The mound-making behavior of plateau zokors is one of the most important factors in remodeling meadow microtopography and causing soil erosion in the Yellow River source area of western China,but little is known about...The mound-making behavior of plateau zokors is one of the most important factors in remodeling meadow microtopography and causing soil erosion in the Yellow River source area of western China,but little is known about the effects of microtopography on particle size characteristics(PSC)of eroded sediments from the bare slopes of zokor mounds during different rainfall events.In this study,we analyzed the relationship of microtopographic features derived from laser point cloud data and PSC of eroded sediments at six simulated rainfall intensities(all lasting 60 min).The effects of microtopography on PSC of eroded sediments were studied via partial least squares regression(PLSR)and structural equation modeling(SEM).The results showed that:(1)15-20 minutes from the beginning of rainfall was the sensitive period of soil loss from the slopes,and the function relationship between the rate of sediment and runoff and rainfall intensity can better predict the development trend of soil erosion;(2)Intense erosion occurred mainly in the upper half of the zokor mound,while deposition was mainly limited to its lower half.It is suggested that diminished plateau zokor activity intensity can effectively prevent and control soil erosion;(3)The PSC of eroded sediment is dominated by silt,followed by sand,with clay being the least abundant,and the eroded sediments with a particle size of 10-20μm were sensitive and highly susceptible to rainfall erosion.This finding facilitates the understanding of the formation process of surface geomorphology and the mechanism of soil erosion;(4)The PLSR model indicates that microtopography has an extensive influence on eroded sediments during hydraulic erosion,and the SEM analysis results further confirm that the fractal dimension was the best parameter to represent the PSC of eroded sediments,whereas surface cutting degree was the dominant factor controlling the PSC of eroded sediments.These findings are crucial for predicting soil erosion in the Yellow River source area and provide a new perspective for understanding soil erosion mechanisms in alpine meadow ecosystems.展开更多
It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's ...It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's attention was once again drawn to the fate of Asiatic black bears (or moon bears) in China, so long tortured in the cruel practice of bile extraction. Only this展开更多
To determine the root cause of a bare-spot defect in a hot-dip galvanized boron-added steel sheet,we performed metallurgical characterizations using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)in addition ...To determine the root cause of a bare-spot defect in a hot-dip galvanized boron-added steel sheet,we performed metallurgical characterizations using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)in addition to glow discharge optical emission spectrometry,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and energy dispersive spectroscopy.Mn and B enrichments on the steel surface in the bare-spot area were detected through various methods.FE-SEM revealed external oxide nodules and zinc droplets,which indicated poor wettability.ToF-SIMS further revealed considerably more detailed lateral and depth distributions of Mn,B,and Al.The formation of external Mn-B compound oxides on the steel surface prior to hot dipping,which substantially deteriorated the wettability and prevented the formation of a Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer,resulted in the formation of a bare-spot defect.ToF-SIMS mapping of Al ion proved that a slight reaction still occurred between the dissolved Al in the molten zinc bath and steel substrate,although no evident Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer formed in the bare-spot area.展开更多
This research investigates the suitability of PRISMA and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for retrieving topsoil properties such as Organic Matter(OM),Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P),Potassium(K),and pH in croplands using diffe...This research investigates the suitability of PRISMA and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for retrieving topsoil properties such as Organic Matter(OM),Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P),Potassium(K),and pH in croplands using different Machine Learning(ML)algorithms and signal pre-treatments.Ninety-five soil samples were collected in Quzhou County,Northeast China.Satellite images captured soil reflectance data when bare soil was visible.For PRISMA data,a Linear Mixture Model(LMM)was used to separate soil and Photosynthetic Vegetation(PV)endmembers,excluding Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation(NPV)using Band Depth values at the 2100 nm absorption peak of cellulose.Sentinel-2 bare soil reflectance spectra were obtained using thresholds based on NDVI and NBR2 indices.Results showed PRISMA data provided slightly better accuracy in retrieving topsoil nutrients than Sentinel-2.While no optimal predictive algorithm was best,absorbance data proved more effective than reflectance.PRISMA results demonstrated potential for predicting soil nutrients in real scenarios.展开更多
The product quality of graiworiented silicon steel may be affected by each process because of its complicat- ed production technology. Morphologies, compositions and structures of forsterite film formed in different c...The product quality of graiworiented silicon steel may be affected by each process because of its complicat- ed production technology. Morphologies, compositions and structures of forsterite film formed in different conditions on the samples subjected to high temperature annealing were measured by using a scanning electron microscope, an energy disperse spectroscope, an X ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared technique respectively. The morphologies and influential factors of forsterite film were investigated. The results showed that the major compo- nent of forsterite film composed of light-gray spherical particles was Mg2 SiO4, and the minor was MgAl2O4. If the amount of MgO coated on the surface of the steel was less, bare holes or even large-scale bare grains for forsterite film appeared. The higher temperature of water bath during decarburization annealing led to gaps of strips in forster ite film. Moreover, MgO coating method had great influence on forsterite film. Roller coating method was beneficial to increase compactness and smoothness of forsterite film, but was disadvantageous to its thickness.展开更多
Microlysimeters of different sizes(5 cm 10 cm and 15 cm in length)were used extensively in the present study for the measurements of soil evapondion in site in an extremely arid area in southern Israel.All of the data...Microlysimeters of different sizes(5 cm 10 cm and 15 cm in length)were used extensively in the present study for the measurements of soil evapondion in site in an extremely arid area in southern Israel.All of the data obtained from the microlysimeters were used to evaluate two conventional eVaporation models developed by Black et al.and Ritchie,respectively.Our results indicated that the models could overestimate total cumulative evaporation by about 30% in the extremely arid environment.Reducing the power factor of the conventional model by a faCtor of 0.1 produced good agreement between the measured and simulated cumulative evaporation.Microlysimeter method proved to be a simple and accurate approach for the evaluation of soil evaporstion.展开更多
When considering the bomb explosion damage effect,the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats.In experiments,the air shock wave was studied by the bare explosives superseding the...When considering the bomb explosion damage effect,the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats.In experiments,the air shock wave was studied by the bare explosives superseding the real cased bomb;in contrast,the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk.The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted.The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb:the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed,and the peak value of shock wave was reduced.Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy,respectively.The increasing factors of the peak overpressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43-3.04 and 1.37-1.57,respectively.Four typical stages of case breakage were defined.The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution.The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.展开更多
Vegetation fractional coverage （VFC） is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system. The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing （RS）. In...Vegetation fractional coverage （VFC） is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system. The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing （RS）. In this paper, the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed. The current study was based on the TM/ETM＋ images of 1989, 2001, and 2006, and supported by Geographic Information System （GIS） spatial analysis, vegetation index, and dimidiate pixel model. In addition, VBSl （vegetation, bare soil and shadow indices） suitable for TM/ETM＋ irrlages, constructed with FCD （forest canopy density） model principle and put forward by ITTO （International Tropical Timber Organization）, was used, and it was applied to estimate the VFC. The estimation accuracy was later prow^n to be up to 83.52%. Further, the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis. Forest, grassland, and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage, and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation. The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area, whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change. Therefore, planting trees, protecting grasslands, reclaiming farmlands, and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage. Finally, the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover diigital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.展开更多
To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmos...To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）. Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle （SZA）, where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment （DHEX） （defined as DH scheme）. We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area （JTEX）. The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m^-2, which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m^-2. The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indicates that during cloudy days the solar radiation simulations of BATS with these three schemes are not in a good agreement with the observations, which implies that a more realistic partitioning of diffuse and direct radiation is needed in future land surface process simulations.展开更多
Understanding the impact of rock bareness on the transpiration in karst plants is essential to karst rocky desertification control and sustainable management of plantation in karst area.This study focused on the varia...Understanding the impact of rock bareness on the transpiration in karst plants is essential to karst rocky desertification control and sustainable management of plantation in karst area.This study focused on the variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis caused by different rock bareness rate,and the impact of climate factors,soil water content(SWC)and leaf area index(LAI) on transpiration in karst plants,by continuously measuring sap flux densities (Fcd)of 12 sample trees using thermal dissipation probes and monitoring micrometeorology and SwC on a typical karst hill in north Guangdong of China during the year of 2016.Results show that:(1)the maximum hourly sap flux density occurred at11:00-14:00 and the peak daily sap flux density occurred in September.(2)Sap flow density of Zenia insignis increased with rock bareness rate at all hourly,daily and monthly scales,with the sequence of extremely severe>severe>moderate>mild rock bareness.(3)The transpiration of Zenia insi.gnis is controlled by different factors at different temporalscales.At hourly scale,transpiration was highly(n=144,R^2>0.72)correlated to Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),and water vapor pressure deficit(VPD).At daily scale,transpiration was greatly(n=366,R2>0.31)affected by Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD).While at monthly scale,transpiration was mainly(n=12,R^2=0.85)controlled by LAI.Our study proved that Zenia insi.gnis has a good physiecological adaption to fragile karst environment,and Zenia insignis plantation has long-term sustainability even in extremely rocky landscapes.The results may provide scientific basis for plantation management and ecological restoration in karst area.展开更多
In spectrum analysis of induction motor current, the characteristic components of broken rotor bars（BRB） fault are often submerged by the fundamental component. Although many detection methods have been proposed for...In spectrum analysis of induction motor current, the characteristic components of broken rotor bars（BRB） fault are often submerged by the fundamental component. Although many detection methods have been proposed for this problem, the frequency resolution and accuracy are not high enough so that the reliability of BRB fault detection is a ected. Thus, a new multiple signal classification（MUSIC） algorithm based on particle swarm intelligence search is developed. Since spectrum peak search in MUSIC is a multimodal optimization problem, an improved bare?bones particle swarm optimization algorithm（IBPSO） is proposed first. In the IBPSO, a modified strategy of subpopulation determination is introduced into BPSO for realizing multimodal search. And then, the new MUSIC algorithm, called IBPSO?based MUSIC, is proposed by replacing the fixed?step traversal search with IBPSO. Meanwhile, a simulation signal is used to test the e ectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that its frequency precision reaches 10-5, and the computational cost is only comparable to that of traditional MUSIC with 0.1 search step. Finally, the IBPSO?based MUSIC is applied in BRB fault detection of an induction motor, and the e ectiveness and superiority are proved again. The proposed research provides a modified MUSIC algorithm which has su cient frequency precision to detect BRB fault in induction motors.展开更多
This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates（〉2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 〈0.25 mm） and asso...This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates（〉2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 〈0.25 mm） and associated soil organic carbon（SOC） and total nitrogen（TN） content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment（Abandonment）, bare fallow（Fallow） and wheat-fallow cropping（Cropping）. Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed： control（CK, no nutrient input）, nitrogen only（N）, nitrogen and potassium（NK）, phosphorus and potassium（PK）, NP, NPK, and manure（M） plus NPK（MNPK）. Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates（〉0.25 mm） and mean weight diameter（MWD） at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 〉0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 〉1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.展开更多
Objective To study the safety of the novel high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel bare metal stents （BMS） in a recognized porcine coronary model and to select a better grid structure of it. Methods Th...Objective To study the safety of the novel high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel bare metal stents （BMS） in a recognized porcine coronary model and to select a better grid structure of it. Methods Three types of stents were randomly implanted in different coronary arteries of the same pig： 316L stainless steel BMS （316L-BMS） （n=12）, novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid A （NF-A-BMS） （n=12） and novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid B （NF-B-BMS） （n=12）. In total, eighteen animals underwent successful random placement of 36 oversized stents in the coronary arteries. Coronary angiography was performed after 36 d of stents implantation. Nine animals were respectively sacrificed after 14 d and 36 d for histomorphologic analysis. 〈br〉 Results Quantitative coronary angiography （QCA） showed similar luminal loss （LL） in the three groups：（0.21±0.17） mm for 316L-BMS, （0.16±0.12） mm for NF-A-BMS, （0.24±0.15） mm for NF-B-BMS （P=0.05）. Histomorphomeric analysis after 15 d and 36 d revealed that there was also no significant difference among the three groups in neointimal area （NA） with similar injury scores respectively. High magnification histomorphologic examination showed similar inflammation scores in the three groups, but NF-A-BMS group had poorer endothelialization scores compared with NF-B-BMS group, 2.00±0.63 vs. 2.83±0.41 （P=0.015） at 15 d, which also could be proved by the scanning electron microscope. However, the difference could not been observed at 36 d. Conclusion The novel NF-BMS showed similar safety as 316L-BMS during the short-term study. NF-B-BMS had better endothelialization than NF-A-BMS and this may owe to the specific strut units.展开更多
The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare al...The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.展开更多
With few available soil organic carbon(SOC)profiles and the heterogeneity of those that do exist, the estimation of SOC pools in karst areas is highly uncertain.Based on the spatial heterogeneity of SOC content of 23,...With few available soil organic carbon(SOC)profiles and the heterogeneity of those that do exist, the estimation of SOC pools in karst areas is highly uncertain.Based on the spatial heterogeneity of SOC content of 23,536 samples in a karst watershed, a modified estimation method was determined for SOC storage that exclusively applies to karst areas. The method is a "soil-type method" based on revised calculation indexes for SOC storage. In the present study, the organic carbon contents of different soil types varied greatly, but generally decreased with increasing soil depth. The organic carbon content decreased nearly linearly to a depth of 0–50 cm and then varied at depths of 50–100 cm. Because of the large spatial variability in the karst area, we were able to determine that influences of the different indexes on the estimation of SOC storage decreased as follows: soil thickness > boulder content > rock fragment content > SOC content > bulk density. Using the modified formula, the SOC content in the Houzhai watershed in Puding was estimated to range from 3.53 to 5.44 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 1.24 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 20 cm, and from 4.44 to 14.50 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 12.12 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 100 cm. The total SOC content was estimated at 5.39*10^(5) t.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Qinghai University Graduate Student Research and Practice Innovation Project(2025-GPKY-12)Basic Research Project of Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Department(2021-ZJ-701)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20159,42161068)the 111 Project of China(D18013)。
文摘The mound-making behavior of plateau zokors is one of the most important factors in remodeling meadow microtopography and causing soil erosion in the Yellow River source area of western China,but little is known about the effects of microtopography on particle size characteristics(PSC)of eroded sediments from the bare slopes of zokor mounds during different rainfall events.In this study,we analyzed the relationship of microtopographic features derived from laser point cloud data and PSC of eroded sediments at six simulated rainfall intensities(all lasting 60 min).The effects of microtopography on PSC of eroded sediments were studied via partial least squares regression(PLSR)and structural equation modeling(SEM).The results showed that:(1)15-20 minutes from the beginning of rainfall was the sensitive period of soil loss from the slopes,and the function relationship between the rate of sediment and runoff and rainfall intensity can better predict the development trend of soil erosion;(2)Intense erosion occurred mainly in the upper half of the zokor mound,while deposition was mainly limited to its lower half.It is suggested that diminished plateau zokor activity intensity can effectively prevent and control soil erosion;(3)The PSC of eroded sediment is dominated by silt,followed by sand,with clay being the least abundant,and the eroded sediments with a particle size of 10-20μm were sensitive and highly susceptible to rainfall erosion.This finding facilitates the understanding of the formation process of surface geomorphology and the mechanism of soil erosion;(4)The PLSR model indicates that microtopography has an extensive influence on eroded sediments during hydraulic erosion,and the SEM analysis results further confirm that the fractal dimension was the best parameter to represent the PSC of eroded sediments,whereas surface cutting degree was the dominant factor controlling the PSC of eroded sediments.These findings are crucial for predicting soil erosion in the Yellow River source area and provide a new perspective for understanding soil erosion mechanisms in alpine meadow ecosystems.
文摘It's a subject that gets not only animal rights activists hot under the collar, but also the vast majority of caring people concerned about cruelty to animals. At a press conference in early 2006, the world's attention was once again drawn to the fate of Asiatic black bears (or moon bears) in China, so long tortured in the cruel practice of bile extraction. Only this
文摘To determine the root cause of a bare-spot defect in a hot-dip galvanized boron-added steel sheet,we performed metallurgical characterizations using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)in addition to glow discharge optical emission spectrometry,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and energy dispersive spectroscopy.Mn and B enrichments on the steel surface in the bare-spot area were detected through various methods.FE-SEM revealed external oxide nodules and zinc droplets,which indicated poor wettability.ToF-SIMS further revealed considerably more detailed lateral and depth distributions of Mn,B,and Al.The formation of external Mn-B compound oxides on the steel surface prior to hot dipping,which substantially deteriorated the wettability and prevented the formation of a Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer,resulted in the formation of a bare-spot defect.ToF-SIMS mapping of Al ion proved that a slight reaction still occurred between the dissolved Al in the molten zinc bath and steel substrate,although no evident Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer formed in the bare-spot area.
基金co-funded by the European Space Agency Dragon5 project[ESA Contract number 4000135216/21/I-NB]co-funded by the Italian Space Agency THERA project[grant number DC-UOT-2019-061].
文摘This research investigates the suitability of PRISMA and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery for retrieving topsoil properties such as Organic Matter(OM),Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P),Potassium(K),and pH in croplands using different Machine Learning(ML)algorithms and signal pre-treatments.Ninety-five soil samples were collected in Quzhou County,Northeast China.Satellite images captured soil reflectance data when bare soil was visible.For PRISMA data,a Linear Mixture Model(LMM)was used to separate soil and Photosynthetic Vegetation(PV)endmembers,excluding Non-Photosynthetic Vegetation(NPV)using Band Depth values at the 2100 nm absorption peak of cellulose.Sentinel-2 bare soil reflectance spectra were obtained using thresholds based on NDVI and NBR2 indices.Results showed PRISMA data provided slightly better accuracy in retrieving topsoil nutrients than Sentinel-2.While no optimal predictive algorithm was best,absorbance data proved more effective than reflectance.PRISMA results demonstrated potential for predicting soil nutrients in real scenarios.
文摘The product quality of graiworiented silicon steel may be affected by each process because of its complicat- ed production technology. Morphologies, compositions and structures of forsterite film formed in different conditions on the samples subjected to high temperature annealing were measured by using a scanning electron microscope, an energy disperse spectroscope, an X ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared technique respectively. The morphologies and influential factors of forsterite film were investigated. The results showed that the major compo- nent of forsterite film composed of light-gray spherical particles was Mg2 SiO4, and the minor was MgAl2O4. If the amount of MgO coated on the surface of the steel was less, bare holes or even large-scale bare grains for forsterite film appeared. The higher temperature of water bath during decarburization annealing led to gaps of strips in forster ite film. Moreover, MgO coating method had great influence on forsterite film. Roller coating method was beneficial to increase compactness and smoothness of forsterite film, but was disadvantageous to its thickness.
文摘Microlysimeters of different sizes(5 cm 10 cm and 15 cm in length)were used extensively in the present study for the measurements of soil evapondion in site in an extremely arid area in southern Israel.All of the data obtained from the microlysimeters were used to evaluate two conventional eVaporation models developed by Black et al.and Ritchie,respectively.Our results indicated that the models could overestimate total cumulative evaporation by about 30% in the extremely arid environment.Reducing the power factor of the conventional model by a faCtor of 0.1 produced good agreement between the measured and simulated cumulative evaporation.Microlysimeter method proved to be a simple and accurate approach for the evaluation of soil evaporstion.
文摘When considering the bomb explosion damage effect,the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats.In experiments,the air shock wave was studied by the bare explosives superseding the real cased bomb;in contrast,the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk.The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted.The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb:the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed,and the peak value of shock wave was reduced.Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy,respectively.The increasing factors of the peak overpressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43-3.04 and 1.37-1.57,respectively.Four typical stages of case breakage were defined.The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution.The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421302)the Joint Fundsof the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1138303)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41261090,41161063)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information Systems (2010KF0003SA)Scientific Research Foundation for Doctor (BS110125)Xinjiang Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars (2012211B04)Research Fund for Training Young Teachers (XJEDU2012S03)
文摘Vegetation fractional coverage （VFC） is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system. The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing （RS）. In this paper, the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed. The current study was based on the TM/ETM＋ images of 1989, 2001, and 2006, and supported by Geographic Information System （GIS） spatial analysis, vegetation index, and dimidiate pixel model. In addition, VBSl （vegetation, bare soil and shadow indices） suitable for TM/ETM＋ irrlages, constructed with FCD （forest canopy density） model principle and put forward by ITTO （International Tropical Timber Organization）, was used, and it was applied to estimate the VFC. The estimation accuracy was later prow^n to be up to 83.52%. Further, the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis. Forest, grassland, and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage, and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation. The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area, whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change. Therefore, planting trees, protecting grasslands, reclaiming farmlands, and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage. Finally, the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover diigital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.
文摘To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）. Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle （SZA）, where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment （DHEX） （defined as DH scheme）. We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area （JTEX）. The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m^-2, which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m^-2. The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indicates that during cloudy days the solar radiation simulations of BATS with these three schemes are not in a good agreement with the observations, which implies that a more realistic partitioning of diffuse and direct radiation is needed in future land surface process simulations.
基金supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled ‘‘Impact of rocky desertification on stand transpiration of Zenia insignis plantation and the mechanism’’ (No. 41401108)the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled ‘‘The impact of development of soil cracks in collapsed walls on wall collapsing stability in granite red soil region of south China’’ (No. 41371041)
文摘Understanding the impact of rock bareness on the transpiration in karst plants is essential to karst rocky desertification control and sustainable management of plantation in karst area.This study focused on the variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis caused by different rock bareness rate,and the impact of climate factors,soil water content(SWC)and leaf area index(LAI) on transpiration in karst plants,by continuously measuring sap flux densities (Fcd)of 12 sample trees using thermal dissipation probes and monitoring micrometeorology and SwC on a typical karst hill in north Guangdong of China during the year of 2016.Results show that:(1)the maximum hourly sap flux density occurred at11:00-14:00 and the peak daily sap flux density occurred in September.(2)Sap flow density of Zenia insignis increased with rock bareness rate at all hourly,daily and monthly scales,with the sequence of extremely severe>severe>moderate>mild rock bareness.(3)The transpiration of Zenia insi.gnis is controlled by different factors at different temporalscales.At hourly scale,transpiration was highly(n=144,R^2>0.72)correlated to Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),and water vapor pressure deficit(VPD).At daily scale,transpiration was greatly(n=366,R2>0.31)affected by Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD).While at monthly scale,transpiration was mainly(n=12,R^2=0.85)controlled by LAI.Our study proved that Zenia insi.gnis has a good physiecological adaption to fragile karst environment,and Zenia insignis plantation has long-term sustainability even in extremely rocky landscapes.The results may provide scientific basis for plantation management and ecological restoration in karst area.
基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2017XKQY032)
文摘In spectrum analysis of induction motor current, the characteristic components of broken rotor bars（BRB） fault are often submerged by the fundamental component. Although many detection methods have been proposed for this problem, the frequency resolution and accuracy are not high enough so that the reliability of BRB fault detection is a ected. Thus, a new multiple signal classification（MUSIC） algorithm based on particle swarm intelligence search is developed. Since spectrum peak search in MUSIC is a multimodal optimization problem, an improved bare?bones particle swarm optimization algorithm（IBPSO） is proposed first. In the IBPSO, a modified strategy of subpopulation determination is introduced into BPSO for realizing multimodal search. And then, the new MUSIC algorithm, called IBPSO?based MUSIC, is proposed by replacing the fixed?step traversal search with IBPSO. Meanwhile, a simulation signal is used to test the e ectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that its frequency precision reaches 10-5, and the computational cost is only comparable to that of traditional MUSIC with 0.1 search step. Finally, the IBPSO?based MUSIC is applied in BRB fault detection of an induction motor, and the e ectiveness and superiority are proved again. The proposed research provides a modified MUSIC algorithm which has su cient frequency precision to detect BRB fault in induction motors.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203030)the Agricultural Scientific Research Talent and Team Program of China
文摘This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates（〉2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 〈0.25 mm） and associated soil organic carbon（SOC） and total nitrogen（TN） content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment（Abandonment）, bare fallow（Fallow） and wheat-fallow cropping（Cropping）. Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed： control（CK, no nutrient input）, nitrogen only（N）, nitrogen and potassium（NK）, phosphorus and potassium（PK）, NP, NPK, and manure（M） plus NPK（MNPK）. Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates（〉0.25 mm） and mean weight diameter（MWD） at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 〉0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 〉1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.
文摘Objective To study the safety of the novel high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel bare metal stents （BMS） in a recognized porcine coronary model and to select a better grid structure of it. Methods Three types of stents were randomly implanted in different coronary arteries of the same pig： 316L stainless steel BMS （316L-BMS） （n=12）, novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid A （NF-A-BMS） （n=12） and novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid B （NF-B-BMS） （n=12）. In total, eighteen animals underwent successful random placement of 36 oversized stents in the coronary arteries. Coronary angiography was performed after 36 d of stents implantation. Nine animals were respectively sacrificed after 14 d and 36 d for histomorphologic analysis. 〈br〉 Results Quantitative coronary angiography （QCA） showed similar luminal loss （LL） in the three groups：（0.21±0.17） mm for 316L-BMS, （0.16±0.12） mm for NF-A-BMS, （0.24±0.15） mm for NF-B-BMS （P=0.05）. Histomorphomeric analysis after 15 d and 36 d revealed that there was also no significant difference among the three groups in neointimal area （NA） with similar injury scores respectively. High magnification histomorphologic examination showed similar inflammation scores in the three groups, but NF-A-BMS group had poorer endothelialization scores compared with NF-B-BMS group, 2.00±0.63 vs. 2.83±0.41 （P=0.015） at 15 d, which also could be proved by the scanning electron microscope. However, the difference could not been observed at 36 d. Conclusion The novel NF-BMS showed similar safety as 316L-BMS during the short-term study. NF-B-BMS had better endothelialization than NF-A-BMS and this may owe to the specific strut units.
基金The study was supported by the State Basic Research and Development Plan of China (G2000018602)
文摘The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.
基金provided by National Key Basic Research Development Program (Grant No.2013CB956702)
文摘With few available soil organic carbon(SOC)profiles and the heterogeneity of those that do exist, the estimation of SOC pools in karst areas is highly uncertain.Based on the spatial heterogeneity of SOC content of 23,536 samples in a karst watershed, a modified estimation method was determined for SOC storage that exclusively applies to karst areas. The method is a "soil-type method" based on revised calculation indexes for SOC storage. In the present study, the organic carbon contents of different soil types varied greatly, but generally decreased with increasing soil depth. The organic carbon content decreased nearly linearly to a depth of 0–50 cm and then varied at depths of 50–100 cm. Because of the large spatial variability in the karst area, we were able to determine that influences of the different indexes on the estimation of SOC storage decreased as follows: soil thickness > boulder content > rock fragment content > SOC content > bulk density. Using the modified formula, the SOC content in the Houzhai watershed in Puding was estimated to range from 3.53 to 5.44 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 1.24 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 20 cm, and from 4.44 to 14.50 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 12.12 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 100 cm. The total SOC content was estimated at 5.39*10^(5) t.
