The hot deformation behavior of a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.15B （at%） titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by pre-alloyed powder metallurgy has been investigated by using the hot compression tests in the temperature ran...The hot deformation behavior of a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.15B （at%） titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by pre-alloyed powder metallurgy has been investigated by using the hot compression tests in the temperature range from 950℃ to 1300℃ and at the strain rates between 10-3 s-1 and 10 s-1. The processing maps have been established to evaluate the optimum hot processing conditions and reveal the instability regions. It is found that the flow stress of the investigated alloy is a strong function of the temperature and the strain rate, The investigated alloy has the optimum hot-working condition at 950℃ and 10-3 s-1, since the material undergoes dynamic recrystallization to produce a fine-grained microstructure. At 1250℃ and 10-3 s-1, the alloy exhibits superplastic deformation. At 2300℃ and 10-1 s-1, the cyclic dynamic recrystallization with high temperature grain coarsening takes place. The material undergoes flow instabilities at lower temperatures and higher strain rates, as predicted by the instability criterion. The processing maps demonstrate that the strain significantly affected the instability regions. The manifestations of the instabilities have been observed in the form of microvoids, wedge cracks, and surface fractures.展开更多
The flow behavior of delta-processed Inconel 718 was studied in temperature range of 900-1 060℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-0.5s-1.The effects of friction and temperature on the compressive deformation behavior we...The flow behavior of delta-processed Inconel 718 was studied in temperature range of 900-1 060℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-0.5s-1.The effects of friction and temperature on the compressive deformation behavior were investigated,and the flow stress-strain error caused by friction was revised.The results showed that the effect of the friction was obvious with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature.The revised flow stress is decreased by increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate and exhibits a typical dynamic recrystallization behavior.The constitutive model has been developed through a hyperbolic-sine Arrhenius type equation to relate the flow stress,strain rate and temperature.The influence of strain has also been incorporated by considering the variation of material constants as a function of strain.The prediction accuracy of developed constitutive model has been assessed using standard statistical formulae.According to the analysis results,the proposed deformation constitutive equation gives an accurate and precise estimate of flow stress of delta-processed Inconel 718 alloy.展开更多
The hot deformation behavior of Ti 5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo 0.35Si 0.85Nd alloy in β/quasi-β forging process was studied using isothermal compression tests over temperature range from 1040℃ to 1 100 ℃ and strain ra...The hot deformation behavior of Ti 5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo 0.35Si 0.85Nd alloy in β/quasi-β forging process was studied using isothermal compression tests over temperature range from 1040℃ to 1 100 ℃ and strain rates form 0. 001 s-1 to 70 s -1. The results show that the flow stress and mierostrueture are sensitive to thermomechanical parameters. The processing maps based on the dynamic materials model at strain of 0.3 and 0.7 were established. The optimum deformation thermomechanical parameters at a strain of 0.7 have two regions that exhibit the peak of power dissipation efficiency. One is the region of 1062-1100 ℃ and 10- 3 10-1.5 s -1 ; and another which represents dynamic recrystallization is 1040-1045 ℃ and 10-1.8 10- 0.5 s -1. The instable region is located where the strain rate is larger than 1 s 1 which corresponds to the mechanical instability.展开更多
A volume-adjustable cavity of molding machine for polymer foaming was fabricated with renovation of an ordinary injection molding machine. Polypropylene （PP） composite foams were prepared by chemical foaming method ...A volume-adjustable cavity of molding machine for polymer foaming was fabricated with renovation of an ordinary injection molding machine. Polypropylene （PP） composite foams were prepared by chemical foaming method via the volume-adjustable cavity of the molding machine. The decompressing and short shot processes in preparing the samples were carded out to adjust the cell structure of the foamed samples. The structures that foamed insufficiently, moder- ately, and excessively were observed in these two foaming processes. The foamed PP composite samples generated in decompressing pro- cess have more desirable cell s^cture than those generated by short shot process, specifically, the cell structure with the cell size of 46.97 IJxn, cell density of 3.18x 106 cell/cm3, and cell size dispersion of 10.76 ~m was achieved in the decompressing process. A controlled foaming process was realized through the decompressing process using the injection foaming equipment with a volume-adjustable cavity. The foamed PP composite has the insufficient, moderate, and excessive foamed structures in these two foaming processes.展开更多
The isothermally compression deformation behavior of an elevated Cu/Li weight ratio Al–Cu–Li alloy was investigated under various deformation conditions.The isothermal compression tests were carried out in a tempera...The isothermally compression deformation behavior of an elevated Cu/Li weight ratio Al–Cu–Li alloy was investigated under various deformation conditions.The isothermal compression tests were carried out in a temperature range from 300 to 500℃ and at a strain rate range from 0.001 to 10 s^-1.The results show that the peak stress level decreases with temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing,which is represented by the Zener–Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 218.5 k J/mol.At low Z value,the dynamic recrystallized grain is well formed with clean high-angle boundaries.At high Z value,a high dislocation density with poorly developed cellularity and considerable fine dynamic precipitates are observed.Based on the experimental data and dynamic material model,the processing maps at strain of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 were developed to demonstrate the hot workability of the alloy.The results show that the main softening mechanism at high Z value is precipitate coarsening and dynamic recovery;the dynamic recrystallization of the alloy can be easily observed as ln Z ≤ 29.44,with peak efficiency of power dissipation of around 70%.At strains of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7,the flow instability domains are found at higher strain rates,which mainly locate at the upper part of processing maps.In addition,when the strain rate is 0.001 or 0.02 s^-1,there is a particular instability domain at 300–350℃.展开更多
The behavior of inclusions in the process of B-phase growth during the solidification of Fe-0.15C-0.8Mn steel was in-situ observed using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope （HTCSLM）. The results sh...The behavior of inclusions in the process of B-phase growth during the solidification of Fe-0.15C-0.8Mn steel was in-situ observed using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope （HTCSLM）. The results show that inclusions arrive the S/L （solid/liquid） interface by way of direct impact or gradual drift, when the ceil spacing is approximately equal to 177 um during the growth of cellular B-phase. The inclusions easily stay at the positions of trailing vortex formed by the circumferential motion of molten steel around B-phase. Some inclusions reaching the S/L interface are captured by the solid-phase. Some of them move along the normal direction of the S/L in- terface because of pushing of solid-phase, and the others get away from the S/L interface after being pushed for a distance. The faster the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions are captured by the S/L interface. The slower the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions move with the S/L interface.展开更多
The hot deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag was studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 573-773 K and strain rate range of 0.001-1 s^-1 on a Gleeble 1500 D thermal mechanical simulator....The hot deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag was studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 573-773 K and strain rate range of 0.001-1 s^-1 on a Gleeble 1500 D thermal mechanical simulator. The results show the flow stress of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate and temperature, the flow stress equation is estimated to illustrate the relation of strain rate and stress and temperature during high temperature deformation process. The processing maps exhibit two domains as optimum fields for hot deformation at different strains, including the high strain rate domain in 623-773 K and the low strain rate domain in 573-673 K.展开更多
There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major ter- races, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern ...There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major ter- races, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations （GHGs） and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene, thick loess deposits accumulated in north China, and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China. The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ~1.7 Ma; they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval, until the late Pleistocene, ~50 ka. In this study, we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man. The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas, especially medium-sized fluvial basins, and lake shores. Even in the relatively recent geological past, the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transi- tional zone, which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns. Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determi- nants of early human behavior, in that loess tableland, large alluvial plains, desert-Gobi areas, and the Tibetan Plateau, were not suitable environments for early human settlement. We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes. The monsoon climate, which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms, promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation, provides a crucial context for early human adaptation. The adaptation of early humans to earth surface proc- esses in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study. Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.展开更多
We consider a modified Lnshnikov process as a model of a chemical polymer ization anf study the asymptotic behavior (in the thermodynamic limit;as N →∞)of a particular probability distribution on the set of N-dimens...We consider a modified Lnshnikov process as a model of a chemical polymer ization anf study the asymptotic behavior (in the thermodynamic limit;as N →∞)of a particular probability distribution on the set of N-dimensional vectors,tile kth component of which is the number of k-mers.The study study establisles the existence of three stages (subcritical,near-critical and supercritical stages)of polymerization,dependenting upon the ratio of association and dissociation rates of f polymers.The present paper concentrates on the analysis of tile subcritical stage.In the sibcritical.stages we show that tile size of the largest length of polymers of stize N is of the order.log N as N →+∞.展开更多
The properties orAl based nanocomposite metal foams and their corrosion behaviors were investigated in this study. For this, the composite metal foams with different relative densities （porosity） reinforced with alu...The properties orAl based nanocomposite metal foams and their corrosion behaviors were investigated in this study. For this, the composite metal foams with different relative densities （porosity） reinforced with alumina nanoparticles were prepared using a powder me- tallurgy-based sintering-dissolution process （SDP） and NaC1 particles were used as space holders. Then, the effect of nanoparticle rein- forcement and different amounts of NaC1 space holders （corresponding porosity） on the microstructure, morphology, density, hardness, and electrochemical specifications of the samples were investigated. It was found that as the relative density increased from 60% to 70%, the wall thickness increased from about 200 to 300 pro, which led to a decrease in pore size. Also, the addition of nanoparticle reinforcement and the increased relative density result in increasing metal foam hardness. Moreover, electrochemical test results indicated that increasing the A1203 content reduced the corrosion rate, but increasing the porosity enhanced it.展开更多
The hot deformation behavior of Ti22A125 Nb was investigated by hot compression test.The flow stressstrain curves can be divided into two types：conventional dynamic recrystallization（DRX） and discontinuous DRX.The ...The hot deformation behavior of Ti22A125 Nb was investigated by hot compression test.The flow stressstrain curves can be divided into two types：conventional dynamic recrystallization（DRX） and discontinuous DRX.The different softening mechanism and micro structure observation of conventional DRX and discontinuous DRX were analyzed.The processing map（PM） of Ti22A125 Nb was built to predict the safe deformation region.The optimal low strain rate domain（DOM I） with high power dissipation efficiency indicates the complete DRX.Additionally,in the high strain rate and low-temperature domain（DOM Ⅲ）,the power dissipation efficiency is low and some adiabatic shear bands and glide bands are observed,which are unsafe and should be avoided.Finally,the DRX map was established.In DOM I,it reveals low dislocation density and high DRX content,which is in agreement with PM.展开更多
Analysis on the deposition behavior of spray on deposition surface was made and an optimization method for the movement parameters （u, ω） of substrate was obtained. Simultaneously, a mathematical model of growth of...Analysis on the deposition behavior of spray on deposition surface was made and an optimization method for the movement parameters （u, ω） of substrate was obtained. Simultaneously, a mathematical model of growth of tubular preform, specifically aimed at the kind of atomizer that is fixed and with a tilt angle was established. By in- tegrating the optimization method and the mathematical model, the growth process and shape of preform were simu- lated. The results show that the tilt angle of atomizer plays an important role on the dimensions and shapes of tubular preforms and it can provide a guidance for the development of spray forming equipment.展开更多
A new preparation method （reduction-decomposition process） for high purity SrCO3 was investigated, which mainly includes four processes: reduction, leaching, purification and precipitation. The affecting factors abo...A new preparation method （reduction-decomposition process） for high purity SrCO3 was investigated, which mainly includes four processes: reduction, leaching, purification and precipitation. The affecting factors about S2- behaviors in leaching process and the effects of variables on purity and particle sizes distribution of SrCO3 were analyzed theoretically and practically. It is concluded that with the increase of temperature or decrease of pH value in leaching process, the strontium recovery increases, but SrS decomposes and hydrogen sulphide （H2S） gas discharges. The purity of SrCO3 is dependent on dissolution-recrystallization times, for example, the purity of （SrCO3） is as high as 99.97% when it is recrystallized three times. Besides, the solution concentration of Sr（OH）2 and flow rate of CO2 have important effects on particle size distribution of SrCO3 particles, especially, the particle sizes of （SrCO3） meanly distribute in 0.11.0 μm when the flow rate of CO2 is about 2 000 mL/min and other parameters are invariable.展开更多
The chemorheological behaviors of a low viscosity epoxy resin system （Huntsman 1564/3486） for vacuum infusion moulding process （VIMP） were studied with viscosity experiments.The dual-Arrhenius rheological model an...The chemorheological behaviors of a low viscosity epoxy resin system （Huntsman 1564/3486） for vacuum infusion moulding process （VIMP） were studied with viscosity experiments.The dual-Arrhenius rheological model and the engineering viscosity model were established and compared with the experimental data.The result showed that the viscosity in the earlier stage calculated by dual-Arrhenius model were smaller than the experimental data,while the data calculated by the engineering model were larger.Combining the two models together can predict the rheological behaviors of the resin system in a more credible manner.The processing windows of the resin system for VIMP were determined based on the two models.The optimum processing temperature is 30-45 ℃.展开更多
In this paper, the near-critical and super-critical asymptotic behavior of a reversible Markov process as a chemical model for polymerization was studied. The results of the present paper, together with an analysis of...In this paper, the near-critical and super-critical asymptotic behavior of a reversible Markov process as a chemical model for polymerization was studied. The results of the present paper, together with an analysis of the sub-critical stage, establish the existence of three distinct stages (sub-critical, near-critical and super-critical stages) of polymerization (in the thermodynamic limit as N --> +infinity,),depending on the value of strength of the fragmentation reaction. These three stages correspond to the size of the largest length of polymers of size N to be itself of order log N, Nm/m+1 (m greater than or equal to 2, m not equal 4n, n greater than or equal to 1) and N, respectively.展开更多
Hot deformation behavior of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy was investigated using hot compressive tests in the tem- perature range of 650-850℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The constitutive equation of the alloy based o...Hot deformation behavior of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy was investigated using hot compressive tests in the tem- perature range of 650-850℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The constitutive equation of the alloy based on the hyperbolic-sine equation was established to characterize the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature. The critical conditions for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization were determined based on the alloy strain hardening rate curves. Based on the dynamic material model, the processing maps at the strains of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 were obtained. When the true strain was 0.5, greater power dissipation efficiency was observed at 800-850 ℃ and under 0.001-0.1 s-1, with the peak efficiency of 47%. The evolution of DRX microstructure strongly depends on the deformation temperature and the strain rate. Based on the processing maps and microstructure evolution, the optimal hot working conditions for the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy are in the temperature range of 800-850 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1.展开更多
The influence of Cu content on the reaction process, reaction behavior and obtained products in the Cu-ZrC system, as well as their relationships, were investigated. The results showed that Zr C was synthesized throug...The influence of Cu content on the reaction process, reaction behavior and obtained products in the Cu-ZrC system, as well as their relationships, were investigated. The results showed that Zr C was synthesized through the diffusion and dissolution of C into a Cu-Zr liquid. Increasing the Cu content enhanced the amount of Cu-Zr liquid formed at the early stage but decreased the amount of C atoms dissolving into the melt at unit time. Consequently, the ignition time initially decreased and then increased. Conversely, with an increased Cu content, the energy required for igniting the neighboring unreacted powders increased,while the heat released by the reaction and the dwell time of the compact at high temperatures decreased.These effects then resulted in the reduction of combustion wave velocity, combustion temperature and Zr C particle size. Furthermore, the synthesis of ZrC is a multistage process, which provides a nonuniform distributed Zr C particle size. The sub-μm Zr C particle reinforced Cu matrix composite was fabricated by adding a ZrC-Cu master alloy prepared through a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction into liquid Cu.展开更多
In this study, the effect of melting temperature on the microstructural evolutions, behavior, and corrosion morphology of Hadfield steel in the casting process is investigated. The mold was prepared by the sodium sili...In this study, the effect of melting temperature on the microstructural evolutions, behavior, and corrosion morphology of Hadfield steel in the casting process is investigated. The mold was prepared by the sodium silicate/CO_2 method, using a blind riser, and then the desired molten steel was obtained using a coreless induction furnace. The casting was performed at melting temperatures of 1350, 1400, 1450, and 1500°C, and the cast blocks were immediately quenched in water. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractrometry(XRD) were used to analyze the corrosion morphology and phase formation in the microstructure, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the samples was analyzed using a potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The optical microscopy observations and XRD patterns show that the increase in melting temperature led to a decrease of carbides and an increase in the austenite grain size in the Hadfield steel microstructure. The corrosion tests results show that with increasing melting temperature in the casting process, Hadfield steel shows a higher corrosion resistance. The SEM images of the corrosion morphologies show that the reduction of melting temperature in the Hadfield steel casting process induced micro-galvanic corrosion conditions.展开更多
Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modern process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser para...Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modern process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser parameters on fatigue behavior and residual stress state generated in 6061-T651 alloy specimens was summarized. Residual stress of 6061-T651 alloy was analyzed both before and after laser processing with multishocks. The material remains in compressive residual stress of approximate 1mm in depth which is approximately 10 times deeper than that can be achieved with the conventional technique, and the maximal compressive residual stress at the surface of the sample is about -350MPa. Near the surface, yield strength and hardness are found to be increased by the laser shock. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life for the laser-shocked to unshocked specimens is found to be 4.9 for specimens. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the fatigue performance of aluminum alloys.展开更多
文摘The hot deformation behavior of a Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W-0.15B （at%） titanium aluminide alloy fabricated by pre-alloyed powder metallurgy has been investigated by using the hot compression tests in the temperature range from 950℃ to 1300℃ and at the strain rates between 10-3 s-1 and 10 s-1. The processing maps have been established to evaluate the optimum hot processing conditions and reveal the instability regions. It is found that the flow stress of the investigated alloy is a strong function of the temperature and the strain rate, The investigated alloy has the optimum hot-working condition at 950℃ and 10-3 s-1, since the material undergoes dynamic recrystallization to produce a fine-grained microstructure. At 1250℃ and 10-3 s-1, the alloy exhibits superplastic deformation. At 2300℃ and 10-1 s-1, the cyclic dynamic recrystallization with high temperature grain coarsening takes place. The material undergoes flow instabilities at lower temperatures and higher strain rates, as predicted by the instability criterion. The processing maps demonstrate that the strain significantly affected the instability regions. The manifestations of the instabilities have been observed in the form of microvoids, wedge cracks, and surface fractures.
基金Sponsored by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2012AA03A514)Youth Scientific Research Foundation of Central South University of Forestry and Technology of China(QJ2010001A)
文摘The flow behavior of delta-processed Inconel 718 was studied in temperature range of 900-1 060℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-0.5s-1.The effects of friction and temperature on the compressive deformation behavior were investigated,and the flow stress-strain error caused by friction was revised.The results showed that the effect of the friction was obvious with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature.The revised flow stress is decreased by increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate and exhibits a typical dynamic recrystallization behavior.The constitutive model has been developed through a hyperbolic-sine Arrhenius type equation to relate the flow stress,strain rate and temperature.The influence of strain has also been incorporated by considering the variation of material constants as a function of strain.The prediction accuracy of developed constitutive model has been assessed using standard statistical formulae.According to the analysis results,the proposed deformation constitutive equation gives an accurate and precise estimate of flow stress of delta-processed Inconel 718 alloy.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51164030,51261020)Education Commission Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China(GJJ13501)
文摘The hot deformation behavior of Ti 5.6Al-4.8Sn-2.0Zr-1.0Mo 0.35Si 0.85Nd alloy in β/quasi-β forging process was studied using isothermal compression tests over temperature range from 1040℃ to 1 100 ℃ and strain rates form 0. 001 s-1 to 70 s -1. The results show that the flow stress and mierostrueture are sensitive to thermomechanical parameters. The processing maps based on the dynamic materials model at strain of 0.3 and 0.7 were established. The optimum deformation thermomechanical parameters at a strain of 0.7 have two regions that exhibit the peak of power dissipation efficiency. One is the region of 1062-1100 ℃ and 10- 3 10-1.5 s -1 ; and another which represents dynamic recrystallization is 1040-1045 ℃ and 10-1.8 10- 0.5 s -1. The instable region is located where the strain rate is larger than 1 s 1 which corresponds to the mechanical instability.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21264004)the Guizhou Province Inorganic Nonmetallic Key Laboratory of Functional Materials(2012-004)the Industry Revitalization Plan Project of Guiyang City(2012101-3-9)
文摘A volume-adjustable cavity of molding machine for polymer foaming was fabricated with renovation of an ordinary injection molding machine. Polypropylene （PP） composite foams were prepared by chemical foaming method via the volume-adjustable cavity of the molding machine. The decompressing and short shot processes in preparing the samples were carded out to adjust the cell structure of the foamed samples. The structures that foamed insufficiently, moder- ately, and excessively were observed in these two foaming processes. The foamed PP composite samples generated in decompressing pro- cess have more desirable cell s^cture than those generated by short shot process, specifically, the cell structure with the cell size of 46.97 IJxn, cell density of 3.18x 106 cell/cm3, and cell size dispersion of 10.76 ~m was achieved in the decompressing process. A controlled foaming process was realized through the decompressing process using the injection foaming equipment with a volume-adjustable cavity. The foamed PP composite has the insufficient, moderate, and excessive foamed structures in these two foaming processes.
基金supported by the Foundation for Science and Technology Development Project of Shandong (No.2014GGX102006)
文摘The isothermally compression deformation behavior of an elevated Cu/Li weight ratio Al–Cu–Li alloy was investigated under various deformation conditions.The isothermal compression tests were carried out in a temperature range from 300 to 500℃ and at a strain rate range from 0.001 to 10 s^-1.The results show that the peak stress level decreases with temperature increasing and strain rate decreasing,which is represented by the Zener–Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of 218.5 k J/mol.At low Z value,the dynamic recrystallized grain is well formed with clean high-angle boundaries.At high Z value,a high dislocation density with poorly developed cellularity and considerable fine dynamic precipitates are observed.Based on the experimental data and dynamic material model,the processing maps at strain of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7 were developed to demonstrate the hot workability of the alloy.The results show that the main softening mechanism at high Z value is precipitate coarsening and dynamic recovery;the dynamic recrystallization of the alloy can be easily observed as ln Z ≤ 29.44,with peak efficiency of power dissipation of around 70%.At strains of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7,the flow instability domains are found at higher strain rates,which mainly locate at the upper part of processing maps.In addition,when the strain rate is 0.001 or 0.02 s^-1,there is a particular instability domain at 300–350℃.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50874060)Program for Excellent Talents of Liaoning Province in University(LR201019)
文摘The behavior of inclusions in the process of B-phase growth during the solidification of Fe-0.15C-0.8Mn steel was in-situ observed using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope （HTCSLM）. The results show that inclusions arrive the S/L （solid/liquid） interface by way of direct impact or gradual drift, when the ceil spacing is approximately equal to 177 um during the growth of cellular B-phase. The inclusions easily stay at the positions of trailing vortex formed by the circumferential motion of molten steel around B-phase. Some inclusions reaching the S/L interface are captured by the solid-phase. Some of them move along the normal direction of the S/L in- terface because of pushing of solid-phase, and the others get away from the S/L interface after being pushed for a distance. The faster the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions are captured by the S/L interface. The slower the growth rates of the solid-phase are, the easier the inclusions move with the S/L interface.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB623705)
文摘The hot deformation behavior of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag was studied by isothermal hot compression tests in the temperature range of 573-773 K and strain rate range of 0.001-1 s^-1 on a Gleeble 1500 D thermal mechanical simulator. The results show the flow stress of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy increases with strain rate and decreases after a peak value, indicating dynamic recovery and recrystallization. A hyperbolic sine relationship is found to correlate well the flow stress with the strain rate and temperature, the flow stress equation is estimated to illustrate the relation of strain rate and stress and temperature during high temperature deformation process. The processing maps exhibit two domains as optimum fields for hot deformation at different strains, including the high strain rate domain in 623-773 K and the low strain rate domain in 573-673 K.
基金Foundation： National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41472138, No.41401220, No.41472026 The CAS Strate- gic Priority Research Program Grant B, No.XDPB05 The Ministry of Science and Technology of China, No.2016YFA0600503
文摘There is a wide diversity of landforms in China. The topography of three major ter- races, decreasing in height stepwise from west to east, was formed by the early Miocene. With the commencement of the Great Northern Hemisphere Glaciations （GHGs） and the glacial-interglacial cycles in the Pleistocene, thick loess deposits accumulated in north China, and fluvial terraces were formed and lakes expanded and contracted in eastern and central China. The earliest evidence of hominins in China is dated to ~1.7 Ma; they occupied the monsoon-dominated region for a long interval, until the late Pleistocene, ~50 ka. In this study, we investigated a large area rich in the relics and artifacts of early man. The results indicate that the early humans occupied riverine areas, especially medium-sized fluvial basins, and lake shores. Even in the relatively recent geological past, the occupation and abandonment of settlements were directly forced by the shifting of sand dune fields in the desert-loess transi- tional zone, which in turn was closely associated with variations in the monsoon climate and vegetation patterns. Our observations indicate that landforms were one of the main determi- nants of early human behavior, in that loess tableland, large alluvial plains, desert-Gobi areas, and the Tibetan Plateau, were not suitable environments for early human settlement. We infer that the early humans in China adapted their behavior to specific landforms and landform processes. The monsoon climate, which shapes the large-scale step-like pattern of fluvial landforms, promotes vegetation coverage and dominates soil formation, provides a crucial context for early human adaptation. The adaptation of early humans to earth surface proc- esses in East Asia is investigated for the first time in this study. Future investigations will provide further information that will increase our understanding of the linkage between early human behavior and landform processes in East Asia.
文摘We consider a modified Lnshnikov process as a model of a chemical polymer ization anf study the asymptotic behavior (in the thermodynamic limit;as N →∞)of a particular probability distribution on the set of N-dimensional vectors,tile kth component of which is the number of k-mers.The study study establisles the existence of three stages (subcritical,near-critical and supercritical stages)of polymerization,dependenting upon the ratio of association and dissociation rates of f polymers.The present paper concentrates on the analysis of tile subcritical stage.In the sibcritical.stages we show that tile size of the largest length of polymers of stize N is of the order.log N as N →+∞.
文摘The properties orAl based nanocomposite metal foams and their corrosion behaviors were investigated in this study. For this, the composite metal foams with different relative densities （porosity） reinforced with alumina nanoparticles were prepared using a powder me- tallurgy-based sintering-dissolution process （SDP） and NaC1 particles were used as space holders. Then, the effect of nanoparticle rein- forcement and different amounts of NaC1 space holders （corresponding porosity） on the microstructure, morphology, density, hardness, and electrochemical specifications of the samples were investigated. It was found that as the relative density increased from 60% to 70%, the wall thickness increased from about 200 to 300 pro, which led to a decrease in pore size. Also, the addition of nanoparticle reinforcement and the increased relative density result in increasing metal foam hardness. Moreover, electrochemical test results indicated that increasing the A1203 content reduced the corrosion rate, but increasing the porosity enhanced it.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51175431)
文摘The hot deformation behavior of Ti22A125 Nb was investigated by hot compression test.The flow stressstrain curves can be divided into two types：conventional dynamic recrystallization（DRX） and discontinuous DRX.The different softening mechanism and micro structure observation of conventional DRX and discontinuous DRX were analyzed.The processing map（PM） of Ti22A125 Nb was built to predict the safe deformation region.The optimal low strain rate domain（DOM I） with high power dissipation efficiency indicates the complete DRX.Additionally,in the high strain rate and low-temperature domain（DOM Ⅲ）,the power dissipation efficiency is low and some adiabatic shear bands and glide bands are observed,which are unsafe and should be avoided.Finally,the DRX map was established.In DOM I,it reveals low dislocation density and high DRX content,which is in agreement with PM.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50474082)
文摘Analysis on the deposition behavior of spray on deposition surface was made and an optimization method for the movement parameters （u, ω） of substrate was obtained. Simultaneously, a mathematical model of growth of tubular preform, specifically aimed at the kind of atomizer that is fixed and with a tilt angle was established. By in- tegrating the optimization method and the mathematical model, the growth process and shape of preform were simu- lated. The results show that the tilt angle of atomizer plays an important role on the dimensions and shapes of tubular preforms and it can provide a guidance for the development of spray forming equipment.
文摘A new preparation method （reduction-decomposition process） for high purity SrCO3 was investigated, which mainly includes four processes: reduction, leaching, purification and precipitation. The affecting factors about S2- behaviors in leaching process and the effects of variables on purity and particle sizes distribution of SrCO3 were analyzed theoretically and practically. It is concluded that with the increase of temperature or decrease of pH value in leaching process, the strontium recovery increases, but SrS decomposes and hydrogen sulphide （H2S） gas discharges. The purity of SrCO3 is dependent on dissolution-recrystallization times, for example, the purity of （SrCO3） is as high as 99.97% when it is recrystallized three times. Besides, the solution concentration of Sr（OH）2 and flow rate of CO2 have important effects on particle size distribution of SrCO3 particles, especially, the particle sizes of （SrCO3） meanly distribute in 0.11.0 μm when the flow rate of CO2 is about 2 000 mL/min and other parameters are invariable.
基金Supported by the 863 National Project of China (No.2007AA03Z563)the Specialized Project of the HUNAN Province of China(No.2006GK1002)
文摘The chemorheological behaviors of a low viscosity epoxy resin system （Huntsman 1564/3486） for vacuum infusion moulding process （VIMP） were studied with viscosity experiments.The dual-Arrhenius rheological model and the engineering viscosity model were established and compared with the experimental data.The result showed that the viscosity in the earlier stage calculated by dual-Arrhenius model were smaller than the experimental data,while the data calculated by the engineering model were larger.Combining the two models together can predict the rheological behaviors of the resin system in a more credible manner.The processing windows of the resin system for VIMP were determined based on the two models.The optimum processing temperature is 30-45 ℃.
基金supported in part by National NaturalScience Foundation of China!196610O3
文摘In this paper, the near-critical and super-critical asymptotic behavior of a reversible Markov process as a chemical model for polymerization was studied. The results of the present paper, together with an analysis of the sub-critical stage, establish the existence of three distinct stages (sub-critical, near-critical and super-critical stages) of polymerization (in the thermodynamic limit as N --> +infinity,),depending on the value of strength of the fragmentation reaction. These three stages correspond to the size of the largest length of polymers of size N to be itself of order log N, Nm/m+1 (m greater than or equal to 2, m not equal 4n, n greater than or equal to 1) and N, respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51101052)the National Science Foundation(No.IRES 1358088)
文摘Hot deformation behavior of the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy was investigated using hot compressive tests in the tem- perature range of 650-850℃ and strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The constitutive equation of the alloy based on the hyperbolic-sine equation was established to characterize the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature. The critical conditions for the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization were determined based on the alloy strain hardening rate curves. Based on the dynamic material model, the processing maps at the strains of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 were obtained. When the true strain was 0.5, greater power dissipation efficiency was observed at 800-850 ℃ and under 0.001-0.1 s-1, with the peak efficiency of 47%. The evolution of DRX microstructure strongly depends on the deformation temperature and the strain rate. Based on the processing maps and microstructure evolution, the optimal hot working conditions for the Cu-Cr-Zr alloy are in the temperature range of 800-850 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2017YFB0305300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51404157, 51374144)+1 种基金Public Welfare Projects of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2017C31118)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY17E050003)
文摘The influence of Cu content on the reaction process, reaction behavior and obtained products in the Cu-ZrC system, as well as their relationships, were investigated. The results showed that Zr C was synthesized through the diffusion and dissolution of C into a Cu-Zr liquid. Increasing the Cu content enhanced the amount of Cu-Zr liquid formed at the early stage but decreased the amount of C atoms dissolving into the melt at unit time. Consequently, the ignition time initially decreased and then increased. Conversely, with an increased Cu content, the energy required for igniting the neighboring unreacted powders increased,while the heat released by the reaction and the dwell time of the compact at high temperatures decreased.These effects then resulted in the reduction of combustion wave velocity, combustion temperature and Zr C particle size. Furthermore, the synthesis of ZrC is a multistage process, which provides a nonuniform distributed Zr C particle size. The sub-μm Zr C particle reinforced Cu matrix composite was fabricated by adding a ZrC-Cu master alloy prepared through a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis reaction into liquid Cu.
文摘In this study, the effect of melting temperature on the microstructural evolutions, behavior, and corrosion morphology of Hadfield steel in the casting process is investigated. The mold was prepared by the sodium silicate/CO_2 method, using a blind riser, and then the desired molten steel was obtained using a coreless induction furnace. The casting was performed at melting temperatures of 1350, 1400, 1450, and 1500°C, and the cast blocks were immediately quenched in water. Optical microscopy was used to analyze the microstructure, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractrometry(XRD) were used to analyze the corrosion morphology and phase formation in the microstructure, respectively. The corrosion behavior of the samples was analyzed using a potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 3.5 wt% NaCl. The optical microscopy observations and XRD patterns show that the increase in melting temperature led to a decrease of carbides and an increase in the austenite grain size in the Hadfield steel microstructure. The corrosion tests results show that with increasing melting temperature in the casting process, Hadfield steel shows a higher corrosion resistance. The SEM images of the corrosion morphologies show that the reduction of melting temperature in the Hadfield steel casting process induced micro-galvanic corrosion conditions.
基金Project(50275068) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modern process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser parameters on fatigue behavior and residual stress state generated in 6061-T651 alloy specimens was summarized. Residual stress of 6061-T651 alloy was analyzed both before and after laser processing with multishocks. The material remains in compressive residual stress of approximate 1mm in depth which is approximately 10 times deeper than that can be achieved with the conventional technique, and the maximal compressive residual stress at the surface of the sample is about -350MPa. Near the surface, yield strength and hardness are found to be increased by the laser shock. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life for the laser-shocked to unshocked specimens is found to be 4.9 for specimens. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the fatigue performance of aluminum alloys.
