Coupling reactions between haloarenes and arenes(including heteroarenes)that are conducted without added transition metals but in the presence of KOtBu or NaOtBu,have been a topic of great interest since their discove...Coupling reactions between haloarenes and arenes(including heteroarenes)that are conducted without added transition metals but in the presence of KOtBu or NaOtBu,have been a topic of great interest since their discovery in 2008.Diverse organic structures act as additives that assist these reactions.These additives are converted into organic electron donors by the butoxide base and this leads to initiation of the coupling reactions,which proceed by radical chain mechanisms.This review provides an overview of the initiation stages of these reactions.展开更多
The murals of Dunhuang Cave 321 commissioned by the Yin family at the end of the seventh century have two very special illustrations-one of Dizang,Kṣitigarbha,the Bodhisattva of Hell,and the other of an Eleven-headed ...The murals of Dunhuang Cave 321 commissioned by the Yin family at the end of the seventh century have two very special illustrations-one of Dizang,Kṣitigarbha,the Bodhisattva of Hell,and the other of an Eleven-headed Guanyin,a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion,Avalokiteśvara.These extraordinary illustrations have garnered a great deal of interest and several scholarly interpretations.This article will begin by analyzing the depictions of hell and rescue in the cave murals and compare them to the scriptures that describe Dizang,who on account of his great compassion,offers the faithful redemption.Call on him and he will save you from a number of perils including the torments of hell;he can assume up to forty-four manifestations to facilitate his purpose.Salvation,released from karma,is also the primary message of the Eleven-headed Guanyin,Ekādaśamukha Avalokiteśvara.The creation of both images reflects the Buddhist teachings at the court of Empress Wu(武后624-705,r.684-705).With her generous patronage,Buddhist art burgeoned and such new iconographical themes based on new translations of sūtras found expression.Her court,an important city on the silk road,was a cosmopolitan one where an international and metropolitan style prevailed for both religious and secular themes which became a standard style in China and traveled to East Asia.Thus,the décor of Cave 321 presents new iconography in an international Tang style accomplished with the support of Empress Wu.展开更多
基金EPSRCGSKthe University of Strathclyde for funding(AJS)
文摘Coupling reactions between haloarenes and arenes(including heteroarenes)that are conducted without added transition metals but in the presence of KOtBu or NaOtBu,have been a topic of great interest since their discovery in 2008.Diverse organic structures act as additives that assist these reactions.These additives are converted into organic electron donors by the butoxide base and this leads to initiation of the coupling reactions,which proceed by radical chain mechanisms.This review provides an overview of the initiation stages of these reactions.
文摘The murals of Dunhuang Cave 321 commissioned by the Yin family at the end of the seventh century have two very special illustrations-one of Dizang,Kṣitigarbha,the Bodhisattva of Hell,and the other of an Eleven-headed Guanyin,a manifestation of the Bodhisattva of Compassion,Avalokiteśvara.These extraordinary illustrations have garnered a great deal of interest and several scholarly interpretations.This article will begin by analyzing the depictions of hell and rescue in the cave murals and compare them to the scriptures that describe Dizang,who on account of his great compassion,offers the faithful redemption.Call on him and he will save you from a number of perils including the torments of hell;he can assume up to forty-four manifestations to facilitate his purpose.Salvation,released from karma,is also the primary message of the Eleven-headed Guanyin,Ekādaśamukha Avalokiteśvara.The creation of both images reflects the Buddhist teachings at the court of Empress Wu(武后624-705,r.684-705).With her generous patronage,Buddhist art burgeoned and such new iconographical themes based on new translations of sūtras found expression.Her court,an important city on the silk road,was a cosmopolitan one where an international and metropolitan style prevailed for both religious and secular themes which became a standard style in China and traveled to East Asia.Thus,the décor of Cave 321 presents new iconography in an international Tang style accomplished with the support of Empress Wu.
