The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation...The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation of milk is the key in the development of those ingredients and products;hence continuous research and development on this field, especially various levels of fractionation and separation by filtration, have been carried out. This review focuses on the production of milk fractions as well as their particular properties, applications and processes that increase their exploitation. Whey proteins and caseins from the protein fraction are excellent emulsifiers and protein supplements. Besides, they can be chemically or enzymatically modified to obtain bioactive peptides with numerous functional and nutritional properties. In this context, valorization techniques of cheese-whey proteins, by-product of dairy industry that constitutes both economic and environmental problems, are being developed. Phospholipids from the milk fat fraction are powerful emulsifiers and also have exclusive nutraceutical properties. In addition, enzyme modification of milk phospholipids makes it possible to tailor emulsifiers with particular properties. However, several aspects remain to be overcome;those refer to a deeper understanding of the healthy, functional and nutritional properties of these new ingredients that might be barriers for its use and acceptability. Additionally, in this review, alternative applications of milk constituents in the non-food area such as in the manufacture of plastic materials and textile fibers are also introduced. The unmet needs, the cross-fertilization in between various protein domains,the carbon footprint requirements, the environmental necessities, the health and wellness new demand, etc., are dominant factors in the search for innovation approaches;these factors are also outlining the further innovation potential deriving from those “apparent” constrains obliging science and technology to take them into account.展开更多
After setting the ground of the quantum innovation potential of biosourced entities and outlining the inventive spectrum of adjacent technologies that can derive from those, the current review highlights, with the sup...After setting the ground of the quantum innovation potential of biosourced entities and outlining the inventive spectrum of adjacent technologies that can derive from those, the current review highlights, with the support of Bigger Data approaches, and a fairly large number of articles, more than 250 and 10,000 patents, the following. It covers an overview of biosourced chemicals and materials, mainly biomonomers, biooligomers and biopolymers;these are produced today in a way that allows reducing the fossil resources depletion and dependency, and obtaining environmentally-friendlier goods in a leaner energy consuming society. A process with a realistic productivity is underlined thanks to the implementation of recent and specifically effective processes where engineered microorganisms are capable to convert natural non-fossil goods, at industrial scale, into fuels and useful high-value chemicals in good yield. Those processes, further detailed, integrate: metabolic engineering involving 1) system biology, 2) synthetic biology and 3) evolutionary engineering. They enable acceptable production yield and productivity, meet the targeted chemical profiles, minimize the consumption of inputs, reduce the production of by-products and further diminish the overall operation costs. As generally admitted the properties of most natural occurring biopolymers (e.g., starch, poly (lactic acid), PHAs.) are often inferior to those of the polymers derived from petroleum;blends and composites, exhibiting improved properties, are now successfully produced. Specific attention is paid to these aspects. Then further evidence is provided to support the important potential and role of products deriving from the biomass in general. The need to enter into the era of Bigger Data, to grow and increase the awareness and multidimensional role and opportunity of biosourcing serves as a conclusion and future prospects. Although providing a large reference database, this review is largely initiatory, therefore not mimicking previous classic reviews but putting them in a multiplying synergistic prospective.展开更多
A trilogy review, based on more than 300 references, is used to underline three challenges facing 1) the supply of sustainable, durable and protected biosourced ingredients such as lipids, 2) the accounting for valuab...A trilogy review, based on more than 300 references, is used to underline three challenges facing 1) the supply of sustainable, durable and protected biosourced ingredients such as lipids, 2) the accounting for valuable bio-by-products, such as whey proteins that have added-value potential removing their environmental weight and 3) the practical reliable synthetic biology and evolutionary engineering that already serve as a technology and science basis to expand from, such as for biopolymer growth. Bioresources, which are the major topic of this review, must provide answers to several major challenges related to health, food, energy or chemistry of tomorrow. They offer a wide range of ingredients which are available in trees, plants, grasses, vegetables, algae, milk, food wastes, animal manures and other organic wastes. Researches in this domain must be oriented towards a bio-sustainable-economy based on new valuations of the potential of those renewable biological resources. This will aim at the substitution of fossil raw materials with renewable raw materials to ensure the sustainability of industrial processes by providing bioproducts through innovative processes using for instance micro-organisms and enzymes (the so-called white biotechnology). The final stage objective is to manufacture high value-added products gifted with the right set of physical, chemical and biological properties leading to particularly innovative applications. In this review, three examples are considered in a green context open innovation and bigger data environment. Two of them (lipids antioxidants and milk proteins) concern food industry while the third (biomonomers and corresponding bioplastics and derivatives) relates to biomaterials industry. Lipids play a crucial role in the food industry, but they are chemically unstable and very sensitive to atmospheric oxidation which leads to the formation of numerous by-compounds which have adverse effects on lipids quality attributes and on the nutritive value of meat. To overcome this problem, natural antioxidants, with a positive impact on the safety and acceptability of the food system, have been discovered and evaluated. In the same context, milk proteins and their derivatives are of great interest. They can be modified by enzymatic means leading to the formation of by-products that are able to increase their functionality and possible applications. They can also produce bioactive peptides, a field with almost unlimited research potential. On the other hand, biosourced chemicals and materials, mainly biomonomers and biopolymers, are already produced today. Metabolic engineering tools and strategies to engineer synthetic enzyme pathways are developed to manufacture, from renewable feedstocks, with high yields, a number of monomer building-block chemicals that can be used to produce replacements to many conventional plastic materials. Through those three examples this review aims to highlight recent and important advancements in production, modification and applications of the studied bioproducts. Bigger data analysis and artificial intelligence may help reweight practical and theoretical observations and concepts in these fields;helping to cross the boarders of expert traditional exploration fields and sometime fortresses.展开更多
Smart Materials are along with Innovation attributes and Artificial Intelligence among the most used “buzz” words in all media. Central to their practical occurrence, many talents are to be gathered within new conte...Smart Materials are along with Innovation attributes and Artificial Intelligence among the most used “buzz” words in all media. Central to their practical occurrence, many talents are to be gathered within new contextual data influxes. Has this, in the last 20 years, changed some of the essential fundamental dimensions and the required skills of the actors such as providers, users, insiders, etc.? This is a preliminary focus and prelude of this review. As an example, polysaccharide materials are the most abundant macromolecules present as an integral part of the natural system of our planet. They are renewable, biodegradable, carbon neutral with low environmental, health and safety risks and serve as structural materials in the cell walls of plants. Most of them are used, for many years, as engineering materials in many important industrial processes, such as pulp and papermaking and manufacture of synthetic textile fibres. They are also used in other domains such as conversion into biofuels and, more recently, in the design of processes using polysaccharide nanoparticles. The main properties of polysaccharides (e.g. low density, thermal stability, chemical resistance, high mechanical strength…), together with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, durability and uniformity, allow their use for manufacturing smart materials such as blends and composites, electroactive polymers and hydrogels which can be obtained 1) through direct utilization and/or 2) after chemical or physical modifications of the polysaccharides. This paper reviews recent works developed on polysaccharides, mainly on cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin, chitosans, alginates, and their by-products (blends and composites), with the objectives of manufacturing smart materials. It is worth noting that, today, the fundamental understanding of the molecular level interactions that confer smartness to polysaccharides remains poor and one can predict that new experimental and theoretical tools will emerge to develop the necessary understanding of the structure-property-function relationships that will enable polysaccharide-smartness to be better understood and controlled, giving rise to the development of new and innovative applications such as nanotechnology, foods, cosmetics and medicine (e.g. controlled drug release and regenerative medicine) and so, opening up major commercial markets in the context of green chemistry.展开更多
The year 1994 will see the promotion of further economic restructuring in China and key breakthroughs. The reform of the foreign exchange system, in particular, has provided a rare opportunity for exports in foreign t...The year 1994 will see the promotion of further economic restructuring in China and key breakthroughs. The reform of the foreign exchange system, in particular, has provided a rare opportunity for exports in foreign trade. Facing this favourable situation, the Shandong provincial government has decided export earnings are its main priority and wants to see a 16 to 20 percent growth above the US$5.7 billion earned last year. It will speed up the linking展开更多
China helps make global trade fairer and more beneficial to less developed countries WITH the rise of emerging countries represented by China and some other countries,the current international trade system is embracin...China helps make global trade fairer and more beneficial to less developed countries WITH the rise of emerging countries represented by China and some other countries,the current international trade system is embracing a reform. A prominent feature of this reform is the participation of an increasing number of countries and regions.展开更多
THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19...THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19.8 percent of world manufacturing output, fractionally ahead of the United States with 19.4 percent. However, since China reversed to the top position, its manufacturing sector has been facing challenges and pressures.展开更多
KIMENG Hilton Ndukong, a journalist from the Cameroon Tribune. envisions a future where more African countries will further align with other developing nations through investment and shared practices.
China’s state-owned enterprises(SOEs)have developed more than 70 years since the People’s Republic of China(PRC)was founded in 1949.From 1949 to 1978,SOEs provided material guarantee for the construction of the PRC,...China’s state-owned enterprises(SOEs)have developed more than 70 years since the People’s Republic of China(PRC)was founded in 1949.From 1949 to 1978,SOEs provided material guarantee for the construction of the PRC,laid a solid foundation for the industrialization process,and ensured that the people were masters of their own affairs.From 1978 to 2012,SOEs upgraded their growth quality and increased their efficiency for improving people’s material and cultural life.Since 2012,SOEs have become“stronger,better and bigger”on all fronts for satisfying people’s growing expectations for a better life.In essence,reforming SOEs means interpreting and exercising the people-centered development philosophy,and means addressing principal social contradiction through different stages of socialist development,as SOEs care about the main needs of the people.Such a development is a process of constant exploration and continuous growth from strength to strength,which is the inherent logic of theory and practice of SOE growth in new China for more than 70 years.展开更多
List of China’s top 500 companies shows new trends Profitability,innovation and internationalization—these are some of the focuses of the country’s top companies.Seventy years after the founding of the People’s Re...List of China’s top 500 companies shows new trends Profitability,innovation and internationalization—these are some of the focuses of the country’s top companies.Seventy years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China’s corporate scene has transformed,with market forces playing a dominant role.展开更多
China gains clout in the World Bank following voting reform The World Bank granted greater voting power to China and other developing countries, marking a significant milestone in its structural reform. At the joint D...China gains clout in the World Bank following voting reform The World Bank granted greater voting power to China and other developing countries, marking a significant milestone in its structural reform. At the joint Development Committee meeting of the World Bank展开更多
Figures from the National Bureau of Statistics reveal that the Chinese economy performed in a stable manner and had good momentum for growth in August.In the month,the output of industrial enterprises above the design...Figures from the National Bureau of Statistics reveal that the Chinese economy performed in a stable manner and had good momentum for growth in August.In the month,the output of industrial enterprises above the designated size——an annual revenue from their main business operations of 20 million yuan（$3.04 million）——grew 6percent in real terms.展开更多
The social and economic status of rural migrant laborers is improving steadily Rural migrant work- crs arc the offspring of China’s transition from an agricultural to industrial society.The year 2008 marks the 30th a...The social and economic status of rural migrant laborers is improving steadily Rural migrant work- crs arc the offspring of China’s transition from an agricultural to industrial society.The year 2008 marks the 30th anni- versary of China’s reform and opening-up policy.In the past three decades,dramatic social and economic changes have taken place.As a spe- cial social group,what have rural workers contributed to the social and economic development of China? Wang Chunguang,a research fel- low studying rural migrant workers in the Institute of Sociology at the展开更多
The recent hike in China’s IMF quota means its international voice will increase Finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of 20(G20) major economies agreed on October 23 to shift more than 6 percen...The recent hike in China’s IMF quota means its international voice will increase Finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of 20(G20) major economies agreed on October 23 to shift more than 6 percent of展开更多
The tough U.S. stance on Iran could trigger another round of games that is more perilous than the one it played in Iraq The United States has taken a number of steps against Iran recently, arresting and detaining five...The tough U.S. stance on Iran could trigger another round of games that is more perilous than the one it played in Iraq The United States has taken a number of steps against Iran recently, arresting and detaining five Iranian consular staffers in Erbil, north Iraq,freezing all the assets of Bank Sepah within the United States and sending a second aircraft carrier to the Gulf region.News reports predicting a U.S. military strike on Iran have run wild, with some Arabic media speculating that Washington has decided to launch an attack from the sea before April.展开更多
Trade unions face heavy tasks of better representing and safeguarding employee interests According to Chinese tradition, all debts should be paid before the New Year. However, two recent cases
文摘The unique composition of milk makes this basic foodstuff into an exceptional raw material for the production of new ingredients with desired properties and diverse applications in the food industry. The fractionation of milk is the key in the development of those ingredients and products;hence continuous research and development on this field, especially various levels of fractionation and separation by filtration, have been carried out. This review focuses on the production of milk fractions as well as their particular properties, applications and processes that increase their exploitation. Whey proteins and caseins from the protein fraction are excellent emulsifiers and protein supplements. Besides, they can be chemically or enzymatically modified to obtain bioactive peptides with numerous functional and nutritional properties. In this context, valorization techniques of cheese-whey proteins, by-product of dairy industry that constitutes both economic and environmental problems, are being developed. Phospholipids from the milk fat fraction are powerful emulsifiers and also have exclusive nutraceutical properties. In addition, enzyme modification of milk phospholipids makes it possible to tailor emulsifiers with particular properties. However, several aspects remain to be overcome;those refer to a deeper understanding of the healthy, functional and nutritional properties of these new ingredients that might be barriers for its use and acceptability. Additionally, in this review, alternative applications of milk constituents in the non-food area such as in the manufacture of plastic materials and textile fibers are also introduced. The unmet needs, the cross-fertilization in between various protein domains,the carbon footprint requirements, the environmental necessities, the health and wellness new demand, etc., are dominant factors in the search for innovation approaches;these factors are also outlining the further innovation potential deriving from those “apparent” constrains obliging science and technology to take them into account.
文摘After setting the ground of the quantum innovation potential of biosourced entities and outlining the inventive spectrum of adjacent technologies that can derive from those, the current review highlights, with the support of Bigger Data approaches, and a fairly large number of articles, more than 250 and 10,000 patents, the following. It covers an overview of biosourced chemicals and materials, mainly biomonomers, biooligomers and biopolymers;these are produced today in a way that allows reducing the fossil resources depletion and dependency, and obtaining environmentally-friendlier goods in a leaner energy consuming society. A process with a realistic productivity is underlined thanks to the implementation of recent and specifically effective processes where engineered microorganisms are capable to convert natural non-fossil goods, at industrial scale, into fuels and useful high-value chemicals in good yield. Those processes, further detailed, integrate: metabolic engineering involving 1) system biology, 2) synthetic biology and 3) evolutionary engineering. They enable acceptable production yield and productivity, meet the targeted chemical profiles, minimize the consumption of inputs, reduce the production of by-products and further diminish the overall operation costs. As generally admitted the properties of most natural occurring biopolymers (e.g., starch, poly (lactic acid), PHAs.) are often inferior to those of the polymers derived from petroleum;blends and composites, exhibiting improved properties, are now successfully produced. Specific attention is paid to these aspects. Then further evidence is provided to support the important potential and role of products deriving from the biomass in general. The need to enter into the era of Bigger Data, to grow and increase the awareness and multidimensional role and opportunity of biosourcing serves as a conclusion and future prospects. Although providing a large reference database, this review is largely initiatory, therefore not mimicking previous classic reviews but putting them in a multiplying synergistic prospective.
文摘A trilogy review, based on more than 300 references, is used to underline three challenges facing 1) the supply of sustainable, durable and protected biosourced ingredients such as lipids, 2) the accounting for valuable bio-by-products, such as whey proteins that have added-value potential removing their environmental weight and 3) the practical reliable synthetic biology and evolutionary engineering that already serve as a technology and science basis to expand from, such as for biopolymer growth. Bioresources, which are the major topic of this review, must provide answers to several major challenges related to health, food, energy or chemistry of tomorrow. They offer a wide range of ingredients which are available in trees, plants, grasses, vegetables, algae, milk, food wastes, animal manures and other organic wastes. Researches in this domain must be oriented towards a bio-sustainable-economy based on new valuations of the potential of those renewable biological resources. This will aim at the substitution of fossil raw materials with renewable raw materials to ensure the sustainability of industrial processes by providing bioproducts through innovative processes using for instance micro-organisms and enzymes (the so-called white biotechnology). The final stage objective is to manufacture high value-added products gifted with the right set of physical, chemical and biological properties leading to particularly innovative applications. In this review, three examples are considered in a green context open innovation and bigger data environment. Two of them (lipids antioxidants and milk proteins) concern food industry while the third (biomonomers and corresponding bioplastics and derivatives) relates to biomaterials industry. Lipids play a crucial role in the food industry, but they are chemically unstable and very sensitive to atmospheric oxidation which leads to the formation of numerous by-compounds which have adverse effects on lipids quality attributes and on the nutritive value of meat. To overcome this problem, natural antioxidants, with a positive impact on the safety and acceptability of the food system, have been discovered and evaluated. In the same context, milk proteins and their derivatives are of great interest. They can be modified by enzymatic means leading to the formation of by-products that are able to increase their functionality and possible applications. They can also produce bioactive peptides, a field with almost unlimited research potential. On the other hand, biosourced chemicals and materials, mainly biomonomers and biopolymers, are already produced today. Metabolic engineering tools and strategies to engineer synthetic enzyme pathways are developed to manufacture, from renewable feedstocks, with high yields, a number of monomer building-block chemicals that can be used to produce replacements to many conventional plastic materials. Through those three examples this review aims to highlight recent and important advancements in production, modification and applications of the studied bioproducts. Bigger data analysis and artificial intelligence may help reweight practical and theoretical observations and concepts in these fields;helping to cross the boarders of expert traditional exploration fields and sometime fortresses.
文摘Smart Materials are along with Innovation attributes and Artificial Intelligence among the most used “buzz” words in all media. Central to their practical occurrence, many talents are to be gathered within new contextual data influxes. Has this, in the last 20 years, changed some of the essential fundamental dimensions and the required skills of the actors such as providers, users, insiders, etc.? This is a preliminary focus and prelude of this review. As an example, polysaccharide materials are the most abundant macromolecules present as an integral part of the natural system of our planet. They are renewable, biodegradable, carbon neutral with low environmental, health and safety risks and serve as structural materials in the cell walls of plants. Most of them are used, for many years, as engineering materials in many important industrial processes, such as pulp and papermaking and manufacture of synthetic textile fibres. They are also used in other domains such as conversion into biofuels and, more recently, in the design of processes using polysaccharide nanoparticles. The main properties of polysaccharides (e.g. low density, thermal stability, chemical resistance, high mechanical strength…), together with their biocompatibility, biodegradability, functionality, durability and uniformity, allow their use for manufacturing smart materials such as blends and composites, electroactive polymers and hydrogels which can be obtained 1) through direct utilization and/or 2) after chemical or physical modifications of the polysaccharides. This paper reviews recent works developed on polysaccharides, mainly on cellulose, hemicelluloses, chitin, chitosans, alginates, and their by-products (blends and composites), with the objectives of manufacturing smart materials. It is worth noting that, today, the fundamental understanding of the molecular level interactions that confer smartness to polysaccharides remains poor and one can predict that new experimental and theoretical tools will emerge to develop the necessary understanding of the structure-property-function relationships that will enable polysaccharide-smartness to be better understood and controlled, giving rise to the development of new and innovative applications such as nanotechnology, foods, cosmetics and medicine (e.g. controlled drug release and regenerative medicine) and so, opening up major commercial markets in the context of green chemistry.
文摘The year 1994 will see the promotion of further economic restructuring in China and key breakthroughs. The reform of the foreign exchange system, in particular, has provided a rare opportunity for exports in foreign trade. Facing this favourable situation, the Shandong provincial government has decided export earnings are its main priority and wants to see a 16 to 20 percent growth above the US$5.7 billion earned last year. It will speed up the linking
文摘China helps make global trade fairer and more beneficial to less developed countries WITH the rise of emerging countries represented by China and some other countries,the current international trade system is embracing a reform. A prominent feature of this reform is the participation of an increasing number of countries and regions.
文摘THE year 2010 embraced the world＇s new manufacturing king, China, who regained the top manufacturer position after the United States had occupied it for more than 100 years since 1895. In 2010, China accounted for 19.8 percent of world manufacturing output, fractionally ahead of the United States with 19.4 percent. However, since China reversed to the top position, its manufacturing sector has been facing challenges and pressures.
文摘KIMENG Hilton Ndukong, a journalist from the Cameroon Tribune. envisions a future where more African countries will further align with other developing nations through investment and shared practices.
基金This paper is supported by Major Project of National Social Science Fund of China(No.20ZDA014)Major projects of Marxist Theoretical Research and Construction in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and National Social Science Fund of China(No.2018mzd012).
文摘China’s state-owned enterprises(SOEs)have developed more than 70 years since the People’s Republic of China(PRC)was founded in 1949.From 1949 to 1978,SOEs provided material guarantee for the construction of the PRC,laid a solid foundation for the industrialization process,and ensured that the people were masters of their own affairs.From 1978 to 2012,SOEs upgraded their growth quality and increased their efficiency for improving people’s material and cultural life.Since 2012,SOEs have become“stronger,better and bigger”on all fronts for satisfying people’s growing expectations for a better life.In essence,reforming SOEs means interpreting and exercising the people-centered development philosophy,and means addressing principal social contradiction through different stages of socialist development,as SOEs care about the main needs of the people.Such a development is a process of constant exploration and continuous growth from strength to strength,which is the inherent logic of theory and practice of SOE growth in new China for more than 70 years.
文摘List of China’s top 500 companies shows new trends Profitability,innovation and internationalization—these are some of the focuses of the country’s top companies.Seventy years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China’s corporate scene has transformed,with market forces playing a dominant role.
文摘China gains clout in the World Bank following voting reform The World Bank granted greater voting power to China and other developing countries, marking a significant milestone in its structural reform. At the joint Development Committee meeting of the World Bank
文摘Figures from the National Bureau of Statistics reveal that the Chinese economy performed in a stable manner and had good momentum for growth in August.In the month,the output of industrial enterprises above the designated size——an annual revenue from their main business operations of 20 million yuan（$3.04 million）——grew 6percent in real terms.
文摘The social and economic status of rural migrant laborers is improving steadily Rural migrant work- crs arc the offspring of China’s transition from an agricultural to industrial society.The year 2008 marks the 30th anni- versary of China’s reform and opening-up policy.In the past three decades,dramatic social and economic changes have taken place.As a spe- cial social group,what have rural workers contributed to the social and economic development of China? Wang Chunguang,a research fel- low studying rural migrant workers in the Institute of Sociology at the
文摘The recent hike in China’s IMF quota means its international voice will increase Finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of 20(G20) major economies agreed on October 23 to shift more than 6 percent of
文摘The tough U.S. stance on Iran could trigger another round of games that is more perilous than the one it played in Iraq The United States has taken a number of steps against Iran recently, arresting and detaining five Iranian consular staffers in Erbil, north Iraq,freezing all the assets of Bank Sepah within the United States and sending a second aircraft carrier to the Gulf region.News reports predicting a U.S. military strike on Iran have run wild, with some Arabic media speculating that Washington has decided to launch an attack from the sea before April.
文摘Trade unions face heavy tasks of better representing and safeguarding employee interests According to Chinese tradition, all debts should be paid before the New Year. However, two recent cases
