G.K.Batchelor是20世纪国际流体力学大师,在均匀湍流理论和低雷诺数微流体力学领域做出了开创性的贡献,他对流动追求物理和定量性理解的思想影响了近百年流体力学的发展,是流体力学顶级期刊Journal of Fluid Mechanics的创刊人,也是剑...G.K.Batchelor是20世纪国际流体力学大师,在均匀湍流理论和低雷诺数微流体力学领域做出了开创性的贡献,他对流动追求物理和定量性理解的思想影响了近百年流体力学的发展,是流体力学顶级期刊Journal of Fluid Mechanics的创刊人,也是剑桥大学应用数学与理论物理系(DAMTP)的创建者,培养并影响了一大批在流体动力学理论、实验流体力学、湍流及稳定性、环境流体力学、多相流体力学、磁流体力学、微纳米尺度流体动力学等诸多领域建树卓越的学者.本文以G.K.Batchelor诞辰100周年纪念活动为契机,简要回顾了流体力学近300年的发展历程.概述了流体力学发展历经的以数学和物理为基础建立理论框架的经典流体力学、以应用需求为导向促使自身跨越发展的近代流体力学和以学科融合为特点外延丰富的现代流体力学三个重要阶段;以师承关系、代表性学者及其主要学术贡献为线索,总结了现代流体力学四大学派的形成及其近百年的传承沿革;以历史和发展的视角浅谈当代流体力学发展的动力和趋势,并以风沙环境力学为例,简述流体力学为分支学科发展提供的支撑和引领作用,分支学科的需求为流体力学内生发展提供驱动力的螺旋生长关系;最后是对未来流体力学发展进步和创新的展望.展开更多
In typical small engines, the cooling air for high pressure turbine （HPT） in a gas turbine engine is commonly bled off from the main flow at the tip of the centrifugal impeller. The pressurized air flow is drawn rad...In typical small engines, the cooling air for high pressure turbine （HPT） in a gas turbine engine is commonly bled off from the main flow at the tip of the centrifugal impeller. The pressurized air flow is drawn radially inwards through the impeller rear cavity. The centripetal air flow creates a strong vortex because of high inlet tangential velocity, which results in significant pressure losses. This not only restricts the mass flow rate, but also reduces the cooling air pressure for down-stream hot com- ponents. The present study is devoted to the numerical modeling of flow in an impeller rear cavity. The simulations are can＇ied out with axisymmetric and 3-D sector models for various inlet swirl ratio ,80 （0-0.6）, turbulent flow parameter 2-r （0.028-0,280） with and without baffle. The baffle is a thin plate attached to the stationary wall of the cavity, and is proved to be useful in re- ducing the pressure loss of centripetal flow in the impeller rear cavity in the current paper. Further flow details in impeller rear cavity with and without baffle are displayed using CFD techniques. The CFD results show that for any specified geometry, the outlet pressure coefficient of impeller rear cavity with or without baffle depends only on the inlet swirl ratio and turbulent flow parameter. Meanwhile, the outlet pressure coefficient of the cavity with baffle is indeed smaller than that of cavity without baffle, especially for the cases with high inlet swirl ratio. The suppression of the effect of centrifugal pumping and the mixing beween the main air which is downstream of the baffle and the recirculating flow of the vortex in the stationary cavity, which are caused by the use of baffle, are the underlying reasons that lead to the reduction of outlet pressure loss.展开更多
Draft tube vortex is one of the main causes of hydraulic instability in hydraulic reaction turbines,in particular Francis turbines.A method of cavitation calculations was proposed to predict the pressure fluctuations ...Draft tube vortex is one of the main causes of hydraulic instability in hydraulic reaction turbines,in particular Francis turbines.A method of cavitation calculations was proposed to predict the pressure fluctuations induced by draft tube vortices in a model Francis turbine,by solving RANS equations with RNG k-turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model,with modified turbulence viscosity.Three cases with different flow rates at high head were studied.In the study case of part load,two modes of revolutions with the same rotating direction,revolution around the axis of the draft tube cone,and revolution around the core of the vortex rope,can be recognized.The elliptical shaped vortex rope causes anisotropic characteristics of pressure fluctuations around the centerline of the draft tube cone.By analyzing the phase angles of the pressure fluctuations,the role of the vortex rope as an exciter in the oscillating case can be recognized.An analysis of Batchelor instability,i.e.instability in q-vortex like flow structure,has been carried out on the draft tube vortices in these three cases.It can be concluded that the trajectory for study case with part load lies in the region of absolute instability(AI),and it lies in the region of convective instability(CI)for study case with design flow rate.Trajectory for study case with over load lies in the AI region at the inlet of the draft tube,and enters CI region near the end of the elbow.展开更多
文摘G.K.Batchelor是20世纪国际流体力学大师,在均匀湍流理论和低雷诺数微流体力学领域做出了开创性的贡献,他对流动追求物理和定量性理解的思想影响了近百年流体力学的发展,是流体力学顶级期刊Journal of Fluid Mechanics的创刊人,也是剑桥大学应用数学与理论物理系(DAMTP)的创建者,培养并影响了一大批在流体动力学理论、实验流体力学、湍流及稳定性、环境流体力学、多相流体力学、磁流体力学、微纳米尺度流体动力学等诸多领域建树卓越的学者.本文以G.K.Batchelor诞辰100周年纪念活动为契机,简要回顾了流体力学近300年的发展历程.概述了流体力学发展历经的以数学和物理为基础建立理论框架的经典流体力学、以应用需求为导向促使自身跨越发展的近代流体力学和以学科融合为特点外延丰富的现代流体力学三个重要阶段;以师承关系、代表性学者及其主要学术贡献为线索,总结了现代流体力学四大学派的形成及其近百年的传承沿革;以历史和发展的视角浅谈当代流体力学发展的动力和趋势,并以风沙环境力学为例,简述流体力学为分支学科发展提供的支撑和引领作用,分支学科的需求为流体力学内生发展提供驱动力的螺旋生长关系;最后是对未来流体力学发展进步和创新的展望.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51306177)
文摘In typical small engines, the cooling air for high pressure turbine （HPT） in a gas turbine engine is commonly bled off from the main flow at the tip of the centrifugal impeller. The pressurized air flow is drawn radially inwards through the impeller rear cavity. The centripetal air flow creates a strong vortex because of high inlet tangential velocity, which results in significant pressure losses. This not only restricts the mass flow rate, but also reduces the cooling air pressure for down-stream hot com- ponents. The present study is devoted to the numerical modeling of flow in an impeller rear cavity. The simulations are can＇ied out with axisymmetric and 3-D sector models for various inlet swirl ratio ,80 （0-0.6）, turbulent flow parameter 2-r （0.028-0,280） with and without baffle. The baffle is a thin plate attached to the stationary wall of the cavity, and is proved to be useful in re- ducing the pressure loss of centripetal flow in the impeller rear cavity in the current paper. Further flow details in impeller rear cavity with and without baffle are displayed using CFD techniques. The CFD results show that for any specified geometry, the outlet pressure coefficient of impeller rear cavity with or without baffle depends only on the inlet swirl ratio and turbulent flow parameter. Meanwhile, the outlet pressure coefficient of the cavity with baffle is indeed smaller than that of cavity without baffle, especially for the cases with high inlet swirl ratio. The suppression of the effect of centrifugal pumping and the mixing beween the main air which is downstream of the baffle and the recirculating flow of the vortex in the stationary cavity, which are caused by the use of baffle, are the underlying reasons that lead to the reduction of outlet pressure loss.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51076077)National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Grant No.2008BAC48B02)
文摘Draft tube vortex is one of the main causes of hydraulic instability in hydraulic reaction turbines,in particular Francis turbines.A method of cavitation calculations was proposed to predict the pressure fluctuations induced by draft tube vortices in a model Francis turbine,by solving RANS equations with RNG k-turbulence model and ZGB cavitation model,with modified turbulence viscosity.Three cases with different flow rates at high head were studied.In the study case of part load,two modes of revolutions with the same rotating direction,revolution around the axis of the draft tube cone,and revolution around the core of the vortex rope,can be recognized.The elliptical shaped vortex rope causes anisotropic characteristics of pressure fluctuations around the centerline of the draft tube cone.By analyzing the phase angles of the pressure fluctuations,the role of the vortex rope as an exciter in the oscillating case can be recognized.An analysis of Batchelor instability,i.e.instability in q-vortex like flow structure,has been carried out on the draft tube vortices in these three cases.It can be concluded that the trajectory for study case with part load lies in the region of absolute instability(AI),and it lies in the region of convective instability(CI)for study case with design flow rate.Trajectory for study case with over load lies in the AI region at the inlet of the draft tube,and enters CI region near the end of the elbow.
