As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echo...As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echolocation and flight behavior were adjusted in 2 species of batswith a high duty cycle (HDC) call structure, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Hipposideros armiger, when they flew along a straight corridorand then passed through windows of 3 different sizes. We also tested whether divergence existed in the adaptations of the 2 species. Both H.armiger and R. ferrumequinum increased their call rates by shortening the pulse duration and inter-pulse interval for more rapid spatial samplingof the environment when flying through smaller windows. Bats produced more sonar sound groups (SSGs) while maintaining a stable proportion of calls that made up SSGs during approaches to smaller windows. The 2 species showed divergent adjustment in flight behavior across3 different window sizes. Hipposideros armiger reduced its flight speed to pass through smaller windows while R. ferrumequinum increasedits flight speed. Our results suggest that these 2 species of HDC bats adopt similar acoustic timing patterns for different tasks although theyperformed different flight behaviors.展开更多
The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take i...The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take into account the influence of the environmental information and prior knowledge perceived by sonar receivers, making it difficult to obtain desired processing results. Based on the basic principle and key technology of sonar, this paper proposed a cognition-based intelligent sonar system in theory--cognitive sonar. Cognitive sonar is capable of jointly optimizing the transmission waveform and receiver according to the changes of environment so that its detection and identification performance can be significantly improved.展开更多
The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron mi...The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Stereocilia lengths were estimated for comparison with those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of outer hair cells(OHC)stereocilia in echolocating bats were shorter than those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of inner hair cells(IHC)stereocilia were longer than those of outer hair cells stereocilia in the Organ of Corti of echolocating bats.These characteristics of the auditory stereocilia length of echolocating bats represent the fine architecture of the electromotility process,helping to adapt to high frequency sound and echolocation.展开更多
Although omics and multi-omics approaches are the most used methods to create signature arrays for liquid biopsy,the high cost of omics technologies still largely limits their wide applications for point-of-care.Inspi...Although omics and multi-omics approaches are the most used methods to create signature arrays for liquid biopsy,the high cost of omics technologies still largely limits their wide applications for point-of-care.Inspired by the bat echolocation mechanism,we propose an“echoes”approach for creating chemiluminescence signatures via screening of a compound library,and serum samples of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)were used for our proof-of-concept study.We first demonstrated the discrepancy in physicochemical properties between AD and healthy control serums.On this basis,we developed a simple,cost-effective,and versatile platform termed UNICODE(UNiversal Interaction of Chemiluminescence echOes for Disease Evaluation).The UNICODE platform consists of a“bat”probe,which generates different chemiluminescence intensities upon interacting with various substrates,and a panel/array of“flag”molecules that are selected from library screening.The UNICODE array could enable the reflecting/“echoing”of the signatures of various serum components and intact physicochemical interactions between serum substrates.In this study,we screened a library of over 1,000 small molecules and identified 12“flag”molecules(top 12)that optimally depict the differences between AD and healthy control serums.Finally,we employed the top 12 array to conduct tests on serum samples and utilized machine learning methods to optimize detection performance.We successfully distinguished AD serums,achieving the highest area under the curve of 90.24%with the random forest method.Our strategy could provide new insights into biofluid abnormality and prototype tools for developing liquid biopsy diagnoses for AD and other diseases.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31770429 and 32071492)the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Project of China(Grant No.C019220023).
文摘As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echolocation and flight behavior were adjusted in 2 species of batswith a high duty cycle (HDC) call structure, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Hipposideros armiger, when they flew along a straight corridorand then passed through windows of 3 different sizes. We also tested whether divergence existed in the adaptations of the 2 species. Both H.armiger and R. ferrumequinum increased their call rates by shortening the pulse duration and inter-pulse interval for more rapid spatial samplingof the environment when flying through smaller windows. Bats produced more sonar sound groups (SSGs) while maintaining a stable proportion of calls that made up SSGs during approaches to smaller windows. The 2 species showed divergent adjustment in flight behavior across3 different window sizes. Hipposideros armiger reduced its flight speed to pass through smaller windows while R. ferrumequinum increasedits flight speed. Our results suggest that these 2 species of HDC bats adopt similar acoustic timing patterns for different tasks although theyperformed different flight behaviors.
基金Supported by Research Foundation of Shaanxi Province Returned Overseas Students No.SLZ2008006
文摘The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take into account the influence of the environmental information and prior knowledge perceived by sonar receivers, making it difficult to obtain desired processing results. Based on the basic principle and key technology of sonar, this paper proposed a cognition-based intelligent sonar system in theory--cognitive sonar. Cognitive sonar is capable of jointly optimizing the transmission waveform and receiver according to the changes of environment so that its detection and identification performance can be significantly improved.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30430120)and Foundation of President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Stereocilia lengths were estimated for comparison with those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of outer hair cells(OHC)stereocilia in echolocating bats were shorter than those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of inner hair cells(IHC)stereocilia were longer than those of outer hair cells stereocilia in the Organ of Corti of echolocating bats.These characteristics of the auditory stereocilia length of echolocating bats represent the fine architecture of the electromotility process,helping to adapt to high frequency sound and echolocation.
基金funded by the following:National Institutes of Health grant R01AG055413(NIH,C.R.)National Institutes of Health grant R01AG083759(NIH,C.R.)+4 种基金National Institutes of Health grant R01AG085562(NIH,C.R.)National Institutes of Health grant R21AG059134(NIH,C.R.)National Institutes of Health grant R56AG059814(NIH,C.R.)National Institutes of Health grant R21AG078749(NIH,C.R.)National Institutes of Health grant S10OD028609(NIH,C.R.).
文摘Although omics and multi-omics approaches are the most used methods to create signature arrays for liquid biopsy,the high cost of omics technologies still largely limits their wide applications for point-of-care.Inspired by the bat echolocation mechanism,we propose an“echoes”approach for creating chemiluminescence signatures via screening of a compound library,and serum samples of Alzheimer’s disease(AD)were used for our proof-of-concept study.We first demonstrated the discrepancy in physicochemical properties between AD and healthy control serums.On this basis,we developed a simple,cost-effective,and versatile platform termed UNICODE(UNiversal Interaction of Chemiluminescence echOes for Disease Evaluation).The UNICODE platform consists of a“bat”probe,which generates different chemiluminescence intensities upon interacting with various substrates,and a panel/array of“flag”molecules that are selected from library screening.The UNICODE array could enable the reflecting/“echoing”of the signatures of various serum components and intact physicochemical interactions between serum substrates.In this study,we screened a library of over 1,000 small molecules and identified 12“flag”molecules(top 12)that optimally depict the differences between AD and healthy control serums.Finally,we employed the top 12 array to conduct tests on serum samples and utilized machine learning methods to optimize detection performance.We successfully distinguished AD serums,achieving the highest area under the curve of 90.24%with the random forest method.Our strategy could provide new insights into biofluid abnormality and prototype tools for developing liquid biopsy diagnoses for AD and other diseases.
