The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed th...The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.展开更多
A novel bioresin, epoxidized soybean oil was synthesized by in situ method and was characterized employing FTIR and NMR. The bioresin was blended with epoxy（DGEBA） at different ratios as reactive diluents for improv...A novel bioresin, epoxidized soybean oil was synthesized by in situ method and was characterized employing FTIR and NMR. The bioresin was blended with epoxy（DGEBA） at different ratios as reactive diluents for improved processibility and toughened nature. The composition with 20 wt% bioresin exhibited improved impact strength to the tune of 60% as compared to virgin epoxy. Fracture toughness parameters critical stress intensity factor（KIC） and critical strain energy release rate（GIC） were evaluated using single edge notch bending test and demonstrated superior enhancement in toughness. Dynamic mechanical, thermal, thermo mechanical and fracture morphological analyses have been studied for bio-based epoxy blends. Curing kinetics has been evaluated through DSC analysis to investigate the effect of bioresin on cross-linking reaction of neat epoxy with triethylenetetramine as curing agent.展开更多
Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,...Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,Wu et al.successfully synthesized a completely bio-based ERT using lignocellulose-derived building blocks which exhibit outstanding thermal and mechanical properties.Remarkably,these bio-materials degrade via methanolysis without the need of any catalyst,presenting a smart and cost-effective recycling strategy.Furthermore,this approach could be employed for fabricating reusable composites comprising glass fiber and plant fiber,thereby expanding its applications in sustainable transportation,coatings,paints or biomedical devices.展开更多
The growing environmental concerns have led to attention on bio-based composite materials, such as the natural fibres, recycled carbon fibres and bio-based resins. Herein, the bio-based epoxy composites were reinforce...The growing environmental concerns have led to attention on bio-based composite materials, such as the natural fibres, recycled carbon fibres and bio-based resins. Herein, the bio-based epoxy composites were reinforced with ramie fibre (RF) and recycled carbon fibre (rCF) via inter-layer hybridisation. The dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile, flexural and impact properties characterisation were conducted to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the specimens. Also, the morphology of fractured surface after mechanical tests was studied under a scanning electron microscope. When the volume ratio between RF and rCF was varied from 100/0 to 0/100, the flexural and tensile strength of composites was significantly increased, while the impact strength was reduced. Thus the maximum values of flexural strength (182 MPa) and tensile strength (165 MPa) were observed for rCF reinforced composite, whilst impact strength of 24 kJ/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was found for RF reinforced composite. Furthermore, the values of storage and loss modulus were increased with the rCF incorporation due to a greater degree of restriction with the addition of rCF into the matrix. The hybridisation was able to combine the specific properties of RF and rCF and optimise the mechanical performance of composites. Therefore, the alternative low-cost green composites are prepared which can replace synthetic materials for semi-structural applications.展开更多
The bio-based epoxy nanocomposite(GAER/DOPO-POSS)was prepared from gallic epoxy resin(GAER)and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(which containing 9,10-dihydrogen-9-oxo-10-phosphorus-phenanthrene-10-oxide groups,cal...The bio-based epoxy nanocomposite(GAER/DOPO-POSS)was prepared from gallic epoxy resin(GAER)and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(which containing 9,10-dihydrogen-9-oxo-10-phosphorus-phenanthrene-10-oxide groups,called DOPO-POSS).The polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing epoxy groups(E-POSS)was grafted onto aminated graphene oxide(E-GO),then the novel POSS-E-GO was obtained.The POSS-E-GO was used as modifier for GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite.The influences of POSS-E-GO content on mechanical properties,dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposites were determined.The experimental results show that POSS-E-GO can significantly improve the toughness of the GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite.When 0.5wt% POSS-E-GO was added in GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite,the impact strength of the nanocomposite was 4.74 kJ/m^(2) higher than that in the absence of POSS-E-GO,meantime the initial thermal degradation temperature was 277℃.展开更多
The integration of high mechanical toughness,impact strength as well as excellent flame-retardant properties toward epoxy resins(EPs)have always been a dilemma.The inadequate overall performance of EPs severely restri...The integration of high mechanical toughness,impact strength as well as excellent flame-retardant properties toward epoxy resins(EPs)have always been a dilemma.The inadequate overall performance of EPs severely restricts their sustainable utilization in engineering aspects over long-term.Herein,a new bio-based agent(diglycidyl ether of magnolol phosphine oxide,referred as DGEMP)derived from magnolol(classified as lignan),extracted from natural plants Magnolia officinalis,was successfully synthesized and further employed as a flameretardant reactive additive to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA).As demonstration,the composite resin,DGEBA/15DGEMP(15 wt%DGEMP),achieved an Underwriters Laboratories-94 V-0 rating with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)value(41.5%).In cone calorimeter tests,it showed that heat release and smoke production were effectively inhibited during combustion,wherein the peak heat release rate(PHRR)value of DGEBA/15DGEMP was reduced by 50%compared to neat DGEBA.Additionally,it exhibited a superior tensile strength(82.8 MPa),toughness(5.11MJ/m^(3))and impact strength(36.5 k J/m^(2)),much higher than that of neat DGEBA(49.7 MPa,2.05 MJ/m^(3)and 20.9 k J/m^(2)).Thus,it is highly anticipated that DGEMP imparts significantly improved mechanical and fire-retarded properties to conventional EPs,which holds a great potential to address the pressing challenges in EP thermosets industry.展开更多
Recent advances in epoxy resins have been forward to achieving high mechanical performance,thermal stability,and flame retardancy.However,seeking sustainable bio-based epoxy precursors and avoiding introduction of add...Recent advances in epoxy resins have been forward to achieving high mechanical performance,thermal stability,and flame retardancy.However,seeking sustainable bio-based epoxy precursors and avoiding introduction of additional flame-retardant agents are still of increasing demand.Here we report the synthesis of p-hydroxycinnamic acid-derived epoxy monomer(HCA-EP)via a simple one-step reaction,and the HCA-EP can be cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(DDM)to prepare epoxy resins.Compared with the typical petroleum-based epoxy resin,bisphenol A epoxy resin,the HCA-EP-DDM shows a relatively high glass transition temperature(192.9℃)and impressive mechanical properties(tensile strength of 98.3 MPa and flexural strength of 158.9 MPa).Furthermore,the HCA-EP-DDM passes the V-1 flammability rating in UL-94 test and presents the limiting oxygen index of 32.6%.Notably,its char yield is as high as 31.6%under N_(2),and the peak heat rate release is 60%lower than that of bisphenol A epoxy resin.Such findings provide a simple way of using p-hydroxycinnamic acid instead of bisphenol A to construct high-performance bio-based thermosets.展开更多
In the electric power equipment industry,various insulating materials and accessories are manufactured using petroleum-based epoxy resins.However,petrochemical resources are gradually becoming limited.In addition,the ...In the electric power equipment industry,various insulating materials and accessories are manufactured using petroleum-based epoxy resins.However,petrochemical resources are gradually becoming limited.In addition,the global surge in plastic usage has consistently raised concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions,leading to worsening global warming.Therefore,to facilitate eco-friendly policies,industrialising epoxy systems applicable to high-pressure components using bio-based epoxy composites is essential.The results of the characterisation conducted in this research regarding bio-content were confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry,which showed that as the bio-content increased,the thermal stability improved.Considering the operating temperature of 105℃ for the insulation spacer,structurally,no issues would be encountered if the spacer was manufactured with a bio-content of 20%(bio 20%).Subsequent tensile and flexural strength measurements revealed mechanical properties equivalent to or better than those of their petroleum-based counterparts.The impact strength tended to decrease with increasing bio-content.Analysing the dielectric properties confirmed that the epoxy composite containing 20%biomaterial is suitable for manufacturing insulation spacers.Subsequently,a series of tests conducted after spacer fabrication confirmed the absence of internal metals and bubbles with no external discolouration or cracks observed.展开更多
In this study,a novel CS@SA@ZIF-67 core-shell nano-hybrid was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67(ZIF-67)as a template and CS@SA@ZIF-67 as a modifier.Then,flame-retardant nanocomposites(EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67)w...In this study,a novel CS@SA@ZIF-67 core-shell nano-hybrid was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67(ZIF-67)as a template and CS@SA@ZIF-67 as a modifier.Then,flame-retardant nanocomposites(EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67)were obtained by combining the hybrid with epoxy resins.The microstructure and morphology of CS@SA@ZIF-67 and the residual chars were explored using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD),and the effect of the obtained hybrid materials on the fire performance of the epoxy resins was characterized.Compared with the flame retardant system composed of ZIF-67 and pure EP,the hybrid flame retardant composites exhibited low total heat release and smoke production.The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results showed that the maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67 based composite coating was stabilized at the highest value(378.2 and 563.9℃)so that the introduction of CS@SA@ZIF-67 could improve the thermal properties of the EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67 composites to a certain extent.Meanwhile,the cone test results indicated that the peak heat release rate pHRR of the CS@SA@ZIF-67 filled EP composite was reduced by 18.43%compared to that of pure EP,implying enhanced flame retardancy.The enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy of the CS@SA@ZIF-67 composites were mainly ascribed to the catalytic effect and carbonization ability of CS@SA@ZIF-67.展开更多
Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this stu...Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this study,a bio-based liquid crystal epoxy resin(THMT-E P)with an s-triazine ring structure was utilized to modify a petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy resin(E51)with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS)as a curing agent,and the blended systems were evaluated for their thermal stability,mechanical properties,and flame retardancy.The results showed that the impact strength of the blended system initially increased and then decreased with the increase in THMT-EP content,and it reached the a maximum value of 26.5 kJ/m^(2)when the THMT-EP content was 5%,which was 31.2%higher than that of E51/DDS.Notably,the flexural strength,modulus,and glass transition tem perature of the blended system were all simultaneously improved with the addition of THMT-EP.At the same time,the addition of THMT-EP enhanced the flame retardancy of the system by increasing the char yield at 700℃and decreasing the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate.This work paves the way for a more sustainable improvement in the comprehensive performance of epoxy resin.展开更多
By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permea...By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permeability and heavy oil reservoirs under varying temperature conditions.The results demonstrate that this system effectively reduces oil–water interfacial tension,achieving an ultra-low interfacial tension state.The static oil washing efficiency of oil sands exceeds 85%,the average pressure reduction rate reaches 21.55%,and the oil recovery rate improves by 13.54%.These enhancements significantly increase the system’s ability to dissolve oilbased blockages,thereby lowering water injection pressure caused by organic fouling,increasing the injection volume of injection wells,and ultimately improving oil recovery efficiency.展开更多
In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance ...In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance of lightweight concrete.Through a mixture design approach,five formulations were selected and thoroughly characterized.The analysis of iso-response curves enabled an in-depth assessment of the cross-effects between formulation parameters and their interactions on the final properties of the material.The results show that integrating millet husks leads to a significant reduction in density,reaching up to 21%,while maintaining notable mechanical performance.A balanced formulation of sand and fibers achieved a maximum compressive strength of 12.11 MPa,demonstrating that,under specific conditions,plant fibers actively contribute to the structural integrity of the composite.In tensile strength,the positive influence of fibers is even more pronounced,with a maximum resistance of 8.62 MPa,highlighting their role in enhancing material cohesion.From a thermal perspective,millet husks reduce both thermal conductivity and effusivity,thereby limiting heat transfer and accumulation within the composite.Iso-response curve analysis reveals that these effects are directly linked to the proportions of the constituents and that achieving an optimal balance between sand,fibers,and cement is key to maximizing performance.These findings demonstrate that the adopted approach allows moving beyond conventional substitution methods by identifying optimal configurations for the design of lightweight bio-based concretes that are both strong and insulating,thereby confirming the potential of millet husks in developing lightweight concretes suitable for sustainable construction applications.展开更多
An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthrolin...An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthroline/bipyridine,and poly-F substituted phenyl ligands as the mixture linkers.The results of control experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the–F on the phenyl linkers efficiently tunes the electron-deficient nature of Pd through the Zr_(6) clusters bridges,which favors the adsorption and activation of the furan ring.Furthermore,the conjugation of different nitrogen-containing ligands facilitates Pd coordination for the Heck-type insertion and subsequent electrophilic palladation,respectively.As a result,the oxidative arylation of FA derivatives is substantially enhanced because of these electronic and steric synergistic effects.Under the optimized conditions,72.2%FA conversion and 74.8%mono aryl furan(MAF)selectivity are shown in the Heck-type insertion.Meanwhile,85.3%of MAF is converted,affording 74.8%selectivity of final product(AFs)in the subsequent electrophilic palladation reaction.This process efficiency is remarkably higher than that with homogeneous catalysts.In addition,furan-benzene polymer obtained from the halogen-free synthesis catalyzed by UiO-67-Pd(F)show significantly better properties than that from conventional Suzuki coupling method.Therefore,the present work provides a new insight for useful AFs synthesis by oxidative arylation of bio-furan via rational tunning the metal center micro-environment of heterogeneous catalyst.展开更多
Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological proce...Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological process from lignocellulose.These novel nylons were obtained by the melt polymerization of 3-propyladipic acid derived from lignin and 1,5-pentenediamine/1,4-butanediamine derived from carbohydrate sugar.Central to the concept is a three-step noble metal free catalytic chemical funnelling sequence(Raney Ni mediated reductive catalytic fractionation-reductive funnelling-oxidative funnelling),which allowed for obtaining a single component 3-propyladipic acid from lignin with high efficiency.The structural and thermodynamic properties of the obtained nylons have been systematically investigated,and thus obtained transparent bio-based nylons exhibited higher Mw(>32,000)and excellent thermal stability(Td5%>265℃).Considering their moderate Tg and good melt strength,these transparent bio-based nylons could serve as promising functional additives or temperature-responsive materials.展开更多
A phosphorus-containing bio-based epoxy resin(EADI)was synthesized from itaconic acid(IA)and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide(DOPO).As a matrix,its cured epoxy network with methyl hexahydrophthalic a...A phosphorus-containing bio-based epoxy resin(EADI)was synthesized from itaconic acid(IA)and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide(DOPO).As a matrix,its cured epoxy network with methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride(MHHPA)as the curing agent showed comparable glass-transition temperature and mechanical properties to diglycidyl ether in a bisphenol A(DGEBA)system as well as good flame retardancy with UL94 V-0 grade during a vertical burning test.As a reactive flame retardant,its flame-resistant effect on DGEBA/MHHPA system as well as its influence on the curing behavior and the thermal and mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin were investigated.Results showed that after the introduction of EADI,not only were the flame retardancy determined by vertical burning test,LOI measurement,and thermogravimetric analysis significantly improved,but also the curing reactivity,glass transition temperature(T g),initial degradation temperature for 5%weight loss(T d(5%)),and flexural modulus of the cured system improved as well.EADI has great potential to be used as a green flame retardant in epoxy resin systems.展开更多
In this study, monoglycidyl silyl etherated eugenol(GSE) was synthesized as reactive epoxy diluent, and the chemical structure of GSE, intermediates, and products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spect...In this study, monoglycidyl silyl etherated eugenol(GSE) was synthesized as reactive epoxy diluent, and the chemical structure of GSE, intermediates, and products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance(~1 H-NMR). GSE existed as a potential bio-based reactive diluent for petroleum-based epoxy resin. The curing kinetics of EP/HHPA/GSE system was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The kinetics parameters were calculated by using the Kissinger model, Crane model, Ozawa model, and β-T(temperature-heating rate) extrapolation, respectively. In addition, the effects of GSE on the thermo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of EP/HHPA/GSE systems were studied, indicating that GSE can effectively improve the toughness and thermal decomposition temperature of the epoxy system.展开更多
It is essential to design economic and efficient tougheners to prepare high-performance epoxy resin;however,this has remained a huge challenge.Herein,an eco-friendly,low-cost,and facile-fabricated bio-based hyperbranc...It is essential to design economic and efficient tougheners to prepare high-performance epoxy resin;however,this has remained a huge challenge.Herein,an eco-friendly,low-cost,and facile-fabricated bio-based hyperbranched toughener,carboxylic acid-functionalized tannic acid(CATA),was successfully prepared and applicated to the preparation of solvent-free epoxy resins.The mechanical performance,morphology,structural characterization,and thermal characterization of toughened epoxy resin system were studied.The toughened epoxy resin system with only 1.0wt%CATA reached the highest impact strength,111%higher than the neat epoxy resin system.Notably,the tensile strength and elongation at break of toughened epoxy resin systems increased moderately with increasing CATA loading.Nonphase-separated hybrids with significant toughening effect were obtained.Additionally,the thermal stabilities of toughened epoxy resin systems decreased with increasing CATA loading.This study provides an eco-friendly,cost-effective,and facile approach for the preparation of high-performance,solvent-free epoxy resins with potential for practical applications in sealing integrated circuits and electrical devices fields.展开更多
The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.Th...The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.This paper offers a comprehensive review and analysis of bio-based rejuvenators as a promising avenue for enhancing the longevity and sustainability of asphalt.Through a multifaceted exploration,it delves into various aspects of this innovative approach.Providing a thorough overview of bio-based rejuvenators,the study highlights their renewable and environmentally friendly characteristics.It conducts an in-depth examination of a wide spectrum of bio-derived materials,including vegetable oils,waste-derived bio-products,and biopolymers,through a comprehensive survey.The paper evaluates how bio-based rejuvenators enhance aged asphalt binders and mixes,effectively mitigating the adverse impacts of aging.Furthermore,it investigates how these rejuvenators address environmental concerns by identifying compatibility issues,assessing long-term performance,and evaluating economic feasibility.Finally,the paper outlines potential advancements and research pathways aimed at optimizing the utilization of bio-based rejuvenators in asphalt concrete,thereby contributing to the sustainable evolution of road infrastructure.展开更多
Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,t...Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,three Pt-based catalysts supported on C,AlO(OH),and ZrO_(2)were investigated for the APR of hydroxyacetone solution in afixed bed reactor at 225℃and 35 bar.Among them,the Pt/C catalyst showed the highest turnover frequency for H_(2)production(TOF of 8.9 molH_(2)molPt^(-1)min^(-1))and the longest catalyst stability.Over the AlO(OH)and ZrO_(2)supported Pt catalysts,the side reactions consuming H_(2),formation of coke,and Pt sintering result in a low H_(2)production and the fast catalyst deactivation.The proposed reaction pathways suggest that a promising APR catalyst should reform all oxygenates in the aqueous phase,minimize the hydrogenation of the oxygenates,maximize the WGS reaction,and inhibit the condensation and coking reactions for maximizing the hydrogen yield and a stable catalytic performance.展开更多
Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of com...Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of compounds, facilitate the elongation of polymer chains through reactive functional groups, thereby enhancing the performance of the materials. Epoxy-based chain extenders, due to their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, high reaction efficiency, and effective reactivity with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, have emerged as a promising class of chain extenders. This manuscript comprehensively elaborates on the varieties, structural characteristics, and performance of chain extenders, the challenges they face, and the methods for their modification. Special emphasis is placed on the application of epoxy-based chain extenders in biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), and their subsequent influence on the structural and performance properties of these materials.展开更多
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743622)Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(No.2024J109)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.E52307038 and U23A20589)Ningbo 2025 Key Scientific Research Programs(Nos.2022Z111,2022Z160 and 2022Z198)the Leading Innovativeand Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang(No.2021R01005).
文摘The demand for energy-efficient and environmental-friendly power grid construction has made the exploitation of bio-based electrical epoxy resins with excellent properties increasingly important.This work developed the bio-based electrotechnical epoxy resins based on magnolol.High-performance epoxy resin(DGEMT)with a double crosslinked points and its composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT)were obtained taking advantages of the two bifunctional groups(allyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups)of magnolol.Benefitting from the distinctive structure of DGEMT,the Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites exhibited the advantages of intrinsically high thermal conductivity,high insulation,and low dielectric loss.The AC breakdown strength and thermal conductivity of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT composites were 35.5 kV/mm and 1.19 W·m-1·K-1,respectively,which were 15.6%and 52.6%higher than those of petroleum-based composites(Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA).And its dielectric loss tanδ=0.0046 was 20.7%lower than that of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.Furthermore,the mechanical,thermal and processing properties of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEMT are fully comparable to those of Al_(2)O_(3)/DGEBA.This work confirms the feasibility of manufacturing environmentally friendly power equipment using bio-based epoxy resins,which has excellent engineering applications.
基金financially supported by the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals,Govt.of India
文摘A novel bioresin, epoxidized soybean oil was synthesized by in situ method and was characterized employing FTIR and NMR. The bioresin was blended with epoxy（DGEBA） at different ratios as reactive diluents for improved processibility and toughened nature. The composition with 20 wt% bioresin exhibited improved impact strength to the tune of 60% as compared to virgin epoxy. Fracture toughness parameters critical stress intensity factor（KIC） and critical strain energy release rate（GIC） were evaluated using single edge notch bending test and demonstrated superior enhancement in toughness. Dynamic mechanical, thermal, thermo mechanical and fracture morphological analyses have been studied for bio-based epoxy blends. Curing kinetics has been evaluated through DSC analysis to investigate the effect of bioresin on cross-linking reaction of neat epoxy with triethylenetetramine as curing agent.
基金the foundational support by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(BLX202132)the foundational support by the Beijing Youth Talent Funding Program-Visiting program for young foreign scholars(Q2023043)IIT(BHU)Varanasi.
文摘Due to their extraordinary durability and thermal stability,Epoxy Resin Thermosets(ERTs)are essential in various industries.However,their poor recyclability leads to unacceptable environmental pollution.In this study,Wu et al.successfully synthesized a completely bio-based ERT using lignocellulose-derived building blocks which exhibit outstanding thermal and mechanical properties.Remarkably,these bio-materials degrade via methanolysis without the need of any catalyst,presenting a smart and cost-effective recycling strategy.Furthermore,this approach could be employed for fabricating reusable composites comprising glass fiber and plant fiber,thereby expanding its applications in sustainable transportation,coatings,paints or biomedical devices.
文摘The growing environmental concerns have led to attention on bio-based composite materials, such as the natural fibres, recycled carbon fibres and bio-based resins. Herein, the bio-based epoxy composites were reinforced with ramie fibre (RF) and recycled carbon fibre (rCF) via inter-layer hybridisation. The dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile, flexural and impact properties characterisation were conducted to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the specimens. Also, the morphology of fractured surface after mechanical tests was studied under a scanning electron microscope. When the volume ratio between RF and rCF was varied from 100/0 to 0/100, the flexural and tensile strength of composites was significantly increased, while the impact strength was reduced. Thus the maximum values of flexural strength (182 MPa) and tensile strength (165 MPa) were observed for rCF reinforced composite, whilst impact strength of 24 kJ/m</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was found for RF reinforced composite. Furthermore, the values of storage and loss modulus were increased with the rCF incorporation due to a greater degree of restriction with the addition of rCF into the matrix. The hybridisation was able to combine the specific properties of RF and rCF and optimise the mechanical performance of composites. Therefore, the alternative low-cost green composites are prepared which can replace synthetic materials for semi-structural applications.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.B2019210221)the Project by S&T Program of Hebei(No.206Z1202G)。
文摘The bio-based epoxy nanocomposite(GAER/DOPO-POSS)was prepared from gallic epoxy resin(GAER)and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane(which containing 9,10-dihydrogen-9-oxo-10-phosphorus-phenanthrene-10-oxide groups,called DOPO-POSS).The polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane containing epoxy groups(E-POSS)was grafted onto aminated graphene oxide(E-GO),then the novel POSS-E-GO was obtained.The POSS-E-GO was used as modifier for GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite.The influences of POSS-E-GO content on mechanical properties,dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposites were determined.The experimental results show that POSS-E-GO can significantly improve the toughness of the GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite.When 0.5wt% POSS-E-GO was added in GAER/DOPO-POSS nanocomposite,the impact strength of the nanocomposite was 4.74 kJ/m^(2) higher than that in the absence of POSS-E-GO,meantime the initial thermal degradation temperature was 277℃.
基金Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.2008085J26)Natural Science Foundation in University of Anhui Province(Nos.KJ2021ZD0119 and 2022AH040251)+3 种基金China Scholarship Council(No.202008340021)Start-up Fund for Distinguished Scholars in Hefei University(No.20RC37)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2108085QB47)Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(No.City U 11208617)。
文摘The integration of high mechanical toughness,impact strength as well as excellent flame-retardant properties toward epoxy resins(EPs)have always been a dilemma.The inadequate overall performance of EPs severely restricts their sustainable utilization in engineering aspects over long-term.Herein,a new bio-based agent(diglycidyl ether of magnolol phosphine oxide,referred as DGEMP)derived from magnolol(classified as lignan),extracted from natural plants Magnolia officinalis,was successfully synthesized and further employed as a flameretardant reactive additive to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A(DGEBA).As demonstration,the composite resin,DGEBA/15DGEMP(15 wt%DGEMP),achieved an Underwriters Laboratories-94 V-0 rating with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)value(41.5%).In cone calorimeter tests,it showed that heat release and smoke production were effectively inhibited during combustion,wherein the peak heat release rate(PHRR)value of DGEBA/15DGEMP was reduced by 50%compared to neat DGEBA.Additionally,it exhibited a superior tensile strength(82.8 MPa),toughness(5.11MJ/m^(3))and impact strength(36.5 k J/m^(2)),much higher than that of neat DGEBA(49.7 MPa,2.05 MJ/m^(3)and 20.9 k J/m^(2)).Thus,it is highly anticipated that DGEMP imparts significantly improved mechanical and fire-retarded properties to conventional EPs,which holds a great potential to address the pressing challenges in EP thermosets industry.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52073189 and 51822304)Science and Technology Fund for Distinguish Young Scholars of Sichuan Province(No.2019JDJQ0025)+1 种基金State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering(No.sklpme2020-3-09)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Recent advances in epoxy resins have been forward to achieving high mechanical performance,thermal stability,and flame retardancy.However,seeking sustainable bio-based epoxy precursors and avoiding introduction of additional flame-retardant agents are still of increasing demand.Here we report the synthesis of p-hydroxycinnamic acid-derived epoxy monomer(HCA-EP)via a simple one-step reaction,and the HCA-EP can be cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane(DDM)to prepare epoxy resins.Compared with the typical petroleum-based epoxy resin,bisphenol A epoxy resin,the HCA-EP-DDM shows a relatively high glass transition temperature(192.9℃)and impressive mechanical properties(tensile strength of 98.3 MPa and flexural strength of 158.9 MPa).Furthermore,the HCA-EP-DDM passes the V-1 flammability rating in UL-94 test and presents the limiting oxygen index of 32.6%.Notably,its char yield is as high as 31.6%under N_(2),and the peak heat rate release is 60%lower than that of bisphenol A epoxy resin.Such findings provide a simple way of using p-hydroxycinnamic acid instead of bisphenol A to construct high-performance bio-based thermosets.
基金Technology Innovation Program,Grant/Award Number:20010965Human Resources Development of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning,Grant/Award Number:RS-2023-00266248。
文摘In the electric power equipment industry,various insulating materials and accessories are manufactured using petroleum-based epoxy resins.However,petrochemical resources are gradually becoming limited.In addition,the global surge in plastic usage has consistently raised concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions,leading to worsening global warming.Therefore,to facilitate eco-friendly policies,industrialising epoxy systems applicable to high-pressure components using bio-based epoxy composites is essential.The results of the characterisation conducted in this research regarding bio-content were confirmed through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry,which showed that as the bio-content increased,the thermal stability improved.Considering the operating temperature of 105℃ for the insulation spacer,structurally,no issues would be encountered if the spacer was manufactured with a bio-content of 20%(bio 20%).Subsequent tensile and flexural strength measurements revealed mechanical properties equivalent to or better than those of their petroleum-based counterparts.The impact strength tended to decrease with increasing bio-content.Analysing the dielectric properties confirmed that the epoxy composite containing 20%biomaterial is suitable for manufacturing insulation spacers.Subsequently,a series of tests conducted after spacer fabrication confirmed the absence of internal metals and bubbles with no external discolouration or cracks observed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22475087 and 22205082)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20221098)+1 种基金Textile Light Applied Basic Research Project(No.J202107)Doctor Project of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20210821)。
文摘In this study,a novel CS@SA@ZIF-67 core-shell nano-hybrid was synthesized using zeolitic imidazole framework-67(ZIF-67)as a template and CS@SA@ZIF-67 as a modifier.Then,flame-retardant nanocomposites(EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67)were obtained by combining the hybrid with epoxy resins.The microstructure and morphology of CS@SA@ZIF-67 and the residual chars were explored using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD),and the effect of the obtained hybrid materials on the fire performance of the epoxy resins was characterized.Compared with the flame retardant system composed of ZIF-67 and pure EP,the hybrid flame retardant composites exhibited low total heat release and smoke production.The thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results showed that the maximum thermal decomposition temperature of the EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67 based composite coating was stabilized at the highest value(378.2 and 563.9℃)so that the introduction of CS@SA@ZIF-67 could improve the thermal properties of the EP/CS@SA@ZIF-67 composites to a certain extent.Meanwhile,the cone test results indicated that the peak heat release rate pHRR of the CS@SA@ZIF-67 filled EP composite was reduced by 18.43%compared to that of pure EP,implying enhanced flame retardancy.The enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy of the CS@SA@ZIF-67 composites were mainly ascribed to the catalytic effect and carbonization ability of CS@SA@ZIF-67.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52073038 and 51873027)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB605)。
文摘Toughening the petroleum-based epoxy resin blends with bio-based modifiers without compromising their modulus,mechanical strength,and other properties is still a big challenge in view of the sustainability.In this study,a bio-based liquid crystal epoxy resin(THMT-E P)with an s-triazine ring structure was utilized to modify a petroleum-based bisphenol A epoxy resin(E51)with 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone(DDS)as a curing agent,and the blended systems were evaluated for their thermal stability,mechanical properties,and flame retardancy.The results showed that the impact strength of the blended system initially increased and then decreased with the increase in THMT-EP content,and it reached the a maximum value of 26.5 kJ/m^(2)when the THMT-EP content was 5%,which was 31.2%higher than that of E51/DDS.Notably,the flexural strength,modulus,and glass transition tem perature of the blended system were all simultaneously improved with the addition of THMT-EP.At the same time,the addition of THMT-EP enhanced the flame retardancy of the system by increasing the char yield at 700℃and decreasing the peak heat release rate and total heat release rate.This work paves the way for a more sustainable improvement in the comprehensive performance of epoxy resin.
文摘By investigating the performance characteristics of the bio-based surfactant 8901A,a composite decontamination and injection system was developed using 8901A as the primary agent,tailored for application in low-permeability and heavy oil reservoirs under varying temperature conditions.The results demonstrate that this system effectively reduces oil–water interfacial tension,achieving an ultra-low interfacial tension state.The static oil washing efficiency of oil sands exceeds 85%,the average pressure reduction rate reaches 21.55%,and the oil recovery rate improves by 13.54%.These enhancements significantly increase the system’s ability to dissolve oilbased blockages,thereby lowering water injection pressure caused by organic fouling,increasing the injection volume of injection wells,and ultimately improving oil recovery efficiency.
文摘In the context of transitioning toward more sustainable construction materials,this study explores the impact of incorporating millet husks as an alternative to sand on the physical,mechanical,and thermal performance of lightweight concrete.Through a mixture design approach,five formulations were selected and thoroughly characterized.The analysis of iso-response curves enabled an in-depth assessment of the cross-effects between formulation parameters and their interactions on the final properties of the material.The results show that integrating millet husks leads to a significant reduction in density,reaching up to 21%,while maintaining notable mechanical performance.A balanced formulation of sand and fibers achieved a maximum compressive strength of 12.11 MPa,demonstrating that,under specific conditions,plant fibers actively contribute to the structural integrity of the composite.In tensile strength,the positive influence of fibers is even more pronounced,with a maximum resistance of 8.62 MPa,highlighting their role in enhancing material cohesion.From a thermal perspective,millet husks reduce both thermal conductivity and effusivity,thereby limiting heat transfer and accumulation within the composite.Iso-response curve analysis reveals that these effects are directly linked to the proportions of the constituents and that achieving an optimal balance between sand,fibers,and cement is key to maximizing performance.These findings demonstrate that the adopted approach allows moving beyond conventional substitution methods by identifying optimal configurations for the design of lightweight bio-based concretes that are both strong and insulating,thereby confirming the potential of millet husks in developing lightweight concretes suitable for sustainable construction applications.
文摘An efficient and novel approach is proposed for oxidative arylation of bio-based furfuryl alcohol(FA)to aryl furans(AFs),a versatile monomer of photoelectric materials,in the presence of UiO-67-Pd(F)with phenanthroline/bipyridine,and poly-F substituted phenyl ligands as the mixture linkers.The results of control experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the–F on the phenyl linkers efficiently tunes the electron-deficient nature of Pd through the Zr_(6) clusters bridges,which favors the adsorption and activation of the furan ring.Furthermore,the conjugation of different nitrogen-containing ligands facilitates Pd coordination for the Heck-type insertion and subsequent electrophilic palladation,respectively.As a result,the oxidative arylation of FA derivatives is substantially enhanced because of these electronic and steric synergistic effects.Under the optimized conditions,72.2%FA conversion and 74.8%mono aryl furan(MAF)selectivity are shown in the Heck-type insertion.Meanwhile,85.3%of MAF is converted,affording 74.8%selectivity of final product(AFs)in the subsequent electrophilic palladation reaction.This process efficiency is remarkably higher than that with homogeneous catalysts.In addition,furan-benzene polymer obtained from the halogen-free synthesis catalyzed by UiO-67-Pd(F)show significantly better properties than that from conventional Suzuki coupling method.Therefore,the present work provides a new insight for useful AFs synthesis by oxidative arylation of bio-furan via rational tunning the metal center micro-environment of heterogeneous catalyst.
基金support by National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.:2023YFA0913604)Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:22178170,22378195)+2 种基金Six talent peaks project in Jiangsu Province(SWYY-045)Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22208155)Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars(Grant No.BK20210552).
文摘Considerable progress has been made in recent years to the development of sustainable polymers from bio-based feedstocks.In this study,100%bio-based nylons were prepared via an integrated chemical and biological process from lignocellulose.These novel nylons were obtained by the melt polymerization of 3-propyladipic acid derived from lignin and 1,5-pentenediamine/1,4-butanediamine derived from carbohydrate sugar.Central to the concept is a three-step noble metal free catalytic chemical funnelling sequence(Raney Ni mediated reductive catalytic fractionation-reductive funnelling-oxidative funnelling),which allowed for obtaining a single component 3-propyladipic acid from lignin with high efficiency.The structural and thermodynamic properties of the obtained nylons have been systematically investigated,and thus obtained transparent bio-based nylons exhibited higher Mw(>32,000)and excellent thermal stability(Td5%>265℃).Considering their moderate Tg and good melt strength,these transparent bio-based nylons could serve as promising functional additives or temperature-responsive materials.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51203176)the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB631100)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo(2012A610095)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M-540504)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Bsh1201011)the Director Funds of the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Y20224-QF06)
文摘A phosphorus-containing bio-based epoxy resin(EADI)was synthesized from itaconic acid(IA)and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide(DOPO).As a matrix,its cured epoxy network with methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride(MHHPA)as the curing agent showed comparable glass-transition temperature and mechanical properties to diglycidyl ether in a bisphenol A(DGEBA)system as well as good flame retardancy with UL94 V-0 grade during a vertical burning test.As a reactive flame retardant,its flame-resistant effect on DGEBA/MHHPA system as well as its influence on the curing behavior and the thermal and mechanical properties of the modified epoxy resin were investigated.Results showed that after the introduction of EADI,not only were the flame retardancy determined by vertical burning test,LOI measurement,and thermogravimetric analysis significantly improved,but also the curing reactivity,glass transition temperature(T g),initial degradation temperature for 5%weight loss(T d(5%)),and flexural modulus of the cured system improved as well.EADI has great potential to be used as a green flame retardant in epoxy resin systems.
基金the financial support provided by "One Hundred Talented People" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences–China (No. Y60707WR04)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. Y16B040008)
文摘In this study, monoglycidyl silyl etherated eugenol(GSE) was synthesized as reactive epoxy diluent, and the chemical structure of GSE, intermediates, and products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance(~1 H-NMR). GSE existed as a potential bio-based reactive diluent for petroleum-based epoxy resin. The curing kinetics of EP/HHPA/GSE system was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The kinetics parameters were calculated by using the Kissinger model, Crane model, Ozawa model, and β-T(temperature-heating rate) extrapolation, respectively. In addition, the effects of GSE on the thermo-mechanical properties and thermal stability of EP/HHPA/GSE systems were studied, indicating that GSE can effectively improve the toughness and thermal decomposition temperature of the epoxy system.
基金from the Special Fund for the Program for Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ16C160001)National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFD0601105),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21806142)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.LY20B070002).
文摘It is essential to design economic and efficient tougheners to prepare high-performance epoxy resin;however,this has remained a huge challenge.Herein,an eco-friendly,low-cost,and facile-fabricated bio-based hyperbranched toughener,carboxylic acid-functionalized tannic acid(CATA),was successfully prepared and applicated to the preparation of solvent-free epoxy resins.The mechanical performance,morphology,structural characterization,and thermal characterization of toughened epoxy resin system were studied.The toughened epoxy resin system with only 1.0wt%CATA reached the highest impact strength,111%higher than the neat epoxy resin system.Notably,the tensile strength and elongation at break of toughened epoxy resin systems increased moderately with increasing CATA loading.Nonphase-separated hybrids with significant toughening effect were obtained.Additionally,the thermal stabilities of toughened epoxy resin systems decreased with increasing CATA loading.This study provides an eco-friendly,cost-effective,and facile approach for the preparation of high-performance,solvent-free epoxy resins with potential for practical applications in sealing integrated circuits and electrical devices fields.
基金the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development FORMAS(grant 2021-00527)Wangjie Wu acknowledges the scholarship funding of the CSC-KTH program.
文摘The pressing demand for sustainable advancements in road infrastructure has catalyzed extensive research into environmentally conscious alternatives for the maintenance and restoration of asphalt concrete pavements.This paper offers a comprehensive review and analysis of bio-based rejuvenators as a promising avenue for enhancing the longevity and sustainability of asphalt.Through a multifaceted exploration,it delves into various aspects of this innovative approach.Providing a thorough overview of bio-based rejuvenators,the study highlights their renewable and environmentally friendly characteristics.It conducts an in-depth examination of a wide spectrum of bio-derived materials,including vegetable oils,waste-derived bio-products,and biopolymers,through a comprehensive survey.The paper evaluates how bio-based rejuvenators enhance aged asphalt binders and mixes,effectively mitigating the adverse impacts of aging.Furthermore,it investigates how these rejuvenators address environmental concerns by identifying compatibility issues,assessing long-term performance,and evaluating economic feasibility.Finally,the paper outlines potential advancements and research pathways aimed at optimizing the utilization of bio-based rejuvenators in asphalt concrete,thereby contributing to the sustainable evolution of road infrastructure.
基金support from European Union Seventh Frame-work Programme(FP7/2007-2013 project SusFuelCat,grant No.310490)is acknowledged.
文摘Aqueous-phase reforming(APR)is an attractive process to produce bio-based hydrogen from waste biomass streams,during which the catalyst stability is often challenged due to the harsh reaction conditions.In this work,three Pt-based catalysts supported on C,AlO(OH),and ZrO_(2)were investigated for the APR of hydroxyacetone solution in afixed bed reactor at 225℃and 35 bar.Among them,the Pt/C catalyst showed the highest turnover frequency for H_(2)production(TOF of 8.9 molH_(2)molPt^(-1)min^(-1))and the longest catalyst stability.Over the AlO(OH)and ZrO_(2)supported Pt catalysts,the side reactions consuming H_(2),formation of coke,and Pt sintering result in a low H_(2)production and the fast catalyst deactivation.The proposed reaction pathways suggest that a promising APR catalyst should reform all oxygenates in the aqueous phase,minimize the hydrogenation of the oxygenates,maximize the WGS reaction,and inhibit the condensation and coking reactions for maximizing the hydrogen yield and a stable catalytic performance.
文摘Amid the escalating plastic pollution issue, the development of biodegradable and recyclable polymeric materials has become a focus within the scientific community. Chain extenders, which are an important class of compounds, facilitate the elongation of polymer chains through reactive functional groups, thereby enhancing the performance of the materials. Epoxy-based chain extenders, due to their cost-effectiveness, low toxicity, high reaction efficiency, and effective reactivity with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, have emerged as a promising class of chain extenders. This manuscript comprehensively elaborates on the varieties, structural characteristics, and performance of chain extenders, the challenges they face, and the methods for their modification. Special emphasis is placed on the application of epoxy-based chain extenders in biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), and their subsequent influence on the structural and performance properties of these materials.
