As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echo...As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echolocation and flight behavior were adjusted in 2 species of batswith a high duty cycle (HDC) call structure, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Hipposideros armiger, when they flew along a straight corridorand then passed through windows of 3 different sizes. We also tested whether divergence existed in the adaptations of the 2 species. Both H.armiger and R. ferrumequinum increased their call rates by shortening the pulse duration and inter-pulse interval for more rapid spatial samplingof the environment when flying through smaller windows. Bats produced more sonar sound groups (SSGs) while maintaining a stable proportion of calls that made up SSGs during approaches to smaller windows. The 2 species showed divergent adjustment in flight behavior across3 different window sizes. Hipposideros armiger reduced its flight speed to pass through smaller windows while R. ferrumequinum increasedits flight speed. Our results suggest that these 2 species of HDC bats adopt similar acoustic timing patterns for different tasks although theyperformed different flight behaviors.展开更多
The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take i...The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take into account the influence of the environmental information and prior knowledge perceived by sonar receivers, making it difficult to obtain desired processing results. Based on the basic principle and key technology of sonar, this paper proposed a cognition-based intelligent sonar system in theory--cognitive sonar. Cognitive sonar is capable of jointly optimizing the transmission waveform and receiver according to the changes of environment so that its detection and identification performance can be significantly improved.展开更多
The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron mi...The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Stereocilia lengths were estimated for comparison with those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of outer hair cells(OHC)stereocilia in echolocating bats were shorter than those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of inner hair cells(IHC)stereocilia were longer than those of outer hair cells stereocilia in the Organ of Corti of echolocating bats.These characteristics of the auditory stereocilia length of echolocating bats represent the fine architecture of the electromotility process,helping to adapt to high frequency sound and echolocation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31770429 and 32071492)the National Defense Basic Scientific Research Project of China(Grant No.C019220023).
文摘As actively sensing animals guided by acoustic information, echolocating bats must adapt their vocal–motor behavior to various environmentsand behavioral tasks. Here, we investigated how the temporal patterns of echolocation and flight behavior were adjusted in 2 species of batswith a high duty cycle (HDC) call structure, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Hipposideros armiger, when they flew along a straight corridorand then passed through windows of 3 different sizes. We also tested whether divergence existed in the adaptations of the 2 species. Both H.armiger and R. ferrumequinum increased their call rates by shortening the pulse duration and inter-pulse interval for more rapid spatial samplingof the environment when flying through smaller windows. Bats produced more sonar sound groups (SSGs) while maintaining a stable proportion of calls that made up SSGs during approaches to smaller windows. The 2 species showed divergent adjustment in flight behavior across3 different window sizes. Hipposideros armiger reduced its flight speed to pass through smaller windows while R. ferrumequinum increasedits flight speed. Our results suggest that these 2 species of HDC bats adopt similar acoustic timing patterns for different tasks although theyperformed different flight behaviors.
基金Supported by Research Foundation of Shaanxi Province Returned Overseas Students No.SLZ2008006
文摘The performance of a sonar system is closely related to the marine environment and the target characteristics. When dealing with the echoes of a traditional active sonar system, the sonar designers often do not take into account the influence of the environmental information and prior knowledge perceived by sonar receivers, making it difficult to obtain desired processing results. Based on the basic principle and key technology of sonar, this paper proposed a cognition-based intelligent sonar system in theory--cognitive sonar. Cognitive sonar is capable of jointly optimizing the transmission waveform and receiver according to the changes of environment so that its detection and identification performance can be significantly improved.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.30430120)and Foundation of President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘The stereocilia of the Organ of Corti in 4 different echolocating bats,Myotis adversus,Murina leuco-gaster,Nyctalus plancyi(Nyctalus velutinus),and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum were observed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Stereocilia lengths were estimated for comparison with those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of outer hair cells(OHC)stereocilia in echolocating bats were shorter than those of non-echolocating mammals.The specialized lengths of inner hair cells(IHC)stereocilia were longer than those of outer hair cells stereocilia in the Organ of Corti of echolocating bats.These characteristics of the auditory stereocilia length of echolocating bats represent the fine architecture of the electromotility process,helping to adapt to high frequency sound and echolocation.
