This paper presents the complex dynamics synthesis of the combat dy-namics series called tensor-centric warfare (TCW;for the first three parts of the series, see [1] [2] [3]), which includes tensor generalization of c...This paper presents the complex dynamics synthesis of the combat dy-namics series called tensor-centric warfare (TCW;for the first three parts of the series, see [1] [2] [3]), which includes tensor generalization of classical Lanchester-type combat equations, entropic Lie-dragging and commutators for modeling warfare uncertainty and symmetry, and various delta-strikes and missiles (both deterministic and random). The present paper gives a unique synthesis of the Red vs. Blue vectorfields into a single complex battle-vectorfield, using dynamics on Kähler manifolds as a rigorous framework for extending the TCW concept. The global Kähler dynamics framework, with its rigorous underpinning called the Kähler-Ricci flow, provides not only a new insight into the “geometry of warfare”, but also into the “physics of warfare”, in terms of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structures of the battlefields. It also provides a convenient and efficient computational framework for entropic wargaming.展开更多
In this paper,a reasoning enhancement method based on RGCN(Relational Graph Convolutional Network)is proposed to improve the detection capability of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)on fast-moving military targets in urban...In this paper,a reasoning enhancement method based on RGCN(Relational Graph Convolutional Network)is proposed to improve the detection capability of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)on fast-moving military targets in urban battlefield environments.By combining military images with the publicly available VisDrone2019 dataset,a new dataset called VisMilitary was built and multiple YOLO(You Only Look Once)models were tested on it.Due to the low confidence problem caused by fuzzy targets,the performance of traditional YOLO models on real battlefield images decreases significantly.Therefore,we propose an improved RGCN inference model,which improves the performance of the model in complex environments by optimizing the data processing and graph network architecture.Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an improvement of 0.4%to 1.7%on mAP@0.50,which proves the effectiveness of the model in military target detection.The research of this paper provides a new technical path for UAV target detection in urban battlefield,and provides important enlightenment for the application of deep learning in military field.展开更多
Urban combat environments pose complex and variable challenges for UAV path planning due to multidimensional factors,such as static and dynamic obstructions as well as risks of exposure to enemy detection,which threat...Urban combat environments pose complex and variable challenges for UAV path planning due to multidimensional factors,such as static and dynamic obstructions as well as risks of exposure to enemy detection,which threaten flight safety and mission success.Traditional path planning methods typically depend solely on the distribution of static obstacles to generate collision-free paths,without accounting for constraints imposed by enemy detection and strike capabilities.Such a simplified approach can yield safety-compromising routes in highly complex urban airspace.To address these limitations,this study proposes a multi-parameter path planning method based on reachable airspace visibility graphs,which integrates UAV performance constraints,environmental limitations,and exposure risks.An innovative heuristic algorithm is developed to balance operational safety and efficiency by both exposure risks and path length.In the case study set in a typical mixed-use urban area,analysis of airspace visibility graphs reveals significant variations in exposure risk at different regions and altitudes due to building encroachments.Path optimization results indicate that the method can effectively generate covert and efficient flight paths by dynamically adjusting the exposure index,which represents the likelihood of enemy detection,and the path length,which corresponds to mission execution time.展开更多
2024 is a crucial year for fully implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a challenging year for deepening the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan.This year,the v...2024 is a crucial year for fully implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a challenging year for deepening the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan.This year,the vast number of rare earth technology workers made outstanding contributions to accelerating the construction of a technological powerhouse and achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement,facing the forefront of world science and technology,the main battlefield of the economy,primary national needs,and people's health.The rare earth technology industry had achieved fruitful results.展开更多
Battlefield situation awareness is equivalent to the observation and orientation part of the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action(OODA)loop.It is the key to transforming information advantage into decision-making a...Battlefield situation awareness is equivalent to the observation and orientation part of the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action(OODA)loop.It is the key to transforming information advantage into decision-making advantages and an essential support for agile command decision-making.With the rapid rise and widespread application of various advanced intelligent technologies and model algorithms in the military field,traditional situation awareness technology and capacity building are facing great challenges.Relying solely on manual processing of battlefield situational data is no longer sufficient to meet the changing needs of the battlefield,nor can it provide commanders with real-time,accurate,efficient,and reliable situational information.Therefore,it is necessary to use highperformance hardware facilities and artificial intelligence technology to process massive battlefield data and provide an important reference basis for commanders to implement decision-making behaviors.展开更多
Background:Junctional hemorrhage surpassed extremity hemorrhage as the leading cause of preventable death after the resurgence of limb tourniquets during the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.Junctional tourniq...Background:Junctional hemorrhage surpassed extremity hemorrhage as the leading cause of preventable death after the resurgence of limb tourniquets during the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.Junctional tourniquets(JTQs)were developed in response to this injury pattern.Published data for JTQ efficacy are limited and do not incorporate nonmedical,military first responders.We compared the time for effective placement and scores for device satisfaction between two different JTQs,stratified by combat lifesaver(CLS)and combat medics.Methods:We performed a prospective,randomized,crossover trial utilizing the SAM ’ Medical Junctional Tourniquet(SJT)and Junctional Emergency Treatment Tool(JETTTM).Investigators simple randomized CLS and combat medics to SJT or JETT for their first JTQ application on mannequins with penetrating inguinal injuries.Then,participants immediately placed the other JTQ on another casualty with the same injury.The primary outcome measured was time of successful applicatio n.Success was defined as proper JTQ placement and a pressu re reading of at least 180 mmHg.We compared outcomes between CLS and combat medics.Unsuccessful JTQ applications were excluded from the comparative analysis.Results:From June 2015 to August 2015,a total of 227 personnel(133 CLS and 94 combat medics)at Fort Hood,Texas,USA volunteered to participate in the study.Twenty-eight percent(38 of 133)of CLS and 40%(38 of 94)of combat medics placed both JTQs successfully,for a total of 152 applications(76 SJTs and 76 JETTs).We found a significant difference between applications of the JETT between the CLS and combat medics(92.0±37.7 s versus70.5±20.5 s,P=0.004).No other subg roup analyses,whether by device or user,demonstrated a sig nifica nt difference in application time.Both groups preferred the SJT over the JETT.CLS disagreed with combat medics that the JETT could be easily applied by one person(median 3.0[2.0,4.0]versus median 4.0[3.0,5.0];P=0.006).Conclusions:Overall,success rates for both the SJT and JETT were low.Improved training is needed to increase successful application of junctional tourniquets before widespread implementation.Combat lifesavers and combat medics prefer the SJT over the JETT.展开更多
Background: Ballistic high-energy trauma has substantially increased the severity of non-fatal extremity injuries incurred in modern warfare. Expedient medical care, refinement in surgical techniques, and soft tissue ...Background: Ballistic high-energy trauma has substantially increased the severity of non-fatal extremity injuries incurred in modern warfare. Expedient medical care, refinement in surgical techniques, and soft tissue coverage have brought about a paradigm shift in the management of lower extremity wounds during the last decade with an increased emphasis on limb salvage.Methods: A literature-based study was conducted to analyze reconstructive modalities based on the location, depth, and severity of wounds, as well as mechanism of injury, concomitant vascular injuries and open fractures, choice of flap, timing of definitive reconstruction, and complications.Results: Extremity injuries account for over 60% of injuries in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, with the majority secondary to explosive devices. The severity of these injuries is profound compared with civilian registries, and conventional injury scoring systems have failed to accurately predict outcomes in combat trauma. The mainstay of treatment is serial debridement, negative pressure therapy, fracture stabilization, and treatment of concomitant injuries by the forward medical teams with subsequent definitive reconstruction after transport to an advanced military treatment facility. Autologous reconstruction with free tissue transfer and pedicled flaps remains the primary modality for soft tissue coverage in limb salvage. Adjunct innovative modalities, such as external tissue expansion, dermal substitutes, and regenerative matrices, have also been successfully utilized for limb salvage.Conclusion: Lower extremity injuries account for the vast majority of injuries in modern warzones. Explosive devices represent the most common mechanism of injury, with blast impact leading to extensive soft tissue injuries necessitating complex reconstructive strategies. Serial debridement, negative pressure therapy, and autologous reconstruction with free tissue transfer and pedicled flaps remain the mainstay of treatment in recent conflicts.展开更多
Battlefield internal medicine aims at the treatment of combatants and noncombatants with various internal diseases on the battlefield.The military medical research on battlefield internal diseases focuses on the patho...Battlefield internal medicine aims at the treatment of combatants and noncombatants with various internal diseases on the battlefield.The military medical research on battlefield internal diseases focuses on the pathogenesis,clinical management,and prevention of internal diseases under military war conditions.In both wartime and peacetime,the soldiers suffer from more internal diseases than surgical wounds.With the introduction of high-tech weapons,including chemical,physical,and biological agents,a large number of special internal illnesses and casualties will appear in future wars.The battles often occur in special environments,such as high or low temperatures,plateau or polar areas,and micro-or hyper-gravity.The current theories of battlefield internal medicine are mainly derived from wars decades ago and cannot meet the needs of military medical support under the conditions of modern warfare.Therefore,the military medical research on battlefield internal medicine should be based on contemporary military situations,focus on the purpose of treating battlefield internal diseases,and adhere to the actual needs of the troops in peacetime and wartime.We should investigate the pathogenesis of battlefield internal diseases and explore the threats that may arise in future wars to ensure the advancement of battlefield internal medicine.This review highlights new concepts,demands,challenges,and opportunities for the further development of military medical research on battlefield internal medicine.展开更多
Henry Norman Bethune was a physician and surgeon from Canada. He had a highly impressive medical career in Montreal but did his most important work in China where he cared for soldiers on the battlefield. He died in 1...Henry Norman Bethune was a physician and surgeon from Canada. He had a highly impressive medical career in Montreal but did his most important work in China where he cared for soldiers on the battlefield. He died in 1939 and was recognized as a hero, but only much later received recognition in Canada. He was a skilled doctor, both as a physician and as a surgeon. However, he was much more and will serve as an inspiration for this series. He was an innovator, an idealist and a perfectionist. It is hoped that this series will gather expert commentaries on a range of issues critical to the subspecialty from fundamental science to clinical care so that future directions can be defined.展开更多
Background:Tension pneumothorax is one of the leading causes of preventable death on the battlefield.Current prehospital diagnosis relies on a subjective clinical impression complemented by a manual thoracic and respi...Background:Tension pneumothorax is one of the leading causes of preventable death on the battlefield.Current prehospital diagnosis relies on a subjective clinical impression complemented by a manual thoracic and respiratory examination.These techniques are not fully applicable in field conditions and on the battlefield,where situational and environmental factors may impair clinical capabilities.We aimed to assemble a device able to sample,analyze,and classify the unique acoustic signatures of pneumothorax and hemothorax.Methods:Acoustic data was obtained with simultaneous use of two sensitive digital stethoscopes from the chest wall of an ex-vivo porcine model.Twelve second samples of acoustic data were obtained from the in-house assembled digital stethoscope system during mechanical ventilation.The thoracic cavity was injected with increasing volumes of 200,400,600,800,and 1000 ml of air or saline to simulate pneumothorax and hemothorax,respectively.The data was analyzed using a multi-objective genetic algorithm that was used to develop an optimal mathematical detector through the process of artificial evolution,a cutting-edge approach in the artificial intelligence discipline.Results:The in-house assembled dual digital stethoscope system and developed genetic algorithm achieved an accuracy,sensitivity and specificity ranging from 64%to 100%,63%to 100%,and 63%to 100%,respectively,in classifying acoustic signal as associated with pneumothorax or hemothorax at fluid injection levels of 400 ml or more,and regardless of background noise.Conclusions:We present a novel,objective device for rapid diagnosis of potentially lethal thoracic injuries.With further optimization,such a device could provide real-time detection and monitoring of pneumothorax and hemothorax in battlefield conditions.展开更多
Dear Editor,Soldiers or people in battlefield settings are frequently injured with acute trauma, resulting in respiratory depression, hypoxia and associated morbidity and mortality. Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is with...Dear Editor,Soldiers or people in battlefield settings are frequently injured with acute trauma, resulting in respiratory depression, hypoxia and associated morbidity and mortality. Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is with as much as 80%–90% of mild to moderate in combat casualties and contributed significantly to morbidity and mortality in battlefield settings. Correction of hypoxia at as capable as possible is expected to reduce or minimize the morbidity/mortality due to acute brain injury. An easy, quick and safe setup to promote oxygenation/ventilation of injured military personnel or peoples by non-medical personnel in battlefield settings immediately after acute injury before transfer to hospital is expected to reduce the morbidity/mortality due to injury mediated respiratory depression.展开更多
In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method i...In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method is based on the analysis of the impact point distribution and effective damage area of equipment.In order to obtain the position of the impact points,an impact point distribution model under artillery fire was established.Similarly,in order to obtain the effective damage area of equipment,the concepts of generalized damage area and task-based equipment functional damage probability were demonstrated,and the corresponding calculation model was established.Through case analysis,the shell layout scheme was effectively obtained,verifying the correctness of the proposed method.展开更多
Recently,Internet of Things(IoT)technology has provided logistics services to many disciplines such as agriculture,industry,and medicine.Thus,it has become one of the most important scientific research fields.Applying...Recently,Internet of Things(IoT)technology has provided logistics services to many disciplines such as agriculture,industry,and medicine.Thus,it has become one of the most important scientific research fields.Applying IoT to military domain has many challenges such as fault tolerance and QoS.In this paper,IoT technology is applied on the military field to create an Internet of Military Things(IoMT)system.Here,the architecture of the aforementioned IoMT system is proposed.This architecture consists of four main layers:Communication,information,application,and decision support.These layers provided a fault tolerant coverage communication system for IoMT things.Moreover,it implemented data reduction methods such as filtering,compression,abstraction,and data prioritization queuing system to guarantee QoS for the transmitted data.Furthermore,it used decision support technology and IoMT application unification ideas.Finally,to evaluate the IoMT system,an intensive simulation environment is constructed using the network simulation package,NS3.The simulation results proved that the proposed IoMT system outperformed the traditional military system with regard to the performance metrics,packet loss,end-to-end delay,throughput,energy consumption ratio,and data reduction rate.展开更多
Battlefield damage assessment is the key to Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair （ BDAR ） . We present an Intelligent Battlefield Damage Assessment System （IBDAS） based on multiagent system technology. We firs...Battlefield damage assessment is the key to Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair （ BDAR ） . We present an Intelligent Battlefield Damage Assessment System （IBDAS） based on multiagent system technology. We first establish the system framework, and then study the interior structure and workflow of a problem allocation agent. The result shows that, there are many advantages to resolve the problem of battlefield damage assessment by applying multi-agent system technology, and it will bring significant military benefit.展开更多
Battlefield environment simulation process is an important part of battlefield environment information support, which needs to be built around the task process. At present, the interoperability between battlefield env...Battlefield environment simulation process is an important part of battlefield environment information support, which needs to be built around the task process. At present, the interoperability between battlefield environment simulation system and command and control system is still imperfect, and the traditional simulation data model cannot meet war fighters’ high-efficient and accurate understanding and analysis on battlefield environment’s information. Therefore, a kind of task-orientated battlefield environment simulation process model needs to be construed to effectively analyze the key information demands of the command and control system. The structured characteristics of tasks and simulation process are analyzed, and the simulation process concept model is constructed with the method of object-orientated. The data model and formal syntax of GeoBML are analyzed, and the logical model of simulation process is constructed with formal language. The object data structure of simulation process is defined and the object model of simulation process which maps tasks is constructed. In the end, the battlefield environment simulation platform modules are designed and applied based on this model, verifying that the model can effectively express the real-time dynamic correlation between battlefield environment simulation data and operational tasks.展开更多
The basic way and method to apply the equipment s CAD data to a geometry description system(GDS) are presented,and its interface to GDS is set up.The basic function,flow and implementation technique of the interface a...The basic way and method to apply the equipment s CAD data to a geometry description system(GDS) are presented,and its interface to GDS is set up.The basic function,flow and implementation technique of the interface are analyzed.Special computer software is programmed,and an application example is given also.The research results indicate that this interface can assist to derive desired data from the CAD data,and provide powerful technical support for the development of a practical data transferring interface.展开更多
Background:Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is also a combat-related injury that is increasing in modern warfare.The aim of this work is to inform medical experts regarding the different course of bladder cancer in ab...Background:Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is also a combat-related injury that is increasing in modern warfare.The aim of this work is to inform medical experts regarding the different course of bladder cancer in able-bodied patients compared with SCI patients based on the latest medical scientific knowledge,and to present decision-making aids for the assessment of bladder cancer as a late sequela of traumatic SCI.Methods:A study conducted between January 1998 and December 2019 in the BG Trauma Hospital Hamburg formed the basis for the decision-making aids.Urinary bladder cancer was diagnosed in 40 out of 7396 treated outpatient and inpatient SCI patients.General patient information,latency period,age at initial diagnosis,type of bladder management and survival of SCI patients with bladder cancer were collected and analysed.T category,grading and tumor entity in these patients were compared with those in the general population.Relevant bladder cancer risk factors in SCI patients were analysed.Furthermore,relevant published literature was taken into consideration.Results:Initial diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients occurs at a mean age of 56.4 years(SD±10.7 years),i.e.,approximately 20 years earlier as compared with the general population.These bladder cancers are significantly more frequently muscle invasive(i.e.,T category≥T2)and present a higher grade at initial diagnosis.Furthermore,SCI patients show a significantly higher proportion of the more aggressive squamous cell carcinoma than that of the general population in areas not endemic for the tropical disease schistosomiasis.Consequently,the survival time is extremely unfavourable.A very important finding,for practical reasons is that,in the Hamburg study as well as in the literature,urinary bladder cancer is more frequently observed after 10 years or more of SCI.Based on these findings,a matrix was compiled where the various influencing factors,either for or against the recognition of an association between SCI and urinary bladder cancer,were weighted according to their relevance.Conclusions:The results showed that urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients differs considerably from that in ablebodied patients.The presented algorithm is an important aid in everyday clinical practice for assessing the correlation between SCI and bladder cancer.展开更多
To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from ...To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from the top-level perspective of multi-service joint warfare.First,an overall planning and analysis method of architecture modeling is proposed with the idea of a bionic analogy for battlefield target intelligence system architecture modeling,which reduces the difficulty of the planning and design process.The method introduces the Department of Defense architecture framework(DoDAF)modeling method,the multi-living agent(MLA)theory modeling method,and other combinations for planning and modeling.A set of rapid planning methods that can be applied to model the architecture of various types of complex systems is formed.Further,the liveness analysis of the battlefield target intelligence system is carried out,and the problems of the existing system are presented from several aspects.And the technical prediction of the development and construction is given,which provides directional ideas for the subsequent research and development of the battlefield target intelligence system.In the end,the proposed architecture model of the battlefield target intelligence system is simulated and verified by applying the colored Petri nets(CPN)simulation software.The analysis demonstrates the reasonable integrity of its logic.展开更多
Analysis of cluster behaviors of the on-coming cluster is an essential measure for high value locations on the battlefield.Unlike target tracking and clustering analysis,cluster behaviors analysis under cluster securi...Analysis of cluster behaviors of the on-coming cluster is an essential measure for high value locations on the battlefield.Unlike target tracking and clustering analysis,cluster behaviors analysis under cluster security requirements remains an open issue,which is a joint analysis of clus-tering,intent reasoning and activity regions.To address this issue,a framework for cluster behav-iors analysis is proposed by incorporating expert knowledge and domain knowledge,and a knowledge-assisted score function with is designed to improve the accuracy of intent reasoning net-work,overcoming the effects of possible knowledge errors.The framework consists of three mod-ules for cluster analysis,intent reasoning and activity region analysis for typical tasks,in which an intent reasoning network is constructed to obtain cluster intents by using a hybrid knowledge and data driven approach.Furthermore,considering the complexity of the battlefield environment,dif-ferent tasks and corresponding activity region optimization functions are designed for cluster activ-ity region analysis,which are vital elements of cluster behaviors analysis.Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cluster behaviors analysis framework.展开更多
The traditional chimney software architecture design,which is based on the application object,scale and equipment,is difficult to meet the urgent need of multi-resolution,multi-viewpoint,two-dimensional and three-dime...The traditional chimney software architecture design,which is based on the application object,scale and equipment,is difficult to meet the urgent need of multi-resolution,multi-viewpoint,two-dimensional and three-dimensional consistent battlefield situation comprehensive display.Referring to the idea of U.S.Army's general operational diagram,the architecture of the current battlefield situation integrated display system is upgraded and improved.Aiming at the problems of information splitting and real-time undifferentiated access of multi-domain heterogeneous data,technical means such as spatial analysis and multi-source data integration are put forward,and the problems of fast loading and visualization of 3D models of the large battlefield space are solved by designing force clustering and motion trajectory smoothing algorithms.This method improves the service ability and the level of the battlefield situation comprehensive display system,and has a broad arrange of application.展开更多
文摘This paper presents the complex dynamics synthesis of the combat dy-namics series called tensor-centric warfare (TCW;for the first three parts of the series, see [1] [2] [3]), which includes tensor generalization of classical Lanchester-type combat equations, entropic Lie-dragging and commutators for modeling warfare uncertainty and symmetry, and various delta-strikes and missiles (both deterministic and random). The present paper gives a unique synthesis of the Red vs. Blue vectorfields into a single complex battle-vectorfield, using dynamics on Kähler manifolds as a rigorous framework for extending the TCW concept. The global Kähler dynamics framework, with its rigorous underpinning called the Kähler-Ricci flow, provides not only a new insight into the “geometry of warfare”, but also into the “physics of warfare”, in terms of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian structures of the battlefields. It also provides a convenient and efficient computational framework for entropic wargaming.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61806024,62206257)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Key Research and Development Project(20210204050YY)+1 种基金the Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents(2023r004,2023r006)Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Hyperconvergence Application and Security of IoT Devices,Jiangsu Foreign Expert Workshop,Wuxi City Internet of Vehicles Key Laboratory.
文摘In this paper,a reasoning enhancement method based on RGCN(Relational Graph Convolutional Network)is proposed to improve the detection capability of UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)on fast-moving military targets in urban battlefield environments.By combining military images with the publicly available VisDrone2019 dataset,a new dataset called VisMilitary was built and multiple YOLO(You Only Look Once)models were tested on it.Due to the low confidence problem caused by fuzzy targets,the performance of traditional YOLO models on real battlefield images decreases significantly.Therefore,we propose an improved RGCN inference model,which improves the performance of the model in complex environments by optimizing the data processing and graph network architecture.Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an improvement of 0.4%to 1.7%on mAP@0.50,which proves the effectiveness of the model in military target detection.The research of this paper provides a new technical path for UAV target detection in urban battlefield,and provides important enlightenment for the application of deep learning in military field.
基金supported by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(No.23100002022102001)。
文摘Urban combat environments pose complex and variable challenges for UAV path planning due to multidimensional factors,such as static and dynamic obstructions as well as risks of exposure to enemy detection,which threaten flight safety and mission success.Traditional path planning methods typically depend solely on the distribution of static obstacles to generate collision-free paths,without accounting for constraints imposed by enemy detection and strike capabilities.Such a simplified approach can yield safety-compromising routes in highly complex urban airspace.To address these limitations,this study proposes a multi-parameter path planning method based on reachable airspace visibility graphs,which integrates UAV performance constraints,environmental limitations,and exposure risks.An innovative heuristic algorithm is developed to balance operational safety and efficiency by both exposure risks and path length.In the case study set in a typical mixed-use urban area,analysis of airspace visibility graphs reveals significant variations in exposure risk at different regions and altitudes due to building encroachments.Path optimization results indicate that the method can effectively generate covert and efficient flight paths by dynamically adjusting the exposure index,which represents the likelihood of enemy detection,and the path length,which corresponds to mission execution time.
文摘2024 is a crucial year for fully implementing the spirit of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and a challenging year for deepening the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan.This year,the vast number of rare earth technology workers made outstanding contributions to accelerating the construction of a technological powerhouse and achieving high-level technological self-reliance and self-improvement,facing the forefront of world science and technology,the main battlefield of the economy,primary national needs,and people's health.The rare earth technology industry had achieved fruitful results.
文摘Battlefield situation awareness is equivalent to the observation and orientation part of the Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action(OODA)loop.It is the key to transforming information advantage into decision-making advantages and an essential support for agile command decision-making.With the rapid rise and widespread application of various advanced intelligent technologies and model algorithms in the military field,traditional situation awareness technology and capacity building are facing great challenges.Relying solely on manual processing of battlefield situational data is no longer sufficient to meet the changing needs of the battlefield,nor can it provide commanders with real-time,accurate,efficient,and reliable situational information.Therefore,it is necessary to use highperformance hardware facilities and artificial intelligence technology to process massive battlefield data and provide an important reference basis for commanders to implement decision-making behaviors.
文摘Background:Junctional hemorrhage surpassed extremity hemorrhage as the leading cause of preventable death after the resurgence of limb tourniquets during the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.Junctional tourniquets(JTQs)were developed in response to this injury pattern.Published data for JTQ efficacy are limited and do not incorporate nonmedical,military first responders.We compared the time for effective placement and scores for device satisfaction between two different JTQs,stratified by combat lifesaver(CLS)and combat medics.Methods:We performed a prospective,randomized,crossover trial utilizing the SAM ’ Medical Junctional Tourniquet(SJT)and Junctional Emergency Treatment Tool(JETTTM).Investigators simple randomized CLS and combat medics to SJT or JETT for their first JTQ application on mannequins with penetrating inguinal injuries.Then,participants immediately placed the other JTQ on another casualty with the same injury.The primary outcome measured was time of successful applicatio n.Success was defined as proper JTQ placement and a pressu re reading of at least 180 mmHg.We compared outcomes between CLS and combat medics.Unsuccessful JTQ applications were excluded from the comparative analysis.Results:From June 2015 to August 2015,a total of 227 personnel(133 CLS and 94 combat medics)at Fort Hood,Texas,USA volunteered to participate in the study.Twenty-eight percent(38 of 133)of CLS and 40%(38 of 94)of combat medics placed both JTQs successfully,for a total of 152 applications(76 SJTs and 76 JETTs).We found a significant difference between applications of the JETT between the CLS and combat medics(92.0±37.7 s versus70.5±20.5 s,P=0.004).No other subg roup analyses,whether by device or user,demonstrated a sig nifica nt difference in application time.Both groups preferred the SJT over the JETT.CLS disagreed with combat medics that the JETT could be easily applied by one person(median 3.0[2.0,4.0]versus median 4.0[3.0,5.0];P=0.006).Conclusions:Overall,success rates for both the SJT and JETT were low.Improved training is needed to increase successful application of junctional tourniquets before widespread implementation.Combat lifesavers and combat medics prefer the SJT over the JETT.
文摘Background: Ballistic high-energy trauma has substantially increased the severity of non-fatal extremity injuries incurred in modern warfare. Expedient medical care, refinement in surgical techniques, and soft tissue coverage have brought about a paradigm shift in the management of lower extremity wounds during the last decade with an increased emphasis on limb salvage.Methods: A literature-based study was conducted to analyze reconstructive modalities based on the location, depth, and severity of wounds, as well as mechanism of injury, concomitant vascular injuries and open fractures, choice of flap, timing of definitive reconstruction, and complications.Results: Extremity injuries account for over 60% of injuries in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, with the majority secondary to explosive devices. The severity of these injuries is profound compared with civilian registries, and conventional injury scoring systems have failed to accurately predict outcomes in combat trauma. The mainstay of treatment is serial debridement, negative pressure therapy, fracture stabilization, and treatment of concomitant injuries by the forward medical teams with subsequent definitive reconstruction after transport to an advanced military treatment facility. Autologous reconstruction with free tissue transfer and pedicled flaps remains the primary modality for soft tissue coverage in limb salvage. Adjunct innovative modalities, such as external tissue expansion, dermal substitutes, and regenerative matrices, have also been successfully utilized for limb salvage.Conclusion: Lower extremity injuries account for the vast majority of injuries in modern warzones. Explosive devices represent the most common mechanism of injury, with blast impact leading to extensive soft tissue injuries necessitating complex reconstructive strategies. Serial debridement, negative pressure therapy, and autologous reconstruction with free tissue transfer and pedicled flaps remain the mainstay of treatment in recent conflicts.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81871516 and 81571841)the Youth Special Project of Chinese PLA General Hospital(QNC19052).
文摘Battlefield internal medicine aims at the treatment of combatants and noncombatants with various internal diseases on the battlefield.The military medical research on battlefield internal diseases focuses on the pathogenesis,clinical management,and prevention of internal diseases under military war conditions.In both wartime and peacetime,the soldiers suffer from more internal diseases than surgical wounds.With the introduction of high-tech weapons,including chemical,physical,and biological agents,a large number of special internal illnesses and casualties will appear in future wars.The battles often occur in special environments,such as high or low temperatures,plateau or polar areas,and micro-or hyper-gravity.The current theories of battlefield internal medicine are mainly derived from wars decades ago and cannot meet the needs of military medical support under the conditions of modern warfare.Therefore,the military medical research on battlefield internal medicine should be based on contemporary military situations,focus on the purpose of treating battlefield internal diseases,and adhere to the actual needs of the troops in peacetime and wartime.We should investigate the pathogenesis of battlefield internal diseases and explore the threats that may arise in future wars to ensure the advancement of battlefield internal medicine.This review highlights new concepts,demands,challenges,and opportunities for the further development of military medical research on battlefield internal medicine.
文摘Henry Norman Bethune was a physician and surgeon from Canada. He had a highly impressive medical career in Montreal but did his most important work in China where he cared for soldiers on the battlefield. He died in 1939 and was recognized as a hero, but only much later received recognition in Canada. He was a skilled doctor, both as a physician and as a surgeon. However, he was much more and will serve as an inspiration for this series. He was an innovator, an idealist and a perfectionist. It is hoped that this series will gather expert commentaries on a range of issues critical to the subspecialty from fundamental science to clinical care so that future directions can be defined.
基金supported by the Israel Defense Forces(IDF)Medical Corps and Directorate of Defense Research&Development,Israeli Ministry of Defense(IMOD DDR&D)。
文摘Background:Tension pneumothorax is one of the leading causes of preventable death on the battlefield.Current prehospital diagnosis relies on a subjective clinical impression complemented by a manual thoracic and respiratory examination.These techniques are not fully applicable in field conditions and on the battlefield,where situational and environmental factors may impair clinical capabilities.We aimed to assemble a device able to sample,analyze,and classify the unique acoustic signatures of pneumothorax and hemothorax.Methods:Acoustic data was obtained with simultaneous use of two sensitive digital stethoscopes from the chest wall of an ex-vivo porcine model.Twelve second samples of acoustic data were obtained from the in-house assembled digital stethoscope system during mechanical ventilation.The thoracic cavity was injected with increasing volumes of 200,400,600,800,and 1000 ml of air or saline to simulate pneumothorax and hemothorax,respectively.The data was analyzed using a multi-objective genetic algorithm that was used to develop an optimal mathematical detector through the process of artificial evolution,a cutting-edge approach in the artificial intelligence discipline.Results:The in-house assembled dual digital stethoscope system and developed genetic algorithm achieved an accuracy,sensitivity and specificity ranging from 64%to 100%,63%to 100%,and 63%to 100%,respectively,in classifying acoustic signal as associated with pneumothorax or hemothorax at fluid injection levels of 400 ml or more,and regardless of background noise.Conclusions:We present a novel,objective device for rapid diagnosis of potentially lethal thoracic injuries.With further optimization,such a device could provide real-time detection and monitoring of pneumothorax and hemothorax in battlefield conditions.
文摘Dear Editor,Soldiers or people in battlefield settings are frequently injured with acute trauma, resulting in respiratory depression, hypoxia and associated morbidity and mortality. Traumatic brain injury(TBI) is with as much as 80%–90% of mild to moderate in combat casualties and contributed significantly to morbidity and mortality in battlefield settings. Correction of hypoxia at as capable as possible is expected to reduce or minimize the morbidity/mortality due to acute brain injury. An easy, quick and safe setup to promote oxygenation/ventilation of injured military personnel or peoples by non-medical personnel in battlefield settings immediately after acute injury before transfer to hospital is expected to reduce the morbidity/mortality due to injury mediated respiratory depression.
基金Key projects of pre-research fund(No.9140A27040414JB34001).
文摘In this paper,a new method for determining the shell layout scheme is proposed,which can make the equipment damage data by the battlefield damage test resemble as close as possible the actual combat data.This method is based on the analysis of the impact point distribution and effective damage area of equipment.In order to obtain the position of the impact points,an impact point distribution model under artillery fire was established.Similarly,in order to obtain the effective damage area of equipment,the concepts of generalized damage area and task-based equipment functional damage probability were demonstrated,and the corresponding calculation model was established.Through case analysis,the shell layout scheme was effectively obtained,verifying the correctness of the proposed method.
基金funded by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/60),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Recently,Internet of Things(IoT)technology has provided logistics services to many disciplines such as agriculture,industry,and medicine.Thus,it has become one of the most important scientific research fields.Applying IoT to military domain has many challenges such as fault tolerance and QoS.In this paper,IoT technology is applied on the military field to create an Internet of Military Things(IoMT)system.Here,the architecture of the aforementioned IoMT system is proposed.This architecture consists of four main layers:Communication,information,application,and decision support.These layers provided a fault tolerant coverage communication system for IoMT things.Moreover,it implemented data reduction methods such as filtering,compression,abstraction,and data prioritization queuing system to guarantee QoS for the transmitted data.Furthermore,it used decision support technology and IoMT application unification ideas.Finally,to evaluate the IoMT system,an intensive simulation environment is constructed using the network simulation package,NS3.The simulation results proved that the proposed IoMT system outperformed the traditional military system with regard to the performance metrics,packet loss,end-to-end delay,throughput,energy consumption ratio,and data reduction rate.
文摘Battlefield damage assessment is the key to Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair （ BDAR ） . We present an Intelligent Battlefield Damage Assessment System （IBDAS） based on multiagent system technology. We first establish the system framework, and then study the interior structure and workflow of a problem allocation agent. The result shows that, there are many advantages to resolve the problem of battlefield damage assessment by applying multi-agent system technology, and it will bring significant military benefit.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(41271393).
文摘Battlefield environment simulation process is an important part of battlefield environment information support, which needs to be built around the task process. At present, the interoperability between battlefield environment simulation system and command and control system is still imperfect, and the traditional simulation data model cannot meet war fighters’ high-efficient and accurate understanding and analysis on battlefield environment’s information. Therefore, a kind of task-orientated battlefield environment simulation process model needs to be construed to effectively analyze the key information demands of the command and control system. The structured characteristics of tasks and simulation process are analyzed, and the simulation process concept model is constructed with the method of object-orientated. The data model and formal syntax of GeoBML are analyzed, and the logical model of simulation process is constructed with formal language. The object data structure of simulation process is defined and the object model of simulation process which maps tasks is constructed. In the end, the battlefield environment simulation platform modules are designed and applied based on this model, verifying that the model can effectively express the real-time dynamic correlation between battlefield environment simulation data and operational tasks.
文摘The basic way and method to apply the equipment s CAD data to a geometry description system(GDS) are presented,and its interface to GDS is set up.The basic function,flow and implementation technique of the interface are analyzed.Special computer software is programmed,and an application example is given also.The research results indicate that this interface can assist to derive desired data from the CAD data,and provide powerful technical support for the development of a practical data transferring interface.
文摘Background:Traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI)is also a combat-related injury that is increasing in modern warfare.The aim of this work is to inform medical experts regarding the different course of bladder cancer in able-bodied patients compared with SCI patients based on the latest medical scientific knowledge,and to present decision-making aids for the assessment of bladder cancer as a late sequela of traumatic SCI.Methods:A study conducted between January 1998 and December 2019 in the BG Trauma Hospital Hamburg formed the basis for the decision-making aids.Urinary bladder cancer was diagnosed in 40 out of 7396 treated outpatient and inpatient SCI patients.General patient information,latency period,age at initial diagnosis,type of bladder management and survival of SCI patients with bladder cancer were collected and analysed.T category,grading and tumor entity in these patients were compared with those in the general population.Relevant bladder cancer risk factors in SCI patients were analysed.Furthermore,relevant published literature was taken into consideration.Results:Initial diagnosis of urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients occurs at a mean age of 56.4 years(SD±10.7 years),i.e.,approximately 20 years earlier as compared with the general population.These bladder cancers are significantly more frequently muscle invasive(i.e.,T category≥T2)and present a higher grade at initial diagnosis.Furthermore,SCI patients show a significantly higher proportion of the more aggressive squamous cell carcinoma than that of the general population in areas not endemic for the tropical disease schistosomiasis.Consequently,the survival time is extremely unfavourable.A very important finding,for practical reasons is that,in the Hamburg study as well as in the literature,urinary bladder cancer is more frequently observed after 10 years or more of SCI.Based on these findings,a matrix was compiled where the various influencing factors,either for or against the recognition of an association between SCI and urinary bladder cancer,were weighted according to their relevance.Conclusions:The results showed that urinary bladder cancer in SCI patients differs considerably from that in ablebodied patients.The presented algorithm is an important aid in everyday clinical practice for assessing the correlation between SCI and bladder cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41927801).
文摘To address the current problems of poor generality,low real-time,and imperfect information transmission of the battlefield target intelligence system,this paper studies the battlefield target intelligence system from the top-level perspective of multi-service joint warfare.First,an overall planning and analysis method of architecture modeling is proposed with the idea of a bionic analogy for battlefield target intelligence system architecture modeling,which reduces the difficulty of the planning and design process.The method introduces the Department of Defense architecture framework(DoDAF)modeling method,the multi-living agent(MLA)theory modeling method,and other combinations for planning and modeling.A set of rapid planning methods that can be applied to model the architecture of various types of complex systems is formed.Further,the liveness analysis of the battlefield target intelligence system is carried out,and the problems of the existing system are presented from several aspects.And the technical prediction of the development and construction is given,which provides directional ideas for the subsequent research and development of the battlefield target intelligence system.In the end,the proposed architecture model of the battlefield target intelligence system is simulated and verified by applying the colored Petri nets(CPN)simulation software.The analysis demonstrates the reasonable integrity of its logic.
基金support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61873205)。
文摘Analysis of cluster behaviors of the on-coming cluster is an essential measure for high value locations on the battlefield.Unlike target tracking and clustering analysis,cluster behaviors analysis under cluster security requirements remains an open issue,which is a joint analysis of clus-tering,intent reasoning and activity regions.To address this issue,a framework for cluster behav-iors analysis is proposed by incorporating expert knowledge and domain knowledge,and a knowledge-assisted score function with is designed to improve the accuracy of intent reasoning net-work,overcoming the effects of possible knowledge errors.The framework consists of three mod-ules for cluster analysis,intent reasoning and activity region analysis for typical tasks,in which an intent reasoning network is constructed to obtain cluster intents by using a hybrid knowledge and data driven approach.Furthermore,considering the complexity of the battlefield environment,dif-ferent tasks and corresponding activity region optimization functions are designed for cluster activ-ity region analysis,which are vital elements of cluster behaviors analysis.Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed cluster behaviors analysis framework.
文摘The traditional chimney software architecture design,which is based on the application object,scale and equipment,is difficult to meet the urgent need of multi-resolution,multi-viewpoint,two-dimensional and three-dimensional consistent battlefield situation comprehensive display.Referring to the idea of U.S.Army's general operational diagram,the architecture of the current battlefield situation integrated display system is upgraded and improved.Aiming at the problems of information splitting and real-time undifferentiated access of multi-domain heterogeneous data,technical means such as spatial analysis and multi-source data integration are put forward,and the problems of fast loading and visualization of 3D models of the large battlefield space are solved by designing force clustering and motion trajectory smoothing algorithms.This method improves the service ability and the level of the battlefield situation comprehensive display system,and has a broad arrange of application.
