The transmit antenna beampattern of the phased array radar is only a function of angle,limiting its ability to discriminate the targets from the same direction.Recently,the waveform diverse array radars expand the ang...The transmit antenna beampattern of the phased array radar is only a function of angle,limiting its ability to discriminate the targets from the same direction.Recently,the waveform diverse array radars expand the angle-dependent beampattern to an angle-time-range-dependent three-dimensional function by modulating the frequencies/time delays/phases across different transmit antenna elements.In this respect,extra Degrees-of-Freedom(DOFs)in the range domain are achieved,which opens up an innovative way to fulfil the tasks with enhanced system performance by jointly using the angle and range information.This paper summaries the developments of waveform diverse radars,including the Frequency Diverse Array(FDA),the Space-Time-CirculatingArray(STCA),and the Element-Pulse-Coding(EPC)frameworks,with emphasis on the analysis of the range-dependent beampattern from the basic properties upon how it is controlled.Moreover,the most recent advances of utilizing such a range-dependent beampattern in target detection,parameter estimation and identifiability,clutter suppression,jammer suppression and Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)imaging are discussed.展开更多
Frequency diverse array(FDA)radar applies a tiny frequency offset across its adjacent transmitting array elements to generate a range-angle-dependent beampattern.The increased degrees-of-freedom(DOFs)in range domain c...Frequency diverse array(FDA)radar applies a tiny frequency offset across its adjacent transmitting array elements to generate a range-angle-dependent beampattern.The increased degrees-of-freedom(DOFs)in range domain can help improve the performance of radar in target detection,localization,and clutter suppression.Passive radar utilizes uncontrollable external signal as illuminator,which makes it difficult to apply traditional frequency diverse process method.However,the third-party illuminator such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)signal usually consists of several closely spaced modulated carriers,and it has been widely selected as the illuminator for passive radar in recent years.Considering the orthogonality between even separated subcarriers,we propose a new frequency diverse process method by extracting and processing each subcarrier of received data independently and attempt to provide a range-angle dependent beampattern for OFDM passive radar.Numerical results and real data analyses verify the superiority of frequency diversity process on the received data of OFDM passive radar.展开更多
The joint beamforming design challenge for dual-functional radar-communication systems is addressed in this paper.The base station in these systems is tasked with simultaneously sending shared signals for both multi-u...The joint beamforming design challenge for dual-functional radar-communication systems is addressed in this paper.The base station in these systems is tasked with simultaneously sending shared signals for both multi-user communication and target sensing.The primary objective is to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication,while also ensuring sufficient beampattern gain at particular angles that are of interest for sensing,all within the constraints of the transmit power budget.To tackle this complex non-convex problem,an effective algorithm that iteratively optimizes the joint beamformers is developed.This algorithm leverages the techniques of fractional programming and semidefinite relaxation to achieve its goals.The numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
Integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)is an appealing approach to address spectrum congestion and beamforming is an effective method to realize ISAC.In this paper,we investigate the beamforming design problem for ...Integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)is an appealing approach to address spectrum congestion and beamforming is an effective method to realize ISAC.In this paper,we investigate the beamforming design problem for multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)ISAC systems and propose to maximize the radar beampattern gain of the target direction while ensuring the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio(SINR)constraints of communication users.Particularly,we discuss two cases of ISAC transmit beamforming,i.e.,Case-Ⅰand Case-Ⅱ,which do not have and do have the dedicated probing signal,respectively.For these two cases of transmit beamforming design problems,we start from the single-user scenario and provide the closed-form solutions for MIMO ISAC beamforming vectors.Then,we consider the multiuser scenario and utilize the semidefinite relaxation technique to convert the beamforming design problems into convex semidefinite programming problems.Furthermore,we investigate the impact of the channel correlation between radar and communication on the performance gain of MIMO ISAC systems and characterize the performance tradeoff.Numerical results validate that the dedicated probing signal is unnecessary in the single-user scenario,whereas it has a slight improvement in target detection performance at low SINR thresholds in the multi-user scenario.It is also shown that the stronger the correlation between radar and communication channels,the greater the performance gain of the system.展开更多
Frequency diverse array multiple-input multiple-output(FDA-MIMO)radar has gained considerable research attention due to its ability to effectively counter active repeater deception jamming in complex electromagnetic e...Frequency diverse array multiple-input multiple-output(FDA-MIMO)radar has gained considerable research attention due to its ability to effectively counter active repeater deception jamming in complex electromagnetic environments.The effectiveness of interference suppression by FDA-MIMO is limited by the inherent range-angle coupling issue in the FDA beampattern.Existing literature primarily focuses on control methods for FDA-MIMO radar beam direction under the assumption of static beampatterns,with insufficient exploration of techniques for managing nonstationary beam directions.To address this gap,this paper initially introduces the FDA-MIMO signal model and the calculation formula for the FDA-MIMO array output using the minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR)beamformer.Building on this,the problem of determining the optimal frequency offset for the FDA is rephrased as a convex optimization problem,which is then resolved using the cuckoo search(CS)algorithm.Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach,showing that the frequency offsets obtained through the CS algorithm can create a dot-shaped beam direction at the target location while effectively suppressing interference signals within the mainlobe.展开更多
The boundary element theory together with the optimization method is used to calculate the driving voltage weighting vector of a conformal array of underwater acoustic projecting transducers to obtain a low-sidelobe b...The boundary element theory together with the optimization method is used to calculate the driving voltage weighting vector of a conformal array of underwater acoustic projecting transducers to obtain a low-sidelobe beampattern. At first, the relationship between the acoustic radiated field and the vibra- tion velocity of the array is formulated from the boundary element equation when the boundary im- pedance of the array baffle is specified. Then, the mutual impedance matrix of the array is calculated, and the relationship between the driving voltage and the vibration velocity of the transducers is pre- sented based on the equivalent circuit principle. At last, the driving voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated through an optimization method to obtain a low-sidelobe projecting beampattern. Computer simulation is conducted for a 14-element conformal array. An experiment has been carried out to measure the radiation directivity of the array in an anechoic water tank. The calculated and the experimental results show that the proposed method accounts for the acoustic effect of the baffle and the mutual interactions among transducers successfully and obtain a low-sidelobe projecting beam- pattern, and at the same time provide the largest amplitude of pressure in the axial direction when the maximum amplitude of the driving voltage weighting vectors keeps unchanged.展开更多
,针对多输入多输出(multi-input multi-output,MIMO)雷达发射波束方向图匹配中协方差矩阵求解复杂度较高的问题,提出了一种基于交替投影(alternating projection,AP)法的方向图直接优化设计方法。该方法在恒模约束或者峰值平均功率比(pe...,针对多输入多输出(multi-input multi-output,MIMO)雷达发射波束方向图匹配中协方差矩阵求解复杂度较高的问题,提出了一种基于交替投影(alternating projection,AP)法的方向图直接优化设计方法。该方法在恒模约束或者峰值平均功率比(peak to average power ratio,PAPR)约束下对发射波形进行优化,并将天线阵元位置作为方向图优化的额外自由度,按照一定的准则,逐步删减阵元直至阵元数达到预设值。在此迭代过程中,不断交替投影得到优化的发射波形和匹配方向图。仿真结果表明,该方法有较优的方向图匹配性能以及较快的收敛速度,适用于阵列规模较大的情况。展开更多
频率分集阵(Frequency Diverse Array,FDA)雷达不同天线单元的发射载频存在微小的差异,从而带来了发射方向图距离角度时间依赖的特性,这一特性提供了FDA雷达新的信息和信号处理灵活度,也带了新的技术问题。该文综述了FDA天线技术及雷达...频率分集阵(Frequency Diverse Array,FDA)雷达不同天线单元的发射载频存在微小的差异,从而带来了发射方向图距离角度时间依赖的特性,这一特性提供了FDA雷达新的信息和信号处理灵活度,也带了新的技术问题。该文综述了FDA天线技术及雷达应用的相关研究进展,并重点从雷达系统理论与工程应用的角度,着重分析了相干FDA雷达和正交FDA雷达两种体制的技术特点,指出FDA雷达在抗干扰、抗模糊中的应用优势,梳理了FDA雷达技术的难点和研究方向。展开更多
相干波形频率分集阵(frequency diverse array,FDA)雷达通过引入阵元间的频率差异,在观测空间中形成距离-角度-时间依赖的发射方向图。针对相干FDA雷达体制回波接收处理的问题,提出了角度-时间二维匹配滤波器,同时实现了快时间波形匹配...相干波形频率分集阵(frequency diverse array,FDA)雷达通过引入阵元间的频率差异,在观测空间中形成距离-角度-时间依赖的发射方向图。针对相干FDA雷达体制回波接收处理的问题,提出了角度-时间二维匹配滤波器,同时实现了快时间波形匹配和等效发射波束形成,不同于传统匹配滤波器。并进一步考虑某些应用情况下,通过设计匹配时间窗,提出了分段匹配的二维匹配滤波接收处理方法。将雷达脉冲时间划分为多个子脉冲接收时间窗,并采用发射方向图调制的角度-时间二维匹配滤波函数对回波信号进行相干积累。仿真实验给出了所提接收处理方法的性能验证。展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.62101402,61931016,62071344)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2021TQ0261,2021M702547)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(2021QNRC001).
文摘The transmit antenna beampattern of the phased array radar is only a function of angle,limiting its ability to discriminate the targets from the same direction.Recently,the waveform diverse array radars expand the angle-dependent beampattern to an angle-time-range-dependent three-dimensional function by modulating the frequencies/time delays/phases across different transmit antenna elements.In this respect,extra Degrees-of-Freedom(DOFs)in the range domain are achieved,which opens up an innovative way to fulfil the tasks with enhanced system performance by jointly using the angle and range information.This paper summaries the developments of waveform diverse radars,including the Frequency Diverse Array(FDA),the Space-Time-CirculatingArray(STCA),and the Element-Pulse-Coding(EPC)frameworks,with emphasis on the analysis of the range-dependent beampattern from the basic properties upon how it is controlled.Moreover,the most recent advances of utilizing such a range-dependent beampattern in target detection,parameter estimation and identifiability,clutter suppression,jammer suppression and Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)imaging are discussed.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61271400,62071335,61931015)Suzhou Science and Technology Planning Project:Key Industrial Technology Innovation(Prospective Application Research SYG202007)+2 种基金Hubei Province Technology Innovation Special Major Project(2019AAA061)Shenzhen Science and Technology Project(JCYJ20170818112037398)Hubei Province Science Fund for Creative Research Groups(2021CFA002)。
文摘Frequency diverse array(FDA)radar applies a tiny frequency offset across its adjacent transmitting array elements to generate a range-angle-dependent beampattern.The increased degrees-of-freedom(DOFs)in range domain can help improve the performance of radar in target detection,localization,and clutter suppression.Passive radar utilizes uncontrollable external signal as illuminator,which makes it difficult to apply traditional frequency diverse process method.However,the third-party illuminator such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)signal usually consists of several closely spaced modulated carriers,and it has been widely selected as the illuminator for passive radar in recent years.Considering the orthogonality between even separated subcarriers,we propose a new frequency diverse process method by extracting and processing each subcarrier of received data independently and attempt to provide a range-angle dependent beampattern for OFDM passive radar.Numerical results and real data analyses verify the superiority of frequency diversity process on the received data of OFDM passive radar.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.62201266in part by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No.BK20210335.
文摘The joint beamforming design challenge for dual-functional radar-communication systems is addressed in this paper.The base station in these systems is tasked with simultaneously sending shared signals for both multi-user communication and target sensing.The primary objective is to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication,while also ensuring sufficient beampattern gain at particular angles that are of interest for sensing,all within the constraints of the transmit power budget.To tackle this complex non-convex problem,an effective algorithm that iteratively optimizes the joint beamformers is developed.This algorithm leverages the techniques of fractional programming and semidefinite relaxation to achieve its goals.The numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62571248 and Grant 62201266Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space TTC&O(Space Engineering University),Ministry of Education under Grant CYK2025-01-12。
文摘Integrated sensing and communication(ISAC)is an appealing approach to address spectrum congestion and beamforming is an effective method to realize ISAC.In this paper,we investigate the beamforming design problem for multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)ISAC systems and propose to maximize the radar beampattern gain of the target direction while ensuring the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio(SINR)constraints of communication users.Particularly,we discuss two cases of ISAC transmit beamforming,i.e.,Case-Ⅰand Case-Ⅱ,which do not have and do have the dedicated probing signal,respectively.For these two cases of transmit beamforming design problems,we start from the single-user scenario and provide the closed-form solutions for MIMO ISAC beamforming vectors.Then,we consider the multiuser scenario and utilize the semidefinite relaxation technique to convert the beamforming design problems into convex semidefinite programming problems.Furthermore,we investigate the impact of the channel correlation between radar and communication on the performance gain of MIMO ISAC systems and characterize the performance tradeoff.Numerical results validate that the dedicated probing signal is unnecessary in the single-user scenario,whereas it has a slight improvement in target detection performance at low SINR thresholds in the multi-user scenario.It is also shown that the stronger the correlation between radar and communication channels,the greater the performance gain of the system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61503408)。
文摘Frequency diverse array multiple-input multiple-output(FDA-MIMO)radar has gained considerable research attention due to its ability to effectively counter active repeater deception jamming in complex electromagnetic environments.The effectiveness of interference suppression by FDA-MIMO is limited by the inherent range-angle coupling issue in the FDA beampattern.Existing literature primarily focuses on control methods for FDA-MIMO radar beam direction under the assumption of static beampatterns,with insufficient exploration of techniques for managing nonstationary beam directions.To address this gap,this paper initially introduces the FDA-MIMO signal model and the calculation formula for the FDA-MIMO array output using the minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR)beamformer.Building on this,the problem of determining the optimal frequency offset for the FDA is rephrased as a convex optimization problem,which is then resolved using the cuckoo search(CS)algorithm.Simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach,showing that the frequency offsets obtained through the CS algorithm can create a dot-shaped beam direction at the target location while effectively suppressing interference signals within the mainlobe.
文摘The boundary element theory together with the optimization method is used to calculate the driving voltage weighting vector of a conformal array of underwater acoustic projecting transducers to obtain a low-sidelobe beampattern. At first, the relationship between the acoustic radiated field and the vibra- tion velocity of the array is formulated from the boundary element equation when the boundary im- pedance of the array baffle is specified. Then, the mutual impedance matrix of the array is calculated, and the relationship between the driving voltage and the vibration velocity of the transducers is pre- sented based on the equivalent circuit principle. At last, the driving voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated through an optimization method to obtain a low-sidelobe projecting beampattern. Computer simulation is conducted for a 14-element conformal array. An experiment has been carried out to measure the radiation directivity of the array in an anechoic water tank. The calculated and the experimental results show that the proposed method accounts for the acoustic effect of the baffle and the mutual interactions among transducers successfully and obtain a low-sidelobe projecting beam- pattern, and at the same time provide the largest amplitude of pressure in the axial direction when the maximum amplitude of the driving voltage weighting vectors keeps unchanged.
文摘,针对多输入多输出(multi-input multi-output,MIMO)雷达发射波束方向图匹配中协方差矩阵求解复杂度较高的问题,提出了一种基于交替投影(alternating projection,AP)法的方向图直接优化设计方法。该方法在恒模约束或者峰值平均功率比(peak to average power ratio,PAPR)约束下对发射波形进行优化,并将天线阵元位置作为方向图优化的额外自由度,按照一定的准则,逐步删减阵元直至阵元数达到预设值。在此迭代过程中,不断交替投影得到优化的发射波形和匹配方向图。仿真结果表明,该方法有较优的方向图匹配性能以及较快的收敛速度,适用于阵列规模较大的情况。
文摘频率分集阵(Frequency Diverse Array,FDA)雷达不同天线单元的发射载频存在微小的差异,从而带来了发射方向图距离角度时间依赖的特性,这一特性提供了FDA雷达新的信息和信号处理灵活度,也带了新的技术问题。该文综述了FDA天线技术及雷达应用的相关研究进展,并重点从雷达系统理论与工程应用的角度,着重分析了相干FDA雷达和正交FDA雷达两种体制的技术特点,指出FDA雷达在抗干扰、抗模糊中的应用优势,梳理了FDA雷达技术的难点和研究方向。
文摘相干波形频率分集阵(frequency diverse array,FDA)雷达通过引入阵元间的频率差异,在观测空间中形成距离-角度-时间依赖的发射方向图。针对相干FDA雷达体制回波接收处理的问题,提出了角度-时间二维匹配滤波器,同时实现了快时间波形匹配和等效发射波束形成,不同于传统匹配滤波器。并进一步考虑某些应用情况下,通过设计匹配时间窗,提出了分段匹配的二维匹配滤波接收处理方法。将雷达脉冲时间划分为多个子脉冲接收时间窗,并采用发射方向图调制的角度-时间二维匹配滤波函数对回波信号进行相干积累。仿真实验给出了所提接收处理方法的性能验证。
