当前美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)对后量子密码(Post-Quantum Cryptography,PQC)标准化方案的评估已进入第四轮,位翻转密钥封装(Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation,BIKE)协议是目前被...当前美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology,NIST)对后量子密码(Post-Quantum Cryptography,PQC)标准化方案的评估已进入第四轮,位翻转密钥封装(Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation,BIKE)协议是目前被评估的四个候选方案之一.在BIKE的密钥生成算法中,多项式乘法作为众多密码系统中特别耗时的操作之一,耗费了大量的时间和面积资源.针对此问题,本文设计了一种基于Karatsuba算法(Karatsuba Algorithm,KA)的无交叠多项式乘法器,可高效实现万级比特位宽的多项式乘法,具有低时延、高性能和面积小的特点.同时,本文将该优化乘法器应用于BIKE密钥生成算法中,并基于现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)对其进行硬件架构实现,改进了原有的紧凑多项式乘法和多项式求逆算法.本文提出的乘法器通过采用不同的操作数位宽,可适应对面积和延时的不同需求.与BIKE原本的设计相比,改进的设计使密钥生成模块的延时减小了36.54%,面积延迟积(Area Delay Production,ADP)减小了10.4%.展开更多
Motor bikes (m-bike) and electric bikes (e-bike) are widely used in urban areas of China. Life cycle assessment of m-bike and e-bike are presented to compare their energy use and environmental emission in a life cycle...Motor bikes (m-bike) and electric bikes (e-bike) are widely used in urban areas of China. Life cycle assessment of m-bike and e-bike are presented to compare their energy use and environmental emission in a life cycle span. An m-bike and an e-bike are disassembled to collect material composition data for the life cycle assessment. The results show that e-bike consumes less energy and has less global warming potential (GWP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved solids (DS), hydrocarbons (HC) than m-bike during life cycle. But e-bike generates more solid wastes, and more acidification potential (AP), heavy metal (HM) than m-bike. Advanced batteries and clean coal fired power plant technologies are recommended to promote e-bike use in urban area.展开更多
Bicycle is an affordable and environmental friendly alternative to private cars and public transportation. Recently, some big cities in China established the bike-sharing system (BSS) through which people can rent bik...Bicycle is an affordable and environmental friendly alternative to private cars and public transportation. Recently, some big cities in China established the bike-sharing system (BSS) through which people can rent bikes offered by government or commercial companies. However, due to limited parking space, it is often difficult for bikers to park their bicycles in bike stations. This paper envisions approaching this problem by using a self-organized bike redistribution strategy: as time passes by, bike society will form an equilibrium state of bike redistribution.展开更多
Bike sharing is a new type of"Internet+"model.At present,China has not yet introduced relevant Internet operating systems and accounting standards.There is still a big problem in the financial accounting and...Bike sharing is a new type of"Internet+"model.At present,China has not yet introduced relevant Internet operating systems and accounting standards.There is still a big problem in the financial accounting and processing of the bike sharing platform.This paper firstly summarizes the development status of bike sharing,then analyzes the related financial accounting problems of bike sharing with the example of Mobike,and points out the main problems faced by the financial accounting of bike sharing short-time rental model,and finally proposes countermeasures for the financial accounting of bike sharing short-time rental model.展开更多
As children mature, bike products for children in the market develop at the same time, and the conditions are frequently updated. Certain problems occur when using a bike, such as cycle overlapping, repeating function...As children mature, bike products for children in the market develop at the same time, and the conditions are frequently updated. Certain problems occur when using a bike, such as cycle overlapping, repeating function, and short life cycle, which go against the principles of energy conservation and the environmental protection intensive design concept. In this paper, a rational multi-function method of design through functional superposition, transformation, and technical implementation is proposed. An organic combination of frog-style scooter and children’s tricycle is developed using the multi-function method. From the ergonomic perspective, the paper elaborates on the body size of children aged 5 to 12 and effectively extracts data for a multi-function children’s bike, which can be used for gliding and riding. By inverting the body, parts can be interchanged between the handles and the pedals of the bike. Finally, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the components and structural design, body material, and processing technology of the bike. The study of Industrial Product Innovation Design provides an effective design method to solve the bicycle problems, extends the function problems, improves the product market situation, and enhances the energy saving feature while implementing intensive product development effectively at the same time.展开更多
In order to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the dockless bike sharing system(BSS)around urban rail transit stations,new normalized calculation methods are proposed to explore the temporal and spatial usage...In order to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the dockless bike sharing system(BSS)around urban rail transit stations,new normalized calculation methods are proposed to explore the temporal and spatial usage patterns of the dockless BSS around rail transit stations by using 5-weekday dockless bike sharing trip data in Nanjing,China.First,the rail transit station area(RTSA)is defined by extracting shared bike trips with trip ends falling into the area.Then,the temporal and spatial decomposition methods are developed and two criterions are calculated,namely,normalized dynamic variation of bikes(NDVB)and normalized spatial distribution of trips(NSDT).Furthermore,the temporal and spatial usage patterns are clustered and the corresponding geographical distributions of shared bikes are determined.The results show that four temporal usage patterns and two spatial patterns of dockless BSS are finally identified.Area type(urban center and suburb)has a great influence on temporal usage patterns.Spatial usage patterns are irregular and affected by limited directions,adjacent rail transit stations and street networks.The findings can help form a better understanding of dockless shared bike users behavior around rail transit stations,which will contribute to improving the service and efficiency of both rail transit and BSS.展开更多
This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includ...This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includes 19 skeletons, 18 joints and 118 main muscles. Secondly, to validate the feasibility of the model, an experiment test is designed to reflect the real cycling status. Finally, aiming at enhancing the performance of the rider vibration comfort, the scale parameters of rear suspension are optimized with computer simulation and uniform design. The mathematical model in the vibration performance and the design variables is constructed with regression analysis. The result shows that when the length of side link is 90 mm, the length of connected rod is 336.115 1 mm and the included angle between absorber and side link is 60°, the mountain bike has better vibration comfort. This study and relevant conclusions are of practical importance to the design of the mountain bike＇s rear suspension system.展开更多
The dockless bike-sharing system has rapidly expanded worldwide and has been widely used as an intermodal transport to connect with public transportation.However,higher flexibility may cause an imbalance between suppl...The dockless bike-sharing system has rapidly expanded worldwide and has been widely used as an intermodal transport to connect with public transportation.However,higher flexibility may cause an imbalance between supply and demand during daily operation,especially around the metro stations.A stable and efficient rebalancing model requires spatio-temporal usage patterns as fundamental inputs.Therefore,understanding the spatio-temporal patterns and correlates is important for optimizing and rescheduling bike-sharing systems.This study proposed a dynamic time warping distance-based two-dimensional clustering method to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of dockless shared bikes in Wuhan and further applied the multiclass explainable boosting machine to explore the main related factors of these patterns.The results found six patterns on weekdays and four patterns on weekends.Three patterns show the imbalance of arrival and departure flow in the morning and evening peak hours,while these phenomena become less intensive on weekends.Road density,living service facility density and residential density are the top influencing factors on both weekdays and weekends,which means that the comprehensive impact of built-up environment attraction,facility suitability and riding demand leads to the different usage patterns.The nonlinear influence universally exists,and the probability of a certain pattern varies in different value ranges of variables.When the densities of living facilities and roads are moderate and the relationship between job and housing is relatively balanced,it can effectively promote the balanced usage of dockless shared bikes while maintaining high riding flow.The spatio-temporal patterns can identify the associated problems such as imbalance or lack of users,which could be mitigated by corresponding solutions.The relative importance and nonlinear effects help planners prioritize strategies and identify effective ranges on different patterns to promote the usage and efficiency of the bike-sharing system.展开更多
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is environmental evaluation of products, materials, and processes over their life cycle. Truncation uncertainty and corresponding uncertainty are main problems occurred in process life cycl...Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is environmental evaluation of products, materials, and processes over their life cycle. Truncation uncertainty and corresponding uncertainty are main problems occurred in process life cycle assessment (PLCA) modeling and economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) modeling. Through combination of these two modelings in different life cycle stage and use of an uncertainty reduction strategy, a hybrid life cycle assessment modeling method was proposed in this study. Case studies were presented on gasoline-powered motorbikes (M-bike) and electricity-powered electric bike (E-bike). Web-based software was developed to analyze process environmental impacts. Results show that the largest part of life cycle energy (LCE) is consumed at use stage. Less energy is consumed in life cycle of E-bike than that of M-bike. GWP (Global Warming Potential), CO (Carbon Monoxide), PM10 (particulate matter) emission of M-bike are higher than that of E-bike, especially at use stage, AP (acidification Potential) emission of E-bike is higher than that of M-bike. Comprehensively, E-bike is energy efficient and less emitting, and better choice for urban private transportation.展开更多
Bike sharing is considered a state-of-the-art transportation program. It is ideal for short or medium trips providing riders the ability to pick up a bike at any self-serve bike station and return it to any bike stati...Bike sharing is considered a state-of-the-art transportation program. It is ideal for short or medium trips providing riders the ability to pick up a bike at any self-serve bike station and return it to any bike station located within the system’s coverage area. The bike sharing programs in the United States are still very young compared to those in European countries. Washington DC was the first jurisdiction to devise a third generation bike sharing system in the US in 2008. To evaluate the popularity of a bike sharing program, a sentiment analysis of the riders’ feedback can be performed. Twitter is a great platform to understand people’s views instantly. Social media mining is, thus, gaining popularity in many research areas including transportation. Social media mining has two major advantages over conventional attitudinal survey methods—it can easily reach a large audience and it can reflect the true behavior of participants because of the anonymity social media provides. It is known that self-imposed censor is common in responding to conversational attitudinal surveys. This study performed text mining on the tweets related to a case study (Capital Bike share of Washington DC) to perform sentiment analysis or opinion mining. The results of the text mining mostly revealed higher positive sentiments towards the current system.展开更多
As the economy and technology keep growing,the mode of shared bikes gains popularity under these circumstances.At the current period,university students become fond of using shared bikes,which changes body health and ...As the economy and technology keep growing,the mode of shared bikes gains popularity under these circumstances.At the current period,university students become fond of using shared bikes,which changes body health and life style of university students.When this mode combines the characteristics and functions of shared bikes,it has a great impact on the awareness and motivation of work-out of university students.Supported by Internet technology,shared bikes meet the need of people that they can use them at any time,which is new and innovative to the university students.This article provides university students with shared bike service in campus by analyzing the influence of“Internet+shared bike”on health and sports of university students.It will promote the effective application of shared bikes.展开更多
Bike sharing emerging from college campus in China's Mainland has become a major part in the daily traveling of Chinese urban residents.It changes the traveling behavior of urban residents,and simultaneously,raise...Bike sharing emerging from college campus in China's Mainland has become a major part in the daily traveling of Chinese urban residents.It changes the traveling behavior of urban residents,and simultaneously,raises higher requirements on urban transportation facility construction and management.However,the return of bike sharing to college campus causes more troubles to schools.The fundamental cause is the closed peculiarity of campus traveling comparing with city traveling,and also the discrepancy between college campuses of different types.This paper investigates the traveling characteristics of bike sharing in college campus in three different locations in Hangzhou City,Zhejiang Province of China in the questionnaire,and compares the discrepancy with urban bike sharing traveling characteristics and the discrepancy in bike sharing use between college campuses of different types.From the perspective of parking,maintenance and operation,and hardware design,the paper eventually raises suggestions to optimize independent college campus bike sharing service facility and management consistent with urban system.The research may also offer beneficial reference to the release of bike sharing facilities consistent with urban system in all sorts of independent parks,especially college campus.展开更多
Bike-share systems have been installed in cities worldwide as a way to attract travelers to use transit rather than the automobile. This has been proved to be an effective way of mitigating congestion on the road. The...Bike-share systems have been installed in cities worldwide as a way to attract travelers to use transit rather than the automobile. This has been proved to be an effective way of mitigating congestion on the road. The objective of this study is to develop a method to determine the size of the bike-share program in terms of the number of bicycles, the number and location of the stations, the number of docks at each station. To achieve the objectives of this study, a literature review was conducted on university bike-sharing systems in the U.S. and abroad. Various cases of bike-share programs were analyzed, in which each case consisted of a different number and location of bike-share stations. The demand corresponding to these stations was used as the input to a simulation model developed in this study to determine the number of docks in stations and bicycles in the system on and around campus at UNLV. These sizing parameters of the bike-share system then were used in a cost and benefit analysis to determine which cases could achieve maximum benefit, given a limitation of the initial costs. It was found that provision of one peripheral station and three internal stations at strategic locations provide relatively higher benefit cost ratio at lower initial cost.展开更多
基金This work was supported by grant G - 0205 - 06347 from David and Lucile Packard Foundation in partnership with the US Energy Foundation, as well as grant ICA4 - 2002 - 10023 from European Union.
文摘Motor bikes (m-bike) and electric bikes (e-bike) are widely used in urban areas of China. Life cycle assessment of m-bike and e-bike are presented to compare their energy use and environmental emission in a life cycle span. An m-bike and an e-bike are disassembled to collect material composition data for the life cycle assessment. The results show that e-bike consumes less energy and has less global warming potential (GWP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), dissolved solids (DS), hydrocarbons (HC) than m-bike during life cycle. But e-bike generates more solid wastes, and more acidification potential (AP), heavy metal (HM) than m-bike. Advanced batteries and clean coal fired power plant technologies are recommended to promote e-bike use in urban area.
文摘Bicycle is an affordable and environmental friendly alternative to private cars and public transportation. Recently, some big cities in China established the bike-sharing system (BSS) through which people can rent bikes offered by government or commercial companies. However, due to limited parking space, it is often difficult for bikers to park their bicycles in bike stations. This paper envisions approaching this problem by using a self-organized bike redistribution strategy: as time passes by, bike society will form an equilibrium state of bike redistribution.
基金Guangdong Provincial Quality Engineering Construction Project"Application-oriented Talent Cultivation Demonstration Specialty——Financial Accounting Education"(Project No.:0003014041)Zhanjiang Municipal Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(Project No.:ZJ17YB19)+1 种基金South Sea Silk Road Collaborative Innovation Center in Lingnan Normal University(Project No.:2017SL03)School-level Teaching Reform Project——"Research on the Cultivation Mode of Management-type Accounting Talents"in Lingnan Normal University(Project No.:LSJG1718).
文摘Bike sharing is a new type of"Internet+"model.At present,China has not yet introduced relevant Internet operating systems and accounting standards.There is still a big problem in the financial accounting and processing of the bike sharing platform.This paper firstly summarizes the development status of bike sharing,then analyzes the related financial accounting problems of bike sharing with the example of Mobike,and points out the main problems faced by the financial accounting of bike sharing short-time rental model,and finally proposes countermeasures for the financial accounting of bike sharing short-time rental model.
基金supported by Social Science Fund for Young Scholar of Ministry of Education of China(Grant No. 12YJC760092)Changzhou Key Digital Manufacturing Technology Laboratory Foundation of China(Grant No. CM2007301)
文摘As children mature, bike products for children in the market develop at the same time, and the conditions are frequently updated. Certain problems occur when using a bike, such as cycle overlapping, repeating function, and short life cycle, which go against the principles of energy conservation and the environmental protection intensive design concept. In this paper, a rational multi-function method of design through functional superposition, transformation, and technical implementation is proposed. An organic combination of frog-style scooter and children’s tricycle is developed using the multi-function method. From the ergonomic perspective, the paper elaborates on the body size of children aged 5 to 12 and effectively extracts data for a multi-function children’s bike, which can be used for gliding and riding. By inverting the body, parts can be interchanged between the handles and the pedals of the bike. Finally, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the components and structural design, body material, and processing technology of the bike. The study of Industrial Product Innovation Design provides an effective design method to solve the bicycle problems, extends the function problems, improves the product market situation, and enhances the energy saving feature while implementing intensive product development effectively at the same time.
基金The National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1600900)the Project of International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51561135003)the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51338003)
文摘In order to study the spatiotemporal characteristics of the dockless bike sharing system(BSS)around urban rail transit stations,new normalized calculation methods are proposed to explore the temporal and spatial usage patterns of the dockless BSS around rail transit stations by using 5-weekday dockless bike sharing trip data in Nanjing,China.First,the rail transit station area(RTSA)is defined by extracting shared bike trips with trip ends falling into the area.Then,the temporal and spatial decomposition methods are developed and two criterions are calculated,namely,normalized dynamic variation of bikes(NDVB)and normalized spatial distribution of trips(NSDT).Furthermore,the temporal and spatial usage patterns are clustered and the corresponding geographical distributions of shared bikes are determined.The results show that four temporal usage patterns and two spatial patterns of dockless BSS are finally identified.Area type(urban center and suburb)has a great influence on temporal usage patterns.Spatial usage patterns are irregular and affected by limited directions,adjacent rail transit stations and street networks.The findings can help form a better understanding of dockless shared bike users behavior around rail transit stations,which will contribute to improving the service and efficiency of both rail transit and BSS.
基金supported by Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Development Project of China (Grant No. 043186211)Tianjin Municipal Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Equipment of Tianjin University of China
文摘This paper investigates the dynamic design methodology of mountain bikes with rear suspension. Firstly, a multi-rigid body dynamic model of rider and mountain bike coupled system is constructed. The rider model includes 19 skeletons, 18 joints and 118 main muscles. Secondly, to validate the feasibility of the model, an experiment test is designed to reflect the real cycling status. Finally, aiming at enhancing the performance of the rider vibration comfort, the scale parameters of rear suspension are optimized with computer simulation and uniform design. The mathematical model in the vibration performance and the design variables is constructed with regression analysis. The result shows that when the length of side link is 90 mm, the length of connected rod is 336.115 1 mm and the included angle between absorber and side link is 60°, the mountain bike has better vibration comfort. This study and relevant conclusions are of practical importance to the design of the mountain bike＇s rear suspension system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2017YFB0503601]。
文摘The dockless bike-sharing system has rapidly expanded worldwide and has been widely used as an intermodal transport to connect with public transportation.However,higher flexibility may cause an imbalance between supply and demand during daily operation,especially around the metro stations.A stable and efficient rebalancing model requires spatio-temporal usage patterns as fundamental inputs.Therefore,understanding the spatio-temporal patterns and correlates is important for optimizing and rescheduling bike-sharing systems.This study proposed a dynamic time warping distance-based two-dimensional clustering method to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of dockless shared bikes in Wuhan and further applied the multiclass explainable boosting machine to explore the main related factors of these patterns.The results found six patterns on weekdays and four patterns on weekends.Three patterns show the imbalance of arrival and departure flow in the morning and evening peak hours,while these phenomena become less intensive on weekends.Road density,living service facility density and residential density are the top influencing factors on both weekdays and weekends,which means that the comprehensive impact of built-up environment attraction,facility suitability and riding demand leads to the different usage patterns.The nonlinear influence universally exists,and the probability of a certain pattern varies in different value ranges of variables.When the densities of living facilities and roads are moderate and the relationship between job and housing is relatively balanced,it can effectively promote the balanced usage of dockless shared bikes while maintaining high riding flow.The spatio-temporal patterns can identify the associated problems such as imbalance or lack of users,which could be mitigated by corresponding solutions.The relative importance and nonlinear effects help planners prioritize strategies and identify effective ranges on different patterns to promote the usage and efficiency of the bike-sharing system.
文摘Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is environmental evaluation of products, materials, and processes over their life cycle. Truncation uncertainty and corresponding uncertainty are main problems occurred in process life cycle assessment (PLCA) modeling and economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) modeling. Through combination of these two modelings in different life cycle stage and use of an uncertainty reduction strategy, a hybrid life cycle assessment modeling method was proposed in this study. Case studies were presented on gasoline-powered motorbikes (M-bike) and electricity-powered electric bike (E-bike). Web-based software was developed to analyze process environmental impacts. Results show that the largest part of life cycle energy (LCE) is consumed at use stage. Less energy is consumed in life cycle of E-bike than that of M-bike. GWP (Global Warming Potential), CO (Carbon Monoxide), PM10 (particulate matter) emission of M-bike are higher than that of E-bike, especially at use stage, AP (acidification Potential) emission of E-bike is higher than that of M-bike. Comprehensively, E-bike is energy efficient and less emitting, and better choice for urban private transportation.
文摘Bike sharing is considered a state-of-the-art transportation program. It is ideal for short or medium trips providing riders the ability to pick up a bike at any self-serve bike station and return it to any bike station located within the system’s coverage area. The bike sharing programs in the United States are still very young compared to those in European countries. Washington DC was the first jurisdiction to devise a third generation bike sharing system in the US in 2008. To evaluate the popularity of a bike sharing program, a sentiment analysis of the riders’ feedback can be performed. Twitter is a great platform to understand people’s views instantly. Social media mining is, thus, gaining popularity in many research areas including transportation. Social media mining has two major advantages over conventional attitudinal survey methods—it can easily reach a large audience and it can reflect the true behavior of participants because of the anonymity social media provides. It is known that self-imposed censor is common in responding to conversational attitudinal surveys. This study performed text mining on the tweets related to a case study (Capital Bike share of Washington DC) to perform sentiment analysis or opinion mining. The results of the text mining mostly revealed higher positive sentiments towards the current system.
文摘As the economy and technology keep growing,the mode of shared bikes gains popularity under these circumstances.At the current period,university students become fond of using shared bikes,which changes body health and life style of university students.When this mode combines the characteristics and functions of shared bikes,it has a great impact on the awareness and motivation of work-out of university students.Supported by Internet technology,shared bikes meet the need of people that they can use them at any time,which is new and innovative to the university students.This article provides university students with shared bike service in campus by analyzing the influence of“Internet+shared bike”on health and sports of university students.It will promote the effective application of shared bikes.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(51608473)Shanghai philosophy and social science planning project(No.2017ECK004)+1 种基金2017 Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education General Research Project(Natural Science)(Y201738361)USST Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(XJ2019132).
文摘Bike sharing emerging from college campus in China's Mainland has become a major part in the daily traveling of Chinese urban residents.It changes the traveling behavior of urban residents,and simultaneously,raises higher requirements on urban transportation facility construction and management.However,the return of bike sharing to college campus causes more troubles to schools.The fundamental cause is the closed peculiarity of campus traveling comparing with city traveling,and also the discrepancy between college campuses of different types.This paper investigates the traveling characteristics of bike sharing in college campus in three different locations in Hangzhou City,Zhejiang Province of China in the questionnaire,and compares the discrepancy with urban bike sharing traveling characteristics and the discrepancy in bike sharing use between college campuses of different types.From the perspective of parking,maintenance and operation,and hardware design,the paper eventually raises suggestions to optimize independent college campus bike sharing service facility and management consistent with urban system.The research may also offer beneficial reference to the release of bike sharing facilities consistent with urban system in all sorts of independent parks,especially college campus.
文摘Bike-share systems have been installed in cities worldwide as a way to attract travelers to use transit rather than the automobile. This has been proved to be an effective way of mitigating congestion on the road. The objective of this study is to develop a method to determine the size of the bike-share program in terms of the number of bicycles, the number and location of the stations, the number of docks at each station. To achieve the objectives of this study, a literature review was conducted on university bike-sharing systems in the U.S. and abroad. Various cases of bike-share programs were analyzed, in which each case consisted of a different number and location of bike-share stations. The demand corresponding to these stations was used as the input to a simulation model developed in this study to determine the number of docks in stations and bicycles in the system on and around campus at UNLV. These sizing parameters of the bike-share system then were used in a cost and benefit analysis to determine which cases could achieve maximum benefit, given a limitation of the initial costs. It was found that provision of one peripheral station and three internal stations at strategic locations provide relatively higher benefit cost ratio at lower initial cost.
