欧洲的疯牛病还没有从人们的记忆淡出,今年三月底以来。韩国又发生了可怕的牲畜口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease)。所谓“口蹄疫”,即偶蹄兽(牛,羊,猪等)的一种急性、接触性传染病。病原为病毒。通过病畜和被污染的饲料、褥草、用具和护...欧洲的疯牛病还没有从人们的记忆淡出,今年三月底以来。韩国又发生了可怕的牲畜口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease)。所谓“口蹄疫”,即偶蹄兽(牛,羊,猪等)的一种急性、接触性传染病。病原为病毒。通过病畜和被污染的饲料、褥草、用具和护理人员的衣物传播,经消化道,呼吸道等多种途径感染,传染性极强。病畜体温升高,口腔、面、蹄叉、蹄冠和乳房上发生水疱和烂斑,口流泡沫、时作喷嚏声、坡行、能够影响使役和泌乳。从下面这句可见“口蹄疫”的危害之烈:…which hit Taiwan in 1997, which forced the slaughter of a quarter of the island's 14 million pigs and decimated(本义:大批杀害)its pork export industry.此外,本文标题中的beef up是一个常用的口语用语,意思是“加强,增强”。另如:The President has beefed up his staff.总统加强了他的工作班子。】展开更多
China is the worlds secondlargest consumer and largest importer of beef.With the promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative and the continuous optimization of the business environment under the framework of China-CEEC ...China is the worlds secondlargest consumer and largest importer of beef.With the promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative and the continuous optimization of the business environment under the framework of China-CEEC cooperation,European beef exporters have gradually opened the Chinese market.As a major agricultural country in Europe,Hungary's working with China in beef export and import is not only in line with its policy of"Eastern opening"and reducing its dependence on the Western European market,but also meets the demand for building astrong and resilient industrial chain amid global uncertainty,and helps promote the high-quality development of its agricultural trade.展开更多
In this work,one-step growth models using hyperspectral imaging(HSI)(400-1000 nm)were successfully developed in order to estimate the microbial loads,minimum growth temperature(T_(min))and maximum specific growth rate...In this work,one-step growth models using hyperspectral imaging(HSI)(400-1000 nm)were successfully developed in order to estimate the microbial loads,minimum growth temperature(T_(min))and maximum specific growth rate(μ_(max))of Brochothrix thermosphacta in chilled beef at isothermal temperatures(4-25℃).Three different methods were compared for model development,particularly using(Model Ⅰ)the predicted microbial loads from partial least squares regression of the whole spectral variables;(Model Ⅱ)the selected spectral variables related to microbial loads;and(Model Ⅲ)the first principal scores of HSI spectra by principal component analysis.Consequently,Model Ⅰ showed the best ability to predict the microbial loads of B.thermosphacta,with the coefficient of determination(R_(v)^(2))and root mean square error in internal validation(RMSEV)of 0.921 and 0.498(lg(CFU/g)).The T_(min)(-12.32℃)andμmax can be well estimated with R^(2) and root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.971 and 0.276(lg(CFU/g)),respectively.The upward trend ofμmax with temperature was similar to that of the plate count method.HSI technique thus can be used as a simple method for one-step growth simulation of B.thermosphacta in chilled beef during storage.展开更多
Background Supplementation of choline chloride in culture medium programs the preimplantation bovine embryo to increase weaning weight of the resultant calf.Here,it was hypothesized that similar programming actions of...Background Supplementation of choline chloride in culture medium programs the preimplantation bovine embryo to increase weaning weight of the resultant calf.Here,it was hypothesized that similar programming actions of choline can be induced by feeding rumen-protected choline(RPC)to beef cows during the periconceptional period.Results A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine changes in circulating concentrations of choline and its metabolites after RPC supplementation.Suckled beef cows were individually fed 0,30,60,and 90 g of RPC(i.e.,0,8.6,17.3 and 25.9 g choline chloride)and blood samples were collected at random times after feeding.There were no differences in plasma concentrations of choline or its metabolites between groups.In the second experiment,effects of feeding 60 g/d RPC from d-1 to 7 relative to timed artificial insemination were examined for suckled beef cows.Feeding RPC did not affect pregnancy or calving rates,pregnancy losses,plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins,gestation length or calf birth weight.Calves from RPC fed dams were lighter than control calves at~118 days of age(range 75–150;age included in the statistical model)and at weaning at~248 days of age.There was no effect of treatment on hip height at~118 days of age although there was a trend for RPC calves to be shorter at weaning.Weight/height ratio was lower for RPC than control at both 118 and 248 days of age.Treatment did not affect testis weight at~118 days of age.Conclusions Supplementation of RPC during the periconceptional period programmed development to alter calf phenotype in the postnatal period.The net result,reduced body weight,was the opposite of the phenotype caused by the addition of choline to embryo culture medium.展开更多
Cattle carcass traits are economically important in the beef industry.In the present study,we identified 184 significant genes and 822 alternative genes for 7 carcass traits using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)...Cattle carcass traits are economically important in the beef industry.In the present study,we identified 184 significant genes and 822 alternative genes for 7 carcass traits using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)in 1,566 Huaxi beef cattle.We then identified 5,860 unique cis-genes and 734 trans-genes in 227 longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM)samples to better understand the genetic regulation of gene expression.Our integration study of the GWAS and cis-eQTL analysis detected 13 variants regulating 12 identical genes,in which one variant was also detected in fine-mapping analysis.Moreover,using a transcriptome-wide association study(TWAS),we identified 4 genes(TTC30B,HMGA1,PRKD3 and FXN)that were significantly related to carcass chest depth(CCD),carcass length(CL),carcass weight(CW)and dressing percentage(DP).This study identified variants and genes that may be useful for understanding the molecular mechanism of carcass traits in beef cattle.展开更多
The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced...The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.展开更多
Background In this study,the effects of L-leucine(Leu)on rumen fermentation parameters,rumen epithelium development,amino acid composition,rumen bacterial communities and rumen metabolites in beef cattle were investig...Background In this study,the effects of L-leucine(Leu)on rumen fermentation parameters,rumen epithelium development,amino acid composition,rumen bacterial communities and rumen metabolites in beef cattle were investigated.Twenty-four fattening Angus females of similar initial weight(575.5±22.1 kg)were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 4 replicate pens(3 cattle per pen).They were fed either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 6.0 g L-Leu/100 kg BW/d for 120 d.Results(1)Leu increased the ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acid(VFA)(P=0.017),propionate(P=0.023),isovalerate(P=0.001),and branched-chain volatile fatty acid(BCVFA)(P=0.01)at 4 h post-feeding.It also tended to increase acetate(P=0.083)and decrease the ammonia-N(NH_3-N)concentration(P=0.055),but it did not affect ruminal pH(P>0.1).Leu also increased microbial crude protein(MCP)(P=0.026)at 4 h post-feeding,but decreased MCP at 8 h post-feeding(P=0.010).(2)Supplementation with L-Leu increased the ruminal concentrations of phenylalanine(P=0.011),lysine(P=0.034),and tyrosine(P=0.033),while decreasing the cystine concentration(P=0.010).(3)Leu increased the thickness of the stratum spinosum and basal(P<0.05),while decreasing the thickness of the stratum granulosum(P<0.05).(4)Leu upregulated the relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in tight junction proteins(P<0.05)and VFA absorption and metabolism(P<0.01)in the rumen epithelium.This upregulation was positively correlated with the concentrations ruminal isovalerate and BCVFA(P<0.01).(5)L-Leu did not affect the diversity and richness of ruminal microbes(P>0.05),but differential bacterial biomarkers(LEfSe,LDA>2)were either positively or negatively correlated with ruminal MCP,NH_3-N,and BCVFA concentrations(P<0.001).Additionally,differential bacterial metabolites(OPLS-DA,VIP>1.5)were primarily enriched in the amino acid metabolism pathway and the cofactors and vitamins metabolism pathway(P<0.05).Conclusions Dietary supplementation with L-Leu altered rumen fermentation parameters and patterns,improved rumen epithelial morphology,and enhanced the expression of genes related to VFA absorption and metabolism in the rumen epithelium of beef cattle.展开更多
Background The environmental impact of feedlot operations is a growing concern,as cattle excrete a significant portion of feed nutrients as waste.Exogenous feed enzymes(EFE)have gained interest for their potential to ...Background The environmental impact of feedlot operations is a growing concern,as cattle excrete a significant portion of feed nutrients as waste.Exogenous feed enzymes(EFE)have gained interest for their potential to enhance feed efficiency in ruminants by improving nutrient digestion.However,EFE effects on ruminal parameters have shown inconsistencies,with limited research on nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbiome impacts.Moreover,the synergistic effects of combining different EFEs remain unclear.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of individual and combined EFE products in feedlot diets on ruminal fermentation parameters,nitrogen metabolism,and ruminal microbial communities.Ten rumen-cannulated Nellore steers[543±28.6 kg of body weight(BW)]were distributed in a replicated Latin-square design(5×5)in individual pens.Treatments included:control(CON,no EFE supplementation),amylase[AML,0.5 g/kg of diet dry matter(DM)],xylanase(FBL,0.9 g/kg DM),half dose combination(HD,0.25 g of AML+0.45 g of FBL/kg of DM),and full dose combination(FD,0.5 g of AML+0.90 g of FBL/kg of DM).The experimental period lasted 19 d and included total urine and feces collection(d 15 to 18)and rumen fluid sampling(d 19)at 0,4,8,12,and 16 h post-feeding for ammonia,volatile fatty acids(VFA),pH and microbiome analysis.Results EFE supplemented animals exhibited lower ruminal ammonia concentrations(P=0.040),and higher acetate proportions(P<0.001)compared to the control group.EFE supplementation resulted in reduced nitrogen(N)excretion in feces(P=0.049)and urine(P=0.036),contributing to improved N retention and efficiency(P=0.045).Additionally,EFE products induced shifts in various microbial taxa at family and genera levels(P≤0.10),which may be associated with the changes observed in ruminal fermentation.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that EFE supplementation enhances nitrogen retention,reduces ruminal ammonia,and alters ruminal fermentation profiles and microbial populations in feedlot cattle.While the expected synergism between amylase and xylanase did not significantly impact rumen fermentation parameters,it did induce shifts in the rumen microbiome.These results suggest that EFE supplementation may be a promising strategy for improving nutrient utilization and potentially reducing the environmental impact of feedlot operations.展开更多
Global livestock production is a major driver of climate change.Lumping beef and pork together as red meat masks important differences in their carbon footprints,land uses,and social status.These two red meat choices ...Global livestock production is a major driver of climate change.Lumping beef and pork together as red meat masks important differences in their carbon footprints,land uses,and social status.These two red meat choices in Canada were compared by using a meta-model of the Unified Livestock Industry and Crop Emissions Estimation System(ULICEES).ULICEES calculated fossil CO_(2),N_(2)O and CH_(4) emissions for beef,dairy,pork,poultry,and sheep production in Canada,based on both the livestock and their supporting land base in 2001.The dynamic drivers of the meta-model were crop yields,breeding female populations,tillage practices,nitrogen fertilizer use,and the crop complex of each livestock industry.When the potential carbon sequestration in the land growing harvested perennial forage is credited to beef production,the CO_(2)e emissions offset does not reduce the carbon footprint of beef enough to match the lower carbon footprint of pork.Most of the land required to grow hay for beef would not be needed to feed a protein-equivalent pig population.In a hypothetical conversion of all beef production to pork production for 2021,4.5 Mha of land under perennial forage was freed and 10.0 MtCO_(2)e per year was mitigated when that area was re-cultivated for annual crops—a GHG mitigation equal to 12%of the GHG emissions budget of Canadian agriculture.Leaving that area under a perennial ground cover mitigated 19.8 MtCO_(2)e per year,the equivalent of 23%of the sector’s GHG emissions budget.展开更多
Facing the severe decline in beef cattle market prices and leveraging its status as a major cattle-raising city,Binzhou City has actively utilized the superior genetic resources of Bohai Black Cattle.The city has prog...Facing the severe decline in beef cattle market prices and leveraging its status as a major cattle-raising city,Binzhou City has actively utilized the superior genetic resources of Bohai Black Cattle.The city has progressively transitioned from small-scale cattle farming to specialized and large-scale breeding communities by collaborating with experts from national and provincial industrial technology systems including the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and Shandong Agricultural University.The breeding focus has shifted from Simmental crossbred cattle to purebred Bohai Black Cattle,hybrid cattle,Angus Cattle,and Hereford Cattle,driving the transformation and upgrading of the beef cattle industry.Emphasizing"germplasm source security",Binzhou has capitalized on the unique advantages of Bohai Black Cattle to achieve doubling in quantity,quality,and profitability of high-grade beef cattle breeds.This initiative supports ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.A Qilu Model will be established for national modern animal husbandry,further strengthening Shandong's first beef market.展开更多
In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The ch...In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The chlorfenapyr residue was determined by GC-MS.The results indicated that the detection limit was 0.005 mg/kg,recoveries and RSDs of the method were 93%-100% and 3.4%-7.2%,respectively.The method showed high efficiency and sensitivity,as well as good stability and veracity.展开更多
In the improvement process of local yellow cattle with frozen semen of beef cattle, the cows were grouped according to different cross combinations. Then, the conception rate, dystocia rate and reproductive survival r...In the improvement process of local yellow cattle with frozen semen of beef cattle, the cows were grouped according to different cross combinations. Then, the conception rate, dystocia rate and reproductive survival rate of the cows in each group, as well as the body size and body weight of new-born calves, were ana- lyzed. The results showed that no significant differences were found in conception rate among different groups （P〉0.05）; there was no significant difference in dystocia rate between the A and C groups （P〉0.05）, but the dystocia rate in the B group was significantly different from those in the A and C groups （P〈0.05）. There were positive correlations between calf forehead width, chest circumference and the dys- tocia rate.展开更多
人们常说美国是一个车轮子上的国家(a country On the wheel)，也就是说，美国的各个领域、各个方面都不停地发生着变化，有的变好，有的变坏，新的东西层出不穷，旧的东西惨遭淘汰，但总有一些东西是一成不变的，这是事物发展的规律。...人们常说美国是一个车轮子上的国家(a country On the wheel)，也就是说，美国的各个领域、各个方面都不停地发生着变化，有的变好，有的变坏，新的东西层出不穷，旧的东西惨遭淘汰，但总有一些东西是一成不变的，这是事物发展的规律。美国人的语言也在时时经受着时间的磨练，被迫经常“变脸”，展开更多
Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesi...Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.展开更多
China is one of the largest meat producing countries in the wodd. With the growing concern for food safety more attention has been paid to meat quality. The application of conventional test methods for meat quality is...China is one of the largest meat producing countries in the wodd. With the growing concern for food safety more attention has been paid to meat quality. The application of conventional test methods for meat quality is limited by many factors, and subjectiveness, such as longer time to prepare samples and to test. A sensor matrix was constructed with several separate air sensors, and tests were conducted to detect the freshness of the beef. The results show that the air sensors TGS2610, TGS2600, TGS2611, TGS2620 and TGS2602 made by Tianjin Figaro Electronic Co, Ltd could be used to determine the degree of freshness but TGS2442 is not suitable. This study provides a foundation for designing and making an economical and practical detector for beef freshness.展开更多
Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) describes an animal’s feed efficiency independent of growth performance.The objective of this study was to determine differences in growth performance, carcass traits, major bact...Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) describes an animal’s feed efficiency independent of growth performance.The objective of this study was to determine differences in growth performance, carcass traits, major bacteria attached to ruminal solids-fraction, and ruminal epithelium gene expression between the most-efficient and the least-efficient beef cattle. One-hundred and forty-nine Red Angus cattle were allocated to three contemporary groups according to sex and herd origin. Animals were fed a finishing diet in confinement for 70 d to determine the RFI category for each. Within each group, the two most-efficient(n = 6; RFI coefficient =-2.69 ± 0.58 kg dry matter intake(DMI)/d) and the two least-efficient animals(n = 6; RFI coefficient = 3.08 ± 0.55 kg DMI/d) were selected. Immediately after slaughter, ruminal solids-fraction and ruminal epithelium were collected for bacteria relative abundance and epithelial gene expression analyses, respectively, using real-time PCR.Results: The most-efficient animals consumed less feed(P = 0.01; 5.03 kg less DMI/d) compared with the leastefficient animals. No differences(P > 0.10) in initial body weight(BW), final BW, and average daily gain(ADG) were observed between the two RFI classes. There were no significant RFI × sex effects(P > 0.10) on growth performance.Compared with the least-efficient group, hot carcass weight(HCW), ribeye area(REA), and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat(KPH) were greater(P ≤ 0.05) in the most-efficient cattle. No RFI × sex effect(P > 0.10) for carcass traits was detected between RFI groups. Of the 10 bacterial species evaluated, the most-efficient compared with least efficient cattle had greater(P ≤ 0.05) relative abundance of Eubacterium ruminantium, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii, and lower(P ≤ 0.05) Succinimonas amylolytica and total bacterial density. No RFI × sex effect on ruminal bacteria was detected between RFI groups. Of the 34 genes evaluated in ruminal epithelium, the mostefficient cattle had greater(P ≤ 0.05) abundance of genes involved in VFA absorption, metabolism, ketogenesis, and immune/inflammation-response. The RFI × sex interactions indicated that responses in gene expression between RFI groups were due to differences in sex. Steers in the most-efficient compared with least-efficient group had greater(P ≤ 0.05) expression of SLC9 A1, HIF1 A, and ACO2. The most-efficient compared with least-efficient heifers had greater(P ≤ 0.05) m RNA expression of BDH1 and lower expression(P ≤ 0.05) of SLC9 A2 and PDHA1.Conclusions: The present study revealed that greater feed efficiency in beef cattle is associated with differences in bacterial species and transcriptional adaptations in the ruminal epithelium that might enhance nutrient delivery and utilization by tissues. The lack of RFI × sex interaction for growth performance and carcass traits indicates that sex may not play a major role in improving these phenotypes in superior RFI beef cattle. However, it is important to note that this result should not be considered a solid biomarker of efficient beef cattle prior to further examination due to the limited number of heifers compared with steers used in the study.展开更多
Qinchuan cattle are one of the top breeds in China. In the current study, cattle of different ages were used to investigate the effect of age on beef quality. With increasing age, shear force, protein content, hydroxy...Qinchuan cattle are one of the top breeds in China. In the current study, cattle of different ages were used to investigate the effect of age on beef quality. With increasing age, shear force, protein content, hydroxyproline （Hyp） content, redness （a＊）, and muscle fiber diameter and density significantly increased （P〈0.05）. On the other hand, cooking loss, water content, lightness （L＊）, and muscle fiber gap markedly decreased （P〈0.05）. No significant differences were found in the contents of intramuscular fat, ash, amino acids （AA）, mineral elements, and expression level of leptin and FAS （P〉0.05）. The C16：0 and C18：0 content increased significantly （P〈0.05）, in contrast to that of C18：1 and C18：2 （P〈0.05）. COLA1 mRNA was expressed at low levels at mon 3 and 9 but markedly increased at mon 12 and 15 （P〈0.05）. Taken together, these observations demonstrate excellent nutritional values of beef from cattle of different ages concordant with their chemical properties; on the other hand, their commercial value correlates more closely with their physical and sensory characteristics.展开更多
文摘欧洲的疯牛病还没有从人们的记忆淡出,今年三月底以来。韩国又发生了可怕的牲畜口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease)。所谓“口蹄疫”,即偶蹄兽(牛,羊,猪等)的一种急性、接触性传染病。病原为病毒。通过病畜和被污染的饲料、褥草、用具和护理人员的衣物传播,经消化道,呼吸道等多种途径感染,传染性极强。病畜体温升高,口腔、面、蹄叉、蹄冠和乳房上发生水疱和烂斑,口流泡沫、时作喷嚏声、坡行、能够影响使役和泌乳。从下面这句可见“口蹄疫”的危害之烈:…which hit Taiwan in 1997, which forced the slaughter of a quarter of the island's 14 million pigs and decimated(本义:大批杀害)its pork export industry.此外,本文标题中的beef up是一个常用的口语用语,意思是“加强,增强”。另如:The President has beefed up his staff.总统加强了他的工作班子。】
文摘China is the worlds secondlargest consumer and largest importer of beef.With the promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative and the continuous optimization of the business environment under the framework of China-CEEC cooperation,European beef exporters have gradually opened the Chinese market.As a major agricultural country in Europe,Hungary's working with China in beef export and import is not only in line with its policy of"Eastern opening"and reducing its dependence on the Western European market,but also meets the demand for building astrong and resilient industrial chain amid global uncertainty,and helps promote the high-quality development of its agricultural trade.
基金supported by Key Research&Development Program of Jiangsu Province in China(BE2020693)Major Project of Science and Technology of Anhui Province(201903a06020010)+1 种基金Joint Key Project of Science and Technology Innovation of Yangtze River Delta in Anhui Province(202004g01020009)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)。
文摘In this work,one-step growth models using hyperspectral imaging(HSI)(400-1000 nm)were successfully developed in order to estimate the microbial loads,minimum growth temperature(T_(min))and maximum specific growth rate(μ_(max))of Brochothrix thermosphacta in chilled beef at isothermal temperatures(4-25℃).Three different methods were compared for model development,particularly using(Model Ⅰ)the predicted microbial loads from partial least squares regression of the whole spectral variables;(Model Ⅱ)the selected spectral variables related to microbial loads;and(Model Ⅲ)the first principal scores of HSI spectra by principal component analysis.Consequently,Model Ⅰ showed the best ability to predict the microbial loads of B.thermosphacta,with the coefficient of determination(R_(v)^(2))and root mean square error in internal validation(RMSEV)of 0.921 and 0.498(lg(CFU/g)).The T_(min)(-12.32℃)andμmax can be well estimated with R^(2) and root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.971 and 0.276(lg(CFU/g)),respectively.The upward trend ofμmax with temperature was similar to that of the plate count method.HSI technique thus can be used as a simple method for one-step growth simulation of B.thermosphacta in chilled beef during storage.
基金supported by the L.E.“Red”Larson Endowment and grants number 2020-67015-30821 and 2023-67015-40730 from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative of USDA-NIFAsupported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan。
文摘Background Supplementation of choline chloride in culture medium programs the preimplantation bovine embryo to increase weaning weight of the resultant calf.Here,it was hypothesized that similar programming actions of choline can be induced by feeding rumen-protected choline(RPC)to beef cows during the periconceptional period.Results A preliminary experiment was conducted to determine changes in circulating concentrations of choline and its metabolites after RPC supplementation.Suckled beef cows were individually fed 0,30,60,and 90 g of RPC(i.e.,0,8.6,17.3 and 25.9 g choline chloride)and blood samples were collected at random times after feeding.There were no differences in plasma concentrations of choline or its metabolites between groups.In the second experiment,effects of feeding 60 g/d RPC from d-1 to 7 relative to timed artificial insemination were examined for suckled beef cows.Feeding RPC did not affect pregnancy or calving rates,pregnancy losses,plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins,gestation length or calf birth weight.Calves from RPC fed dams were lighter than control calves at~118 days of age(range 75–150;age included in the statistical model)and at weaning at~248 days of age.There was no effect of treatment on hip height at~118 days of age although there was a trend for RPC calves to be shorter at weaning.Weight/height ratio was lower for RPC than control at both 118 and 248 days of age.Treatment did not affect testis weight at~118 days of age.Conclusions Supplementation of RPC during the periconceptional period programmed development to alter calf phenotype in the postnatal period.The net result,reduced body weight,was the opposite of the phenotype caused by the addition of choline to embryo culture medium.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372833 and 32202652)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IAS03 and CAASZDRW202102)+1 种基金the Program of National Beef Cattle and Yak Industrial Technology System,China(CARS-37)the Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomus Region,China(2020GG0210)。
文摘Cattle carcass traits are economically important in the beef industry.In the present study,we identified 184 significant genes and 822 alternative genes for 7 carcass traits using genome-wide association studies(GWAS)in 1,566 Huaxi beef cattle.We then identified 5,860 unique cis-genes and 734 trans-genes in 227 longissimus dorsi muscle(LDM)samples to better understand the genetic regulation of gene expression.Our integration study of the GWAS and cis-eQTL analysis detected 13 variants regulating 12 identical genes,in which one variant was also detected in fine-mapping analysis.Moreover,using a transcriptome-wide association study(TWAS),we identified 4 genes(TTC30B,HMGA1,PRKD3 and FXN)that were significantly related to carcass chest depth(CCD),carcass length(CL),carcass weight(CW)and dressing percentage(DP).This study identified variants and genes that may be useful for understanding the molecular mechanism of carcass traits in beef cattle.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA26050301-02)。
文摘The global rise in animal protein consumption has significantly amplified the demand for fodder.A comprehensive understanding of the diversity and characteristics of existing fodder resources is essential for balanced nutritional fodder production.This study investigates the diversity and composition of fodder plants and identifies key species for cattle in Zhaotong City,Yunnan,China,while documenting indigenous knowledge on their usage and selection criteria.Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in 19 villages across seven townships with 140 informants.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews,free listing,and participatory observation,and analyzed using Relative Frequency Citation.A total of 125 taxa(including 106 wild and 19 cultivated)were reported.The most cited family is Poaceae(27 taxa,21.43%),followed by Asteraceae(17 taxa,13.49%),Fabaceae(14 taxa,11.11%),Polygonaceae(9 taxa,7.14%)and Lamiaceae(4 taxa,3.17%).The whole plant(66.04%)and herbaceous plants(84.80%)were the most used parts and life forms.The most cited species were Zea mays,Brassica rapa,Solanum tuberosum,Eragrostis nigra,and Artemisia dubia.Usage of diverse fodder resources reflects local wisdom in managing resource availability and achieving balanced nutrition while coping with environmental and climatic risks.Preferences for certain taxonomic groups are due to their quality as premier fodder resources.To promote integrated crop-livestock farming,we suggest further research into highly preferred fodder species,focusing on nutritional assessment,digestibility,meat quality impacts,and potential as antibiotic alternatives.Establishing germplasm and gene banks for fodder resources is also recommended.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program(Grant No.2022YFD1301101-1)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172758)Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia(Grant No.2024BBF01008)。
文摘Background In this study,the effects of L-leucine(Leu)on rumen fermentation parameters,rumen epithelium development,amino acid composition,rumen bacterial communities and rumen metabolites in beef cattle were investigated.Twenty-four fattening Angus females of similar initial weight(575.5±22.1 kg)were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 4 replicate pens(3 cattle per pen).They were fed either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 6.0 g L-Leu/100 kg BW/d for 120 d.Results(1)Leu increased the ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acid(VFA)(P=0.017),propionate(P=0.023),isovalerate(P=0.001),and branched-chain volatile fatty acid(BCVFA)(P=0.01)at 4 h post-feeding.It also tended to increase acetate(P=0.083)and decrease the ammonia-N(NH_3-N)concentration(P=0.055),but it did not affect ruminal pH(P>0.1).Leu also increased microbial crude protein(MCP)(P=0.026)at 4 h post-feeding,but decreased MCP at 8 h post-feeding(P=0.010).(2)Supplementation with L-Leu increased the ruminal concentrations of phenylalanine(P=0.011),lysine(P=0.034),and tyrosine(P=0.033),while decreasing the cystine concentration(P=0.010).(3)Leu increased the thickness of the stratum spinosum and basal(P<0.05),while decreasing the thickness of the stratum granulosum(P<0.05).(4)Leu upregulated the relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in tight junction proteins(P<0.05)and VFA absorption and metabolism(P<0.01)in the rumen epithelium.This upregulation was positively correlated with the concentrations ruminal isovalerate and BCVFA(P<0.01).(5)L-Leu did not affect the diversity and richness of ruminal microbes(P>0.05),but differential bacterial biomarkers(LEfSe,LDA>2)were either positively or negatively correlated with ruminal MCP,NH_3-N,and BCVFA concentrations(P<0.001).Additionally,differential bacterial metabolites(OPLS-DA,VIP>1.5)were primarily enriched in the amino acid metabolism pathway and the cofactors and vitamins metabolism pathway(P<0.05).Conclusions Dietary supplementation with L-Leu altered rumen fermentation parameters and patterns,improved rumen epithelial morphology,and enhanced the expression of genes related to VFA absorption and metabolism in the rumen epithelium of beef cattle.
基金supported by the Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo(FAPESP,Sao Paulo,SP,BRAZIL)for the scholarship of the first authors(2019/24820-3 and 2022/00989-1)and the PDIP grant(2017/50339-5).
文摘Background The environmental impact of feedlot operations is a growing concern,as cattle excrete a significant portion of feed nutrients as waste.Exogenous feed enzymes(EFE)have gained interest for their potential to enhance feed efficiency in ruminants by improving nutrient digestion.However,EFE effects on ruminal parameters have shown inconsistencies,with limited research on nitrogen metabolism and rumen microbiome impacts.Moreover,the synergistic effects of combining different EFEs remain unclear.This study aimed to evaluate the effects of individual and combined EFE products in feedlot diets on ruminal fermentation parameters,nitrogen metabolism,and ruminal microbial communities.Ten rumen-cannulated Nellore steers[543±28.6 kg of body weight(BW)]were distributed in a replicated Latin-square design(5×5)in individual pens.Treatments included:control(CON,no EFE supplementation),amylase[AML,0.5 g/kg of diet dry matter(DM)],xylanase(FBL,0.9 g/kg DM),half dose combination(HD,0.25 g of AML+0.45 g of FBL/kg of DM),and full dose combination(FD,0.5 g of AML+0.90 g of FBL/kg of DM).The experimental period lasted 19 d and included total urine and feces collection(d 15 to 18)and rumen fluid sampling(d 19)at 0,4,8,12,and 16 h post-feeding for ammonia,volatile fatty acids(VFA),pH and microbiome analysis.Results EFE supplemented animals exhibited lower ruminal ammonia concentrations(P=0.040),and higher acetate proportions(P<0.001)compared to the control group.EFE supplementation resulted in reduced nitrogen(N)excretion in feces(P=0.049)and urine(P=0.036),contributing to improved N retention and efficiency(P=0.045).Additionally,EFE products induced shifts in various microbial taxa at family and genera levels(P≤0.10),which may be associated with the changes observed in ruminal fermentation.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that EFE supplementation enhances nitrogen retention,reduces ruminal ammonia,and alters ruminal fermentation profiles and microbial populations in feedlot cattle.While the expected synergism between amylase and xylanase did not significantly impact rumen fermentation parameters,it did induce shifts in the rumen microbiome.These results suggest that EFE supplementation may be a promising strategy for improving nutrient utilization and potentially reducing the environmental impact of feedlot operations.
文摘Global livestock production is a major driver of climate change.Lumping beef and pork together as red meat masks important differences in their carbon footprints,land uses,and social status.These two red meat choices in Canada were compared by using a meta-model of the Unified Livestock Industry and Crop Emissions Estimation System(ULICEES).ULICEES calculated fossil CO_(2),N_(2)O and CH_(4) emissions for beef,dairy,pork,poultry,and sheep production in Canada,based on both the livestock and their supporting land base in 2001.The dynamic drivers of the meta-model were crop yields,breeding female populations,tillage practices,nitrogen fertilizer use,and the crop complex of each livestock industry.When the potential carbon sequestration in the land growing harvested perennial forage is credited to beef production,the CO_(2)e emissions offset does not reduce the carbon footprint of beef enough to match the lower carbon footprint of pork.Most of the land required to grow hay for beef would not be needed to feed a protein-equivalent pig population.In a hypothetical conversion of all beef production to pork production for 2021,4.5 Mha of land under perennial forage was freed and 10.0 MtCO_(2)e per year was mitigated when that area was re-cultivated for annual crops—a GHG mitigation equal to 12%of the GHG emissions budget of Canadian agriculture.Leaving that area under a perennial ground cover mitigated 19.8 MtCO_(2)e per year,the equivalent of 23%of the sector’s GHG emissions budget.
基金Supported by Binzhou Comprehensive Experimental Station Project of Pasture Industry Technology System in Shandong Province(SDAIT-23-10).
文摘Facing the severe decline in beef cattle market prices and leveraging its status as a major cattle-raising city,Binzhou City has actively utilized the superior genetic resources of Bohai Black Cattle.The city has progressively transitioned from small-scale cattle farming to specialized and large-scale breeding communities by collaborating with experts from national and provincial industrial technology systems including the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and Shandong Agricultural University.The breeding focus has shifted from Simmental crossbred cattle to purebred Bohai Black Cattle,hybrid cattle,Angus Cattle,and Hereford Cattle,driving the transformation and upgrading of the beef cattle industry.Emphasizing"germplasm source security",Binzhou has capitalized on the unique advantages of Bohai Black Cattle to achieve doubling in quantity,quality,and profitability of high-grade beef cattle breeds.This initiative supports ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.A Qilu Model will be established for national modern animal husbandry,further strengthening Shandong's first beef market.
文摘In this paper,a GC-MS method for the determination of chlorfenapyr in beef was described.The residue was extracted with acetonitrile,purified by alumina oxide neutral column,and cleaned up with auto solid phase.The chlorfenapyr residue was determined by GC-MS.The results indicated that the detection limit was 0.005 mg/kg,recoveries and RSDs of the method were 93%-100% and 3.4%-7.2%,respectively.The method showed high efficiency and sensitivity,as well as good stability and veracity.
文摘In the improvement process of local yellow cattle with frozen semen of beef cattle, the cows were grouped according to different cross combinations. Then, the conception rate, dystocia rate and reproductive survival rate of the cows in each group, as well as the body size and body weight of new-born calves, were ana- lyzed. The results showed that no significant differences were found in conception rate among different groups （P〉0.05）; there was no significant difference in dystocia rate between the A and C groups （P〉0.05）, but the dystocia rate in the B group was significantly different from those in the A and C groups （P〈0.05）. There were positive correlations between calf forehead width, chest circumference and the dys- tocia rate.
基金supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants no.2015–67015-23219 and 2016–68006-24634 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture
文摘Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.
文摘China is one of the largest meat producing countries in the wodd. With the growing concern for food safety more attention has been paid to meat quality. The application of conventional test methods for meat quality is limited by many factors, and subjectiveness, such as longer time to prepare samples and to test. A sensor matrix was constructed with several separate air sensors, and tests were conducted to detect the freshness of the beef. The results show that the air sensors TGS2610, TGS2600, TGS2611, TGS2620 and TGS2602 made by Tianjin Figaro Electronic Co, Ltd could be used to determine the degree of freshness but TGS2442 is not suitable. This study provides a foundation for designing and making an economical and practical detector for beef freshness.
文摘Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) describes an animal’s feed efficiency independent of growth performance.The objective of this study was to determine differences in growth performance, carcass traits, major bacteria attached to ruminal solids-fraction, and ruminal epithelium gene expression between the most-efficient and the least-efficient beef cattle. One-hundred and forty-nine Red Angus cattle were allocated to three contemporary groups according to sex and herd origin. Animals were fed a finishing diet in confinement for 70 d to determine the RFI category for each. Within each group, the two most-efficient(n = 6; RFI coefficient =-2.69 ± 0.58 kg dry matter intake(DMI)/d) and the two least-efficient animals(n = 6; RFI coefficient = 3.08 ± 0.55 kg DMI/d) were selected. Immediately after slaughter, ruminal solids-fraction and ruminal epithelium were collected for bacteria relative abundance and epithelial gene expression analyses, respectively, using real-time PCR.Results: The most-efficient animals consumed less feed(P = 0.01; 5.03 kg less DMI/d) compared with the leastefficient animals. No differences(P > 0.10) in initial body weight(BW), final BW, and average daily gain(ADG) were observed between the two RFI classes. There were no significant RFI × sex effects(P > 0.10) on growth performance.Compared with the least-efficient group, hot carcass weight(HCW), ribeye area(REA), and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat(KPH) were greater(P ≤ 0.05) in the most-efficient cattle. No RFI × sex effect(P > 0.10) for carcass traits was detected between RFI groups. Of the 10 bacterial species evaluated, the most-efficient compared with least efficient cattle had greater(P ≤ 0.05) relative abundance of Eubacterium ruminantium, Fibrobacter succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii, and lower(P ≤ 0.05) Succinimonas amylolytica and total bacterial density. No RFI × sex effect on ruminal bacteria was detected between RFI groups. Of the 34 genes evaluated in ruminal epithelium, the mostefficient cattle had greater(P ≤ 0.05) abundance of genes involved in VFA absorption, metabolism, ketogenesis, and immune/inflammation-response. The RFI × sex interactions indicated that responses in gene expression between RFI groups were due to differences in sex. Steers in the most-efficient compared with least-efficient group had greater(P ≤ 0.05) expression of SLC9 A1, HIF1 A, and ACO2. The most-efficient compared with least-efficient heifers had greater(P ≤ 0.05) m RNA expression of BDH1 and lower expression(P ≤ 0.05) of SLC9 A2 and PDHA1.Conclusions: The present study revealed that greater feed efficiency in beef cattle is associated with differences in bacterial species and transcriptional adaptations in the ruminal epithelium that might enhance nutrient delivery and utilization by tissues. The lack of RFI × sex interaction for growth performance and carcass traits indicates that sex may not play a major role in improving these phenotypes in superior RFI beef cattle. However, it is important to note that this result should not be considered a solid biomarker of efficient beef cattle prior to further examination due to the limited number of heifers compared with steers used in the study.
基金supported by the Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team Support Plan,Ministry of Education,China (IRT 0940)Sci-Tech Innovation Project of Shaanxi Province 13115 (2010 ZDGC-01)
文摘Qinchuan cattle are one of the top breeds in China. In the current study, cattle of different ages were used to investigate the effect of age on beef quality. With increasing age, shear force, protein content, hydroxyproline （Hyp） content, redness （a＊）, and muscle fiber diameter and density significantly increased （P〈0.05）. On the other hand, cooking loss, water content, lightness （L＊）, and muscle fiber gap markedly decreased （P〈0.05）. No significant differences were found in the contents of intramuscular fat, ash, amino acids （AA）, mineral elements, and expression level of leptin and FAS （P〉0.05）. The C16：0 and C18：0 content increased significantly （P〈0.05）, in contrast to that of C18：1 and C18：2 （P〈0.05）. COLA1 mRNA was expressed at low levels at mon 3 and 9 but markedly increased at mon 12 and 15 （P〈0.05）. Taken together, these observations demonstrate excellent nutritional values of beef from cattle of different ages concordant with their chemical properties; on the other hand, their commercial value correlates more closely with their physical and sensory characteristics.
