zones. The statistics and main factor analysis of phytolith show that the obtained main factor load curves could suggest a climate change. Combined with phytolith assemblage feature, the bioclimatic variation of vermicular red earth during its formation stage, consisting of 5 arid-cold stages, 4 warm-humid stages and 2 mild stages, is reconstructed in detail. The research results indicate that phytolith records are ideal paleoclimatic signals in vermicular red earth, and that abundant information on environmental evolution can be located.
文摘The subject of the present work is the study of the relationship between the city shape and its geographical and climatic context. This is a very important feature of the Portuguese city. The Iberian Peninsula comprised by Spain and Portugal belongs to very different environments： the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea. This position is responsible for a series of highly contrasted regions. The external forces presented in each region, influence the shape, location and orientation, not only of individual buildings but of whole villages in such a way that we can identify pattems of construction in different natural regions. There is in fact, a remarkable correspondence between climate and urban type which is useful to identify for planning the different regions. The legacy of industrial city, as in other parts of the world, has changed this close connection between geography and architecture, with consequences not only in environment but especially for the identity of urban spaces. Bioclimatic urbanism is not just a question of sustainability or survival. It is also a question of local identity and variety. There is in fact a relationship between cultural process and environment responsive which we can learn from the structures of the past -- the pre-industrial city. We believe that the reinterpretation of the traditional city pattems forms a language which can be used as a design process for recovering urban landscape.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(92351303,92251304,U23A20153 and 92251307)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0503)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFF1304501)the Science&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(2017FY100300)。
文摘Bioclimatic zonation is critical for understanding how climate shapes biodiversity and biogeographic patterns.However,existing studies have primarily focused on macroorganisms,leaving microbial communities largely underexplored.This study seeks to address this gap through extensive sampling of bacterial communities from 931 sediment samples across 199 lakes in China.Based on the obtained data,we identified five distinct lacustrine microbial bioclimatic zones,each showing significant differences in multiple facets of bacterial diversity(i.e.,alpha,beta,and gamma diversity)and clear bioclimatic zone-dependent microbial biogeographic patterns.Notably,the alpha and beta diversity of the bacterial communities showed opposing patterns across bioclimatic zones.Dominant environmental variables—specifically mean annual temperature,elevation,lake hydrological variables,and sediment pH—exerted contrasting effects on the alpha and beta diversity and played critical roles in shaping microbial community distribution at different spatial scales.At continental scales,predominant geographic and climatic variables dictated the patterns of bioclimatic zonation of lacustrine microbial communities.At regional scales,hydrological variables influenced the dispersal capacity of lake microbes,whereas sediment physicochemical variables were the most important selection factors shaping local microbial communities.Furthermore,our findings indicated that bioclimatic boundaries substantially enhanced the contribution of variable selection on bacterial community assembly and led to marked changes in distance-decay relationships in community dissimilarities.Overall,this study established a continental bioclimatic framework for lacustrine microbial communities,clarifying how environmental variables control microbial distributions across spatial scales,providing new insights into microbial biogeography,and advancing our knowledge about biodiversity under future climate change scenarios.
基金supported by GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2021A1515110215)Guangdong Academy of Sciences(2022GDASZH-2022010105)+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(42101239)the Guangzhou Basic Research Program(2022GZQN31)the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Research Project(202201010296).
文摘Stacking is the process of overlaying inferred species potential distributions for multiple species based on outputs of bioclimatic envelope models(BEMs).The approach can be used to investigate patterns and processes of species richness.If data limitations on individual species distributions are inevitable,but how do they affect inferences of patterns and processes of species richness?We investigate the influence of different data sources on estimated species richness gradients in China.We fitted BEMs using species distributions data for 334 bird species obtained from(1)global range maps,(2)regional checklists,(3)museum records and surveys,and(4)citizen science data using presence-only(Mahalanobis distance),presence-background(MAXENT),and presence–absence(GAM and BRT)BEMs.Individual species predictions were stacked to generate species richness gradients.Here,we show that different data sources and BEMs can generate spatially varying gradients of species richness.The environmental predictors that best explained species distributions also differed between data sources.Models using citizen-based data had the highest accuracy,whereas those using range data had the lowest accuracy.Potential richness patterns estimated by GAM and BRT models were robust to data uncertainty.When multiple data sets exist for the same region and taxa,we advise that explicit treatments of uncertainty,such as sensitivity analyses of the input data,should be conducted during the process of modeling.
基金funded by grants from the Innovation Project of the State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding(2021B01).
文摘Pinus koraiensis(Sieb.et Zucc.) is a coniferous tree species naturally distributed in northeastern China.However,the effects of gene flow on its genetic diversity and structure remain unclear.This study investigates these dynamics in seven populations using ten microsatellite markers.The results show a high level of genetic diversity within the populations(Ho=0.633,He=0.746).In addition,molecular analysis of variance(AMOVA) shows that 98% of genetic diversity occurs within populations,with minimal differentiation between populations(Fst=0.009-0.033).Gene flow analysis shows significant migration rates between specific population pairs,particularly C-TH(87%),LS-Y(69%) and TH-LS(69%),suggesting genetic homogenization.Bayesian clustering(STRUCTURE) supports admixture and weak population differentiation.Environmental factors,especially temperature-related variables,significantly influence genetic patterns.Partial Mantel tests and multiple matrix regression show strong correlations between genetic distance and adaptations to cold temperatures(bio6 and bio11).Overall,this study emphasizes the robust genetic diversification and high migration rates in the populations of P.koraiensis and highlights their resilience.These results emphasize the importance of incorporating genetic and ecological factors into conservation strategies for sustainable forest management.This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetic variation,gene flow and environmental influences in forest tree species and improves our understanding of their adaptive mechanisms.
文摘INTRODUCTION The problems discussed in forums such as that within the European Charter for Solar Energy in Architecture and Urban Planning are still up-to-date.1 The role architecture plays in energy consumption calls for a conceptual reorientation that ensures a responsible design approach to the environment and the use of renewable resources based on local conditions.In this sense,the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto(1898-1976)figures as a pioneering precedent of a sustainable architecture.The Nordic climate and the deeply nature-concerned culture within which he lived are factors that derived a conscious design method characterised by the exploration of environmental concepts.The contextual approach was developed since his early career and reached a peak in his own summer house erected in Finland in the year 1953.As Aalto himself comments,this building had the advantage of being the‘experimental game’of the architect,where he could freely work without worrying about the constraints of usual project requirements.2 The biography of Aalto shows that he used to help his father,who was a surveyor,by drawing plans from the Finnish territory.3 Aalto himself grew up in Jyväskylä,a town located on the same lake studied here,and worked there in the first years of his professional career.He was familiar with the landscape and knew well in advance the general features of the house’s surroundings.The Summer House is a well-known building that has drawn attention in the academic context.Aalto published a seminal,brief text when the construction of the main block was finished,where experiments concerning topographical adaptation,material durability,and solar heating passive systems are mentioned.4 After appearing in the complete work of the architect,5 the Summer House was briefly mentioned in critical literature,6 and in recent years has been the subject of numerous studies.7 This panorama has contributed important information about the site and the house,which were,nevertheless,considered mainly by aesthetical and typological means.The bioclimatic themes seem to have not been systematically explored yet.The present essay seeks to identify and explain some design strategies that can illustrate the bioclimatic structure of the building.8 The textual argumentation is supported by photographs,diagrams,and a physical model.An introduction to the house is given by describing its geographical and programmatic situation.The study is then developed through the following topics:site and program;placement;spatial organization;and exterior-interior relations.As a conclusion,the house is evaluated as a precedent of an environmentally-concerned architecture.
基金The authors appreciate the providers of temperature and precipitation products to allow us to download and use these data sets.We thank two anonymous referees for their comments on the manuscript.
文摘Global maps of bioclimatic variables currently exist only at very coarse spatial resolution(e.g.WorldClim).For ecological studies requiring higher resolved information,this spatial resolution is often insufficient.The aim of this study is to estimate important bioclimatic variables of Mongolia from Earth Observation(EO)data at a higher spatial resolution of 1 km.The analysis used two different satellite time series data sets:land surface temperature(LST)from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS),and precipitation(P)from Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations(CHIRPS).Monthly maximum,mean,and minimum air temperature were estimated from Terra MODIS satellite(collection 6)LST time series product using the random forest(RF)regression model.Monthly total precipitation data were obtained from CHIRPS version 2.0.Based on this primary data,spatial maps of 19 bioclimatic variables at a spatial resolution of 1 km were generated,representing the period 2002-2017.We tested the relationship between estimated bioclimatic variables(SatClim)and WorldClim bioclimatic variables version 2.0(WorldClim)using determination coefficient(R^(2)),root mean square error(RMSE),and normalized root mean square error(nRMSE)and found overall good agreement.Among the set of 19 WorldClim bioclimatic variables,17 were estimated with a coefficient of determination(R^(2))higher than 0.7 and normalized RMSE(nRMSE)lower than 8%,confirming that the spatial pattern and value ranges can be retrieved from satellite data with much higher spatial resolution compared to WorldClim.Only the two bioclimatic variables related to temperature extremes(i.e.,annual mean diurnal range and isothermality)were modeled with only moderate accuracy(R^(2) of about 0.4 with nRMSE of about 11%).Generally,precipitation-related bioclimatic variables were closer correlated with WorldClim compared to temperature-related bioclimatic variables.The overall success of the modeling was attributed to the fact that satellite-derived data are well suited to generated spatial fields of precipitation and temperature variables,especially at high altitudes and high latitudes.As a consequence of the successful retrieval of the bioclimatic variables at 1 km spatial resolution,we are confident that the estimated 19 bioclimatic variables will be very useful for a range of applications,including species distribution modeling.
基金supported in part by The International Joint Laboratory on Tropical Diseases Control in the Greater Mekong Subregion fund(21410750200)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai,China and The Science and Technology Innovation Project fund of the School of Global Health,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(SGHKJCX2021-05,SGHKJCX2021-04),China.
文摘Haemaphysalis ticks are pathogenic vectors that threaten human and animal health and were identified in Chongming,the third largest island in China.To understand the distribution of these ticks and determine their potential invasion risk,this study aimed to identify the habitat suitability of the dominant tick H.flava based on natural environmental factors.Geographic information system(GIS)images were combined with sample points from tick investigations to map the spatial distribution of H.flava.Data on 19 bioclimatic variables,environmental variables,and satellite-based landscapes of Chongming Island were retrieved to create a landcover map related to natural environmental determinants of H.flava.These data included 38 sites associated with the vectors to construct species distribution models with MaxEnt,a model based on the maximum entropy principle,and to predict habitat suitability for H.flava on Chongming Island in 2050 and 2070 under different climate scenarios.The model performed well in predicting the H.flava distribution,with a training area under the curve of 0.84 and a test area under the curve of 0.73.A habitat suitability map of the whole study area was created for H.flava.The resulting map and natural environment analysis highlighted the importance of the normalized difference vegetation index and precipitation in the driest month for the bioecology of H.flava,with 141.61 km^(2)(11.77%),282.94 km^(2)(23.35%),and 405.30 km^(2)(33.69%)of highly,moderately,and poorly suitable habitats,respectively.The distribution decreased by 135.55 km^(2) and 138.82 km^(2) in 2050 and 2070,respectively,under the shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP)1.2.6 climate change scenario.However,under SSP 5.8.5,the total area will decrease by 128.5 km^(2) in 2050 and increase by 151.64 km^(2) in 2070.From a One Health perspective,this study provides good knowledge that will guide tick control efforts to prevent the spread of Haemaphysalis ticks or transmission risk of Haemaphysalis-borne infections at the human-animal-environment interface on the island.
基金founded by Chinese Special Scientific Research Fund for Public Welfare Industry(Agriculture,200903024)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province,China(310071)
文摘Known as the ＂king of spices＂,black pepper（Piper nigrum）,a perennial crop of the tropics,is economically the most important and the most widely used spice crop in the world.To understand its suitable bioclimatic distribution,maximum entropy based on ecological niche modeling was used to model the bioclimatic niches of the species in its Asian range.Based on known occurrences,bioclimatic areas with higher probabilities are mainly located in the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Peninsula,the east of Sumatra Island,some areas in the Malay Archipelago,and the southeast coastal areas of China.Some undocumented places were also predicted as suitable areas.According to the jackknife procedure,the minimum temperature of the coldest month,the mean monthly temperature range,and the precipitation of the wettest month were identified as highly effective factors in the distribution of black pepper and could possibly account for the crop＇s distribution pattern.Such climatic requirements inhibited this species from dispersing and gaining a larger geographical range.
基金the Tapi Spice Research Center for their support。
文摘Climate change is thought to have a greater impact on crops that require particular conditions for their productivity.Southwest Ethiopia is a region where important cash crops such as Coffea arabica and Aframomum corrorima(korerima)originate.These crops are known to require shade for their growth and productivity.This study was conducted to assess the impacts of climate change on an important but neglected cash crop of A.corrorima using GIS-based species distribution approaches.Local meteorological data and bioclimatic data from WorldClim were used to map past,present,and future distribution of the crop in the Coffee Forest System of Southwest Ethiopia.Moreover,96 key informants were interviewed and completed questionnaires to complement the distribution modeling.The key informants mapped the history and present occurrences of A.corrorima and based on this,ground-truthing survey was conducted.The interpolation method of the Inverse Distance Weighted was used in ArcGIS 10.5 to develop bioclimatic variables for modeling past and present distribution while data from IPCC(AR4)Emissions Scenarios was used for the future occurrence prediction using Principal Component Analysis.Eleven best bioclimatic variables were selected and MaxEnt was used to model past,present and future distribution of A.corrorima.The output of our model was validated using Area Under the Curve(AUC)approach.Temperature and precipitation are the most important environmental variable,then temperature increased by 1.3°C in the past(from 1988 to 2018)while it is predicted to increase further by at least 1.4°C before 2050.On the contrary,precipitation decreased by an average of 10.1 mm from the past while it is predicted to decrease further by 12.5 mm before 2050.Our model shows that the area suitable for korerima in 1988 was 20,638.2 ha and it was reduced by half and became 10,545.3 ha in 2018,similarly predicted to shrink into 3225.5 ha by 2050.The findings from the key informants confirm the model results whereby 89.1%of the respondent replied korerima producing area has been shifted into the mountains over the last 30 years(by 150 m a.s.l.from 1988 to 2018)and thus expected to be pushing up in the next 32 years(by 133 m before 2050).The community claims that the length of the rainy season of the area has been shortening from 9 months in the past to an average of 5.5 months recently which also coincides with increasing temperature.We conclude that with the changing climatic condition,the suitable habitat of korerima has already shrank by 48.9%(from 1988 to 2018)and the trend may lead to a shrink by 84.38%before 2050(from 1988 to 2050).Therefore,it is important to develop site-specific climate adaptation strategies for the region such as promoting alternative livelihoods and avoiding further coffee forest degradation and deforestation.
文摘Background:Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.(Korean pine)is a key species of the mixed cold temperate forests of Northeast Asia.Current climate change can significantly worsen the quality of P.koraiensis habitats and therefore lead to a large-scale structural and functional transformation of the East Asian mixed forests.We built a species distribution model(SDM)for P.koraiensis using the random forest classifier–a versatile machine learning al-gorithm,to discover overlap areas of potential species occurrence in the climate condition of the Last Glacial Maximum(~21,000 year before present)and in the projected future climates(2070 year),from which possible permanent refugia for P.koraiensis were identified.Results:Using the random forest supervised learning algorithm,we developed models of the modern distribution of P.koraiensis in accordance with the five selected bioclimatic variables(Kira’s warmth and coldness indices,the index of continentality,the rain precipitation index,and the snow precipitation index).In addition to current climatic conditions,we performed this analysis for the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum and for the future projected climate(2070)under scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5.Among the predictors,the rain index appears to be the most significant.The land area estimates with high suitability for P.koraiensis was 303,785 km 2 under current climatic conditions,586,499 km 2 for the Last Glacial Maximum,and 337,573 km^(2) for the future(2070)period under the RCP2.6 scenario,and 397,764 km^(2) under the RCP8.5 scenario.Conclusions:Most of the potential range of P.koraiensis during the Last Glacial Maximum was located outside the current distribution area of the species.The climatically suitable P.koraiensis habitats will likely disappear in the western part of its modern range.In the southern part of the range,which includes glacial refugia,the areas of continuous distribution of the P.koraiensis populations since the end of the Pleistocene are expected to be frag-mented,but some localities in the north of the Korean Peninsula,northeast China,southern Primorye(Russia),and central Honshu(Japan)with suitable climatic conditions for the species will support the existence of populations.
基金supported by SRCES RAS,by the project TRAKT 2018,by Belmont Forum project SERUS,and RFBR project no.20-55-71004Pre-processing of in-situ observations in Apatity performed by Mikhail Varentsov and Pavel Konstantinov was supported by Russian Science Foundation,project no.19-05-50112Results of this research are promoted through the activities of the PanEurasian EXperiment(PEEX)programme.We are grateful to Dr.Igor Esau for insightful discussions.
文摘A novel satellite technique for air temperature mapping with a spatial resolution of~100 m was proposed for the town of Apatity,the Kola Peninsula(Russia),taken as a case study.The main idea behind this novel technique is to find the statistical relationships between the land surface temperatures in each point of the study area,observed by multiple infrared thermal satellite imagery,and the time series of air temperatures recorded by World Meteorological Organization(WMO)weather station.Fourteen scenes of infrared thermal spectral band of the Landsat satellites for the period 2014–2019 were used,as well as the long-term time series of air temperature from the weather station and the results of air temperature observations carried out by the network of loggers.For calm weather conditions,according to the ground truth,the error of air temperature mapping wasσ=1.5°C,and the precision was estimated asδ=1.0°C.An analysis of the compiled air temperature map showed that,under polar night conditions,the air temperature on the hilltops was by 10–18°C higher than in the lowlands.It was concluded that,for economic reasons,as well as for the reasons of population health protection in the Arctic,it would be advisable to plan the placement of new cities on the hills.Each of these new areas should be designed in a“semi-isolated”manner in order to minimize the time needed by the local people for crossing the lowlands between the nearby districts.A characteristic feature of modern megalopolises is their internal structure formed by the growing primary settlements that can be considered as nuclei interlinked by transportation routes.Thus,the new Arctic cities can be called“Arctic megalopolises”because of their internal structure that is specific to megalopolises.
文摘Brazil is one of the countries with the greatest biodiversity, being covered by diverse ecosystems. Native trees commercially planted generate numerous benefits for communities, providing cultural, recreational, tourism riches, as well as ecological benefits, such as nutrient regulation and carbon sequestration. Thus, this work aimed to generate potential distribution modeling for the Brazilian forest species, to provide information that will serve as a strategy for conservation, restoration and commercial plantation of them, that is, encouraging the use of legal native species in the forest sector. Eleven tree species and 19 bioclimatic variables were selected. The software Maxent 3.3.3 was applied in the generation of the distribution models and the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic （AUC） was used to analyze the model. The Jackknife test contributed to identify which bioclimatic variables are most important or influential in the model. The models showed AUC values ranged from 0.857 to 0.983. The species with higher AUC values were Araucaria angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella and Euterpe edulis, respectively. The maximum temperature of warmest month showed the highest influence for the most species, followed by the mean diurnal range and annual precipitation. It was observed that for some species, there were restricted areas of environmental suitability, such as Araucaria angustifolia, Ilex paraguariensis and Mimosa scabrella. The models used could trace the potential distribution areas using the environmental variables, and these models contribute significantly to sustainable forest management.
文摘There have been numerous efforts to generate freely available climatic datasets for use in species distribution models, the most popular being the global climatic dataset known as WorldClim. The availability of such datasets is invaluable to scientists as many studies are performed in remote areas where no weather stations are found. However, many users do not critically assess the suitability of these datasets for their applications, and errors associated with global datasets are often assumed to be negligible. Understanding what a climate dataset can or cannot deliver requires the user to have a working knowledge of what the basic spatial climate-forcing factors are at the scale of his/her study, and to have a good understanding of the uncertainty in the dataset. In geographic studies, uncertainty is often described by the degree of error (uncertainty), or degree of accuracy (certainty) in data, and thematic uncertainty refers to the uncertainty in measures made for each variable, whereas temporal uncertainty refers to the uncertainty in time period represented by each variable. Here, we used climatic data from weather stations to investigate the climate-forcing factors in southern Kenya, and then used this weather station data to investigate the uncertainty in the WorldClim dataset. Results indicated that the nineteen core Worldclim variables, known as bioclimatic variables, accurately depicted the local variations in climate in the study area. However, whereas the monthly and seasonal temperature variables represented the same time period in different locations, the same was not true for the monthly and seasonal precipitation variables. The onset of rains is a key biological indicator, and scientists studying phenomena tied to the onset of rains need to keep in mind the temporal variations represented in the WorldClim dataset.
文摘Environmental characteristics are often the factors that determine the distribution of species in nature. However, species response vis-A-vis these factors differs. For a better understanding of the phenomenon, we have conducted this study which consists of following the spatio-temporal evolution of two species of Oribatida （Scheloribates sp. and Galumna sp.）. The sites which have been the subject of this study, are situated in different bioclimatic zones presenting a very different climatic, edaphic, nutritional, and altitudinal characteristics. The variability of ecological factors showed that the behavior of two species differs. Indeed, Scheloribates sp. is present in all sites except in Biskra whereas Galumna sp. is present only in sites belonging to humid and sub humid bioclimatic zones. Moreover, Scheloribates sp. appears more tolerant of environmental changes while Galumna sp. is more stringent and its presence is marked only in the sites where ecological conditions are better. Thus, it can be noted that the spatial and temporal distribution of oribatid is not only conditioned solely by environmental factors but also by intrinsic factors specific to each species. The specific behavior of Galumna sp. and the tolerance of Scheloribates sp. are interesting and can be the subject of bioindicator species that can inform us about the changes that effect whether natural or anthropogenic environment.
文摘With a sustained period of economic growth, rapidly growing populations and with more diversified economies Africa need sustainable development; hence the greater need for massive investments in energy. Sub-Saharan countries such as Djibouti have the potential and ability to harness their natural ventilation as a passive cooling system for designing new houses. The rapid expansion of the Djibouti city is affecting negatively the environment and the safety and comfort of its inhabitants. Proper atmospheric urban planning and management are key to making cities environmentally friendly and sustainable. Based on energy consumption, climate conditions in Djibouti and numerical analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD）, it is apparent that the natural ventilation creates a thermally comfortable indoor environment in buildings during the cool season of the year. Measured wind data from two measurement systems are presented and discussed. Statistical analyses, wind rose, Weibull distribution were carried out to understand the natural ventilation characteristic, which is used for evolving the basic criteria for economic viability of building in the semi-arid climate of Djibouti. The study found that it is possible to benefit from natural ventilation in buildings during the cool season of the year.
