This study evaluated the molecular characterization of different ecotypes of B. aegyptiaca populations in the four sites: Koily alpha, Labgar, Ranérou and Ballou according to the environment with the aim of devel...This study evaluated the molecular characterization of different ecotypes of B. aegyptiaca populations in the four sites: Koily alpha, Labgar, Ranérou and Ballou according to the environment with the aim of developing protection strategies. We sampled leaves of B. aegyptiaca in each individual from each site to extract and amplify a fragment of mitochondrial DNA including cytochrome b and then carefully preserved. DNA extraction, polymerase chain amplification and sequencing of MT-CYB were performed in 64 individuals. Genetic diversity and structure of B. aegyptiaca were determined using the MEGA, DNasp and Arlequin software. The results showed a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, indicating a population expansion linked to an important gene flow. Genetic distances between populations were positively correlated with geographic distance. The importance of having highlighted this genetic differentiation of the B. aegyptiaca species between these sites is to be able to understand the degree of genetic heterogeneity of each and correlate it with adaptability because genetic diversity influences the adaptation of the species.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in both cattle and buffloas, in Egypt and to assess the cysticidal efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (B. aegyptiaca) and Morin...The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in both cattle and buffloas, in Egypt and to assess the cysticidal efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (B. aegyptiaca) and Moringa oleifera seeds (M. oleifera) extracts in experimentally infected mice. The study detected the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) to monitor the immune and inflammatory responses of experimentally infected mice. Through meat inspection, a total number of 2125 male bovine, 2 to 5 years old, (1125 cattle and 1000 buffloes) were examined under the authority of Albsatine and Alwaraq official abattoirs in Cairo Governorate, Egypt covering the period extended from March 2022 to April 2023. The overall prevalence of the disease among bovine was 7.8% (6.31% of cattle and 9.5% of buffloes). Besides, B. aegyptiaca and M. oleifera extracts showed cysticidal activity in experimentally infected mice. A decrease in the numbers of cysticerci was found in all treated mice groups, and up to 88% reduction was achieved in the B. aegyptiaca-treated group;higher than that was recorded in both M. oleifera (72.23%) and albendazole-treated ones (80.56%). Postmortem findings proved that M. oleifera and B. aegyptiaca reduced cysticerci numbers comparable to a commercial anthelmintic. The study showed a significant decrease (P 0.001) in TNF-α levels after treatment with Balanites and Moringa extracts, compared with the untreated control and the albendazole-treated groups.展开更多
Objective: To compare the degree of ameliorative effects of Melatonin(MEL), Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) and Balanites aegyptiaca(BA) against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX for one month. Methods: Eighty adult male rats(...Objective: To compare the degree of ameliorative effects of Melatonin(MEL), Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) and Balanites aegyptiaca(BA) against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX for one month. Methods: Eighty adult male rats(Sprague Dawely) weighing(190±10g), were randomly divided into eight equal groups: Control, MTX, MEL, BA, UDCA, MTX+MEL, MTX+BA, MTX+UDCA. Liver function biomarker enzymes, liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, together with total antioxidant capacity and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations for TNF-α were also done. Results: MTX showed significant increase in alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT), total and direct bilirubin, as well as TNF-α levels, oxidized glutathione(GSSG), malodialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO). whereas, total protein, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), glutathione reductase(GR), glutathione S-transferase(GST), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) levels were significantly decreased in MTX treated group. These alterations were improved by MEL and BA treatment, whereas no improvement was noticed in UDCA treatment. Conclusions: BA may be as promising as MEL in the hepatoprotection against MTX toxicity through their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. In addition, it is not recommended to co-administer UDCA with MTX as it enhanced inflammation and damage to the liver.展开更多
Objective:To assess the molluscicidal and cercariacidal activities of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca(B.aegyptiaca)against EthiopianBiomphalaria pfeifferi(B.pfeifferi),Lymnaea natalensis(L.natalensis)and Schi...Objective:To assess the molluscicidal and cercariacidal activities of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca(B.aegyptiaca)against EthiopianBiomphalaria pfeifferi(B.pfeifferi),Lymnaea natalensis(L.natalensis)and Schistosoma mansoni(S.mansoni)cercariae.Methods:Extracts of seeds,endocarp,mesocarp,and fruit of B.aegyptiacawere tested for their activities against adultB.pfeifferiandL.natalensis.The cercariacidal activity of the seeds of the plant was also evaluated againstS.mansoni.Bioassays were carried out following the methods recommended by WHO.Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail species,and LC50and LC90values for the plant parts tested were computed.The cercariacidal activity of the plant was assessed by exposing the mice to the cercariae pre-exposed to aqueous extract of B.aegyptiacaseeds.Results:For the molluscicidal activities of seeds,endocarp,mesocarp and whole fruit,the LC50values againstB.pfeifferiwere 56.32,77.53,65.51 and 66.63 mg/L,respectively,while the respective LC90values were 77.70,120.04,89.50 and 97.55 mg/L.Similarly,the LC50values for the seeds,endocarp,mesocarp and whole fruit againstL.natalensiswere 80.33,92.61,83.52 and 87.84mg/L,respectively,while the respective LC90values were 102.30,138.21,115.42 and 127.69 mg/L.B.pfeifferiwere found to be more susceptible toB.aegyptiacathanL.natalensis.S.mansoni cercariae exposed to 15 mg/L of extract of seeds were incapable of infecting mice.The mean egg load of tissue was reduced in mice infected with the cercariae exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L of the extract.Conclusions:The aqueous extracts of different parts ofB.aegyptiacaexhibited reasonable molluscicidal activity againstB.pfeifferiandL.natalensis,as well as cercariacidal activity againstS.mansonicercariae.However,comprehensive laboratory evaluation is recommended prior to field tests of the plant parts since their impact on other aquatic biota is not known.展开更多
Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new ...Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new surfactant coating agent, and synthesized B. aegyptiaca oil coating with iron oxide nanoparticles which were characterized with a variety of methods, including Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the fatty acids composition of the seeds oil, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffractometer (XRD) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In antibacterial studies, disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to measure efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in terms of zone inhibition. The B. aegyptiaca coated on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles;its particle size was found to be nanoscale below 50 nm, and the magnetization (<sup><sup></sup>δ</sup>s) was 16.975 emu g<sup>-1</sup>. Antibacterial activity was measured. Efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against bacterial strains was found in Escherichia coli (E. coli). All these findings suggest that the nanoparticles synthesized from B. aegyptiaca oil may be a promising reagent for a wide variety of applications in biological fields as well as in nanomedicine.展开更多
The exponential growth of agricultural wastes such as Balanite seed pod has resulted in waste management issues and finding alternatives through waste recycling is an interesting area of research.Balanite seed pods we...The exponential growth of agricultural wastes such as Balanite seed pod has resulted in waste management issues and finding alternatives through waste recycling is an interesting area of research.Balanite seed pods were collected in Yobe state,washed,dried,crushed.Balanite endocarp pod ash(BEPA)was calcined at 600°C for 3 hours in a muffle furnace and the biomass was characterized with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its chemical composition.The analysis showed that the ash composed of silica,alumina and ferric oxide(74.24 wt.%)indicated a strong pozzolan based on American Standard.The BEPA possessed a high loss on ignition of 8.24 wt.%owing to the presence of unburnt carbon in the ash.The ash obtained was sieved with 75µm sieve and cement was replaced with ash between 2.5 wt.%~12.5 wt.%at interval of 2.5 wt.%to assess its impact on cement properties such as setting time,consistence,mortar strength and water absorption.Results showed that as percentage replacement increases,the water absorption increased while the mortar strength diminished whereas as the curing days progressed its strength improved despite clinker diminution due to cement hydration.60 days strength for below 10 wt.%BEPA cement blend produced enhanced strength compared with control which is evidence of slow pozzolanic reactions.The optimum percentage replacement with BEPA was obtained at 7.5 wt.%replacement beyond which significantly affected the cement properties especially its strength.It could be agreed that BEPA has potentials to be considered and employed as a cement replacement material.展开更多
Background:Protein meals,Concentrate and Isolates are widely use as bioactive ingredients in functional food.In this study,the effect of toasting of Aduwa(Balanites aegyptiaca)seed on the phytochemicals,Anti nutrient,...Background:Protein meals,Concentrate and Isolates are widely use as bioactive ingredients in functional food.In this study,the effect of toasting of Aduwa(Balanites aegyptiaca)seed on the phytochemicals,Anti nutrient,in vitro protein digestibility and functional properties of Aduwa Protein Meals,Protein Concentrate and Isolate were investigated.Methods:Aduwa seeds toasted at 70°C to make Aduwa protein meal(APM)yield extensive resolved biomaterials.The meal were resolved into DAPM,APC and API.Results:Phytochemicals analysis revealed reduction as APM sample is being resolved to protein concentrate and isolate.Similar trend was also observed in Anti-nutrients content significant reduction as material meal are resolved into protein concentrate and isolate.The in-vitro protein digestibility showed that APM(59.81%)and API(76.41%)had high percentage protein digestibility.Functional properties declined as meals materials were been resolved into protein concentrate and isolate.Swelling capacity revealed that resolved and unresolved samples leached biomolecules.Conclusion:The results obtained showed nutritional potential,and safety of biomaterials from Aduwa meals,an alternative food ingredient for protein supplementation.展开更多
Balanites aegyptiaca has multiplicity of uses and almost every part of the plant is useful including its flowers, leaves, bark, root and fruit. In this study, oil from Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel seed wa...Balanites aegyptiaca has multiplicity of uses and almost every part of the plant is useful including its flowers, leaves, bark, root and fruit. In this study, oil from Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel seed was extracted, analyzed and used in the formulation of soap and lotion. The physical parameters determined were oil content, specific gravity, refractive index and moisture content. These were found to be 45.32% ± 0.0026%, 0.90 ± 0.03, 1.45% and 0.114% ± 0.04%, respectively. The chemical parameters evaluated include saponification value (200.02 ± 0.12 mg KOH/g), acid value (2.14 ± 0.28 mg KOH/g), iodine value (104.39 ± 0.00 100/g), peroxide value (2.95 ± 0.00 mEq/kg) and free fatty acid (0.82% ± 0.01%). The oil quality assessments test indicates %FFA content of 0.84% and the fatty acids composition of the oil was evaluated using GC-MS as FAME;the oil contains about 47.52% unsaturated fatty acids. The seed kernel of Balanites aegyptiaca is a good source of vegetable oil. Soap formulated from the oil is considered a good soap based on the soap quality parameters determined. Lotion formulated has a good stability when subjected to lotion stability test.展开更多
In Burkina Faso, the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca have been considered to be potentially high lipid, protein and mineral sources but seem to be neglected and sometimes unknown by communities. This study aims to compl...In Burkina Faso, the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca have been considered to be potentially high lipid, protein and mineral sources but seem to be neglected and sometimes unknown by communities. This study aims to complete data on seed oil and detail on amino acids and minerals composition of the seed of B. aegyptiaca for better use. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture and ash content, saponification index, iodine, acid value, peroxide value and the melting point were determined. Seed oil triglycerides, fatty acids and amino acids have been estimated throughout this study. The moisture and ash content were 3.70% ± 0.1% and 2.90% ± 0.2%, respectively. The saponification and iodine values were respectively 181.96 ± 0.4 mg KOH/g of oil and 104.86 ± 0.6 g of iodine/100 g of oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content (50.94%) was the most important. Triglyceride (LLO, 22.4%) was the major triglyceride. 9 essential amino acids and 9 non-essential amino acids were identified. Phenylalanine (11697.82 ± 0.00 mg/kg) was the most important essential amino acid. The content of 21 minerals was determined and the most important was potassium (9323.13 ± 0.01 mg/kg). Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/Mg and Na/K ratios were 0.34;1.18;0.04 and 0.19 respectively. B. aegyptiaca seed oil is a source of multiple nutritional values and can be used by the population for multipurpose.展开更多
Background: Anopheles gambiae is enemy number one of mankind in Africa and particularly in Cameroon due to its ability of transmitting malaria which is the deadliest disease in this part of the world. Synthetic insect...Background: Anopheles gambiae is enemy number one of mankind in Africa and particularly in Cameroon due to its ability of transmitting malaria which is the deadliest disease in this part of the world. Synthetic insecticides have been used to control malaria vectors but they have negative effects on non-target organisms and are environmentally unfriendly. Control of mosquitoes at larval stages using phytochemicals is currently the leading tool to reduce the mosquito population and so the reduction of malaria transmission rates. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical contents, larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida root solvents extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The World Health Organization standard protocols were followed for the different bioassays. Concentrations ranging from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were used. Results: Both plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and oils except the absence of phenols in Aristolochia albida. The larvicidal activity of Aristolochia albida extracts showed that hexane and methanol fractions were the most active killing relatively all exposed larvae with the LC<sub>50</sub> values of 420.1 and 453 ppm, respectively. The same observation was made in hexane fraction from Balanites aegyptiaca (LC<sub>50</sub> = 588 ppm). The insect growth inhibitory activity of Aristolochia albida extracts proved that hexane and methanol fractions relatively caused a 100% inhibition in the mosquito development, recording the EI<sub>50</sub> values of 482.4 and 555.6 ppm, respectively. The same trend was observed with Balanites aegyptiaca hexane fraction registering better EI<sub>50</sub> of 623.9 ppm. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida seed extracts are rich in phytochemicals capable of killing mosquito larvae and disrupting mosquito larval development. This could contribute to the control of mosquito populations and improved management of malaria.展开更多
Non-timber forest products provide important socio-economic services to different village and urban communities in West Africa. However, little is known about the links between the different actors and their contribut...Non-timber forest products provide important socio-economic services to different village and urban communities in West Africa. However, little is known about the links between the different actors and their contribution to the local or national economy. This study was conducted in central southern Niger and aimed to 1) identify and map the main actors in the value chain of <em>Ziziphus mauritiana</em> and <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> fruits;and 2) analyse the silvicultural and socio-economic aspects of fruit exploitation of these two species. Socio-economic surveys were conducted in four big villages in two main agroecological zones. Fruit exploitation of these two species affected 3044 people, with estimated 39 tonnes of <em>Z. mauritiana and</em> 27 tonnes of <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> fruit collected in 2017. The surveys revealed that the main actors were women (62.05%), constituting the primary core of the actors of the value chain. Exploitation was mainly conducted in forests (68.6%) or on farms (15.4%) with no restrictions to access. Marketing of <em>Z. mauritiana</em> concerned fresh fruit (68.8%) and fruit processed into biscuits (82.14%), and that of <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> involved fruit (38.5%) and oil extracted from seeds (38.7%);the net margin was estimated at 71.71% ± 21.59% for the first species and 50.31% ± 47.99% for the second. The income was mainly used for the needs of farmers’ households. Links have been identified where consumers and processors supply seeds, after extracting the fruit pulp, to nurserymen for the production of plants for the villages or farms. This study reveals an important potential and opportunity for job creation and improved food and nutritional status of the vulnerable strata of rural communities in Niger. Improving the links between the various actors will establish a more sustainable promotion of the fruits of these two species.展开更多
In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate chang...In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: Acacia raddiana tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (x) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (y). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for B. aegyptiaca, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for A. senegal and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for A. raddiana;i.e. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate change.展开更多
Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid ag...Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid agroforestry system in the Sahelian savannah of Leona(Senegal),we selected nine common tree species and explored their stress-resistance mechanisms.These species represent a variety of life forms and are of high regional socio-economic importance.We hypothesized that different species would show different suites of traits to cope with water stress and expected to identify functional groups differing in strategies to withstand water shortage.Methods Along a dry and a wet season,we monitored four traits reflecting above-and below-ground strategies of resource acquisition such as predawn leaf water potential(ψpd),specific leaf area(SLA),leaf thickness and leaf area index(LAI).We also measured two mor-phological traits:trunk diameter and tree height.LAI andψpd were measured six times during the dry and rainy seasons,and the other traits were measured once.Important Findings We identified two functional classes subdivided into two func-tional groups of each class.The first class included deciduous and semi-deciduous species that generally had large SLA,low leaf thickness and small-to-intermediate inter-seasonal varia-tions inψpd.The second class included evergreen species of two functional groups that differ in SLA,leaf thickness and the mag-nitude of inter-seasonal variations ofψpd throughout the year.The four functional groups identified in this study represent plant strategies differing in their response to changing environmental conditions.展开更多
文摘This study evaluated the molecular characterization of different ecotypes of B. aegyptiaca populations in the four sites: Koily alpha, Labgar, Ranérou and Ballou according to the environment with the aim of developing protection strategies. We sampled leaves of B. aegyptiaca in each individual from each site to extract and amplify a fragment of mitochondrial DNA including cytochrome b and then carefully preserved. DNA extraction, polymerase chain amplification and sequencing of MT-CYB were performed in 64 individuals. Genetic diversity and structure of B. aegyptiaca were determined using the MEGA, DNasp and Arlequin software. The results showed a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, indicating a population expansion linked to an important gene flow. Genetic distances between populations were positively correlated with geographic distance. The importance of having highlighted this genetic differentiation of the B. aegyptiaca species between these sites is to be able to understand the degree of genetic heterogeneity of each and correlate it with adaptability because genetic diversity influences the adaptation of the species.
文摘The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of bovine cysticercosis in both cattle and buffloas, in Egypt and to assess the cysticidal efficacy of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits (B. aegyptiaca) and Moringa oleifera seeds (M. oleifera) extracts in experimentally infected mice. The study detected the level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) to monitor the immune and inflammatory responses of experimentally infected mice. Through meat inspection, a total number of 2125 male bovine, 2 to 5 years old, (1125 cattle and 1000 buffloes) were examined under the authority of Albsatine and Alwaraq official abattoirs in Cairo Governorate, Egypt covering the period extended from March 2022 to April 2023. The overall prevalence of the disease among bovine was 7.8% (6.31% of cattle and 9.5% of buffloes). Besides, B. aegyptiaca and M. oleifera extracts showed cysticidal activity in experimentally infected mice. A decrease in the numbers of cysticerci was found in all treated mice groups, and up to 88% reduction was achieved in the B. aegyptiaca-treated group;higher than that was recorded in both M. oleifera (72.23%) and albendazole-treated ones (80.56%). Postmortem findings proved that M. oleifera and B. aegyptiaca reduced cysticerci numbers comparable to a commercial anthelmintic. The study showed a significant decrease (P 0.001) in TNF-α levels after treatment with Balanites and Moringa extracts, compared with the untreated control and the albendazole-treated groups.
文摘Objective: To compare the degree of ameliorative effects of Melatonin(MEL), Ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) and Balanites aegyptiaca(BA) against hepatotoxicity induced by MTX for one month. Methods: Eighty adult male rats(Sprague Dawely) weighing(190±10g), were randomly divided into eight equal groups: Control, MTX, MEL, BA, UDCA, MTX+MEL, MTX+BA, MTX+UDCA. Liver function biomarker enzymes, liver tissue oxidative stress parameters, together with total antioxidant capacity and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α) were determined. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations for TNF-α were also done. Results: MTX showed significant increase in alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT), total and direct bilirubin, as well as TNF-α levels, oxidized glutathione(GSSG), malodialdehyde(MDA) and nitric oxide(NO). whereas, total protein, albumin, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione(GSH), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), glutathione reductase(GR), glutathione S-transferase(GST), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) levels were significantly decreased in MTX treated group. These alterations were improved by MEL and BA treatment, whereas no improvement was noticed in UDCA treatment. Conclusions: BA may be as promising as MEL in the hepatoprotection against MTX toxicity through their antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. In addition, it is not recommended to co-administer UDCA with MTX as it enhanced inflammation and damage to the liver.
基金Financially supported by School of Graduate Studies,Addis Ababa University(Grant No.GSR/2830/02)
文摘Objective:To assess the molluscicidal and cercariacidal activities of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca(B.aegyptiaca)against EthiopianBiomphalaria pfeifferi(B.pfeifferi),Lymnaea natalensis(L.natalensis)and Schistosoma mansoni(S.mansoni)cercariae.Methods:Extracts of seeds,endocarp,mesocarp,and fruit of B.aegyptiacawere tested for their activities against adultB.pfeifferiandL.natalensis.The cercariacidal activity of the seeds of the plant was also evaluated againstS.mansoni.Bioassays were carried out following the methods recommended by WHO.Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail species,and LC50and LC90values for the plant parts tested were computed.The cercariacidal activity of the plant was assessed by exposing the mice to the cercariae pre-exposed to aqueous extract of B.aegyptiacaseeds.Results:For the molluscicidal activities of seeds,endocarp,mesocarp and whole fruit,the LC50values againstB.pfeifferiwere 56.32,77.53,65.51 and 66.63 mg/L,respectively,while the respective LC90values were 77.70,120.04,89.50 and 97.55 mg/L.Similarly,the LC50values for the seeds,endocarp,mesocarp and whole fruit againstL.natalensiswere 80.33,92.61,83.52 and 87.84mg/L,respectively,while the respective LC90values were 102.30,138.21,115.42 and 127.69 mg/L.B.pfeifferiwere found to be more susceptible toB.aegyptiacathanL.natalensis.S.mansoni cercariae exposed to 15 mg/L of extract of seeds were incapable of infecting mice.The mean egg load of tissue was reduced in mice infected with the cercariae exposed to 5 and 10 mg/L of the extract.Conclusions:The aqueous extracts of different parts ofB.aegyptiacaexhibited reasonable molluscicidal activity againstB.pfeifferiandL.natalensis,as well as cercariacidal activity againstS.mansonicercariae.However,comprehensive laboratory evaluation is recommended prior to field tests of the plant parts since their impact on other aquatic biota is not known.
文摘Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new surfactant coating agent, and synthesized B. aegyptiaca oil coating with iron oxide nanoparticles which were characterized with a variety of methods, including Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the fatty acids composition of the seeds oil, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffractometer (XRD) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In antibacterial studies, disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to measure efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in terms of zone inhibition. The B. aegyptiaca coated on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles;its particle size was found to be nanoscale below 50 nm, and the magnetization (<sup><sup></sup>δ</sup>s) was 16.975 emu g<sup>-1</sup>. Antibacterial activity was measured. Efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against bacterial strains was found in Escherichia coli (E. coli). All these findings suggest that the nanoparticles synthesized from B. aegyptiaca oil may be a promising reagent for a wide variety of applications in biological fields as well as in nanomedicine.
文摘The exponential growth of agricultural wastes such as Balanite seed pod has resulted in waste management issues and finding alternatives through waste recycling is an interesting area of research.Balanite seed pods were collected in Yobe state,washed,dried,crushed.Balanite endocarp pod ash(BEPA)was calcined at 600°C for 3 hours in a muffle furnace and the biomass was characterized with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its chemical composition.The analysis showed that the ash composed of silica,alumina and ferric oxide(74.24 wt.%)indicated a strong pozzolan based on American Standard.The BEPA possessed a high loss on ignition of 8.24 wt.%owing to the presence of unburnt carbon in the ash.The ash obtained was sieved with 75µm sieve and cement was replaced with ash between 2.5 wt.%~12.5 wt.%at interval of 2.5 wt.%to assess its impact on cement properties such as setting time,consistence,mortar strength and water absorption.Results showed that as percentage replacement increases,the water absorption increased while the mortar strength diminished whereas as the curing days progressed its strength improved despite clinker diminution due to cement hydration.60 days strength for below 10 wt.%BEPA cement blend produced enhanced strength compared with control which is evidence of slow pozzolanic reactions.The optimum percentage replacement with BEPA was obtained at 7.5 wt.%replacement beyond which significantly affected the cement properties especially its strength.It could be agreed that BEPA has potentials to be considered and employed as a cement replacement material.
文摘Background:Protein meals,Concentrate and Isolates are widely use as bioactive ingredients in functional food.In this study,the effect of toasting of Aduwa(Balanites aegyptiaca)seed on the phytochemicals,Anti nutrient,in vitro protein digestibility and functional properties of Aduwa Protein Meals,Protein Concentrate and Isolate were investigated.Methods:Aduwa seeds toasted at 70°C to make Aduwa protein meal(APM)yield extensive resolved biomaterials.The meal were resolved into DAPM,APC and API.Results:Phytochemicals analysis revealed reduction as APM sample is being resolved to protein concentrate and isolate.Similar trend was also observed in Anti-nutrients content significant reduction as material meal are resolved into protein concentrate and isolate.The in-vitro protein digestibility showed that APM(59.81%)and API(76.41%)had high percentage protein digestibility.Functional properties declined as meals materials were been resolved into protein concentrate and isolate.Swelling capacity revealed that resolved and unresolved samples leached biomolecules.Conclusion:The results obtained showed nutritional potential,and safety of biomaterials from Aduwa meals,an alternative food ingredient for protein supplementation.
文摘Balanites aegyptiaca has multiplicity of uses and almost every part of the plant is useful including its flowers, leaves, bark, root and fruit. In this study, oil from Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) kernel seed was extracted, analyzed and used in the formulation of soap and lotion. The physical parameters determined were oil content, specific gravity, refractive index and moisture content. These were found to be 45.32% ± 0.0026%, 0.90 ± 0.03, 1.45% and 0.114% ± 0.04%, respectively. The chemical parameters evaluated include saponification value (200.02 ± 0.12 mg KOH/g), acid value (2.14 ± 0.28 mg KOH/g), iodine value (104.39 ± 0.00 100/g), peroxide value (2.95 ± 0.00 mEq/kg) and free fatty acid (0.82% ± 0.01%). The oil quality assessments test indicates %FFA content of 0.84% and the fatty acids composition of the oil was evaluated using GC-MS as FAME;the oil contains about 47.52% unsaturated fatty acids. The seed kernel of Balanites aegyptiaca is a good source of vegetable oil. Soap formulated from the oil is considered a good soap based on the soap quality parameters determined. Lotion formulated has a good stability when subjected to lotion stability test.
文摘In Burkina Faso, the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca have been considered to be potentially high lipid, protein and mineral sources but seem to be neglected and sometimes unknown by communities. This study aims to complete data on seed oil and detail on amino acids and minerals composition of the seed of B. aegyptiaca for better use. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture and ash content, saponification index, iodine, acid value, peroxide value and the melting point were determined. Seed oil triglycerides, fatty acids and amino acids have been estimated throughout this study. The moisture and ash content were 3.70% ± 0.1% and 2.90% ± 0.2%, respectively. The saponification and iodine values were respectively 181.96 ± 0.4 mg KOH/g of oil and 104.86 ± 0.6 g of iodine/100 g of oil. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content (50.94%) was the most important. Triglyceride (LLO, 22.4%) was the major triglyceride. 9 essential amino acids and 9 non-essential amino acids were identified. Phenylalanine (11697.82 ± 0.00 mg/kg) was the most important essential amino acid. The content of 21 minerals was determined and the most important was potassium (9323.13 ± 0.01 mg/kg). Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/Mg and Na/K ratios were 0.34;1.18;0.04 and 0.19 respectively. B. aegyptiaca seed oil is a source of multiple nutritional values and can be used by the population for multipurpose.
文摘Background: Anopheles gambiae is enemy number one of mankind in Africa and particularly in Cameroon due to its ability of transmitting malaria which is the deadliest disease in this part of the world. Synthetic insecticides have been used to control malaria vectors but they have negative effects on non-target organisms and are environmentally unfriendly. Control of mosquitoes at larval stages using phytochemicals is currently the leading tool to reduce the mosquito population and so the reduction of malaria transmission rates. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical contents, larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition activities of Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida root solvents extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The World Health Organization standard protocols were followed for the different bioassays. Concentrations ranging from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were used. Results: Both plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and oils except the absence of phenols in Aristolochia albida. The larvicidal activity of Aristolochia albida extracts showed that hexane and methanol fractions were the most active killing relatively all exposed larvae with the LC<sub>50</sub> values of 420.1 and 453 ppm, respectively. The same observation was made in hexane fraction from Balanites aegyptiaca (LC<sub>50</sub> = 588 ppm). The insect growth inhibitory activity of Aristolochia albida extracts proved that hexane and methanol fractions relatively caused a 100% inhibition in the mosquito development, recording the EI<sub>50</sub> values of 482.4 and 555.6 ppm, respectively. The same trend was observed with Balanites aegyptiaca hexane fraction registering better EI<sub>50</sub> of 623.9 ppm. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that Balanites aegyptiaca seed and Aristolochia albida seed extracts are rich in phytochemicals capable of killing mosquito larvae and disrupting mosquito larval development. This could contribute to the control of mosquito populations and improved management of malaria.
文摘Non-timber forest products provide important socio-economic services to different village and urban communities in West Africa. However, little is known about the links between the different actors and their contribution to the local or national economy. This study was conducted in central southern Niger and aimed to 1) identify and map the main actors in the value chain of <em>Ziziphus mauritiana</em> and <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> fruits;and 2) analyse the silvicultural and socio-economic aspects of fruit exploitation of these two species. Socio-economic surveys were conducted in four big villages in two main agroecological zones. Fruit exploitation of these two species affected 3044 people, with estimated 39 tonnes of <em>Z. mauritiana and</em> 27 tonnes of <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> fruit collected in 2017. The surveys revealed that the main actors were women (62.05%), constituting the primary core of the actors of the value chain. Exploitation was mainly conducted in forests (68.6%) or on farms (15.4%) with no restrictions to access. Marketing of <em>Z. mauritiana</em> concerned fresh fruit (68.8%) and fruit processed into biscuits (82.14%), and that of <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> involved fruit (38.5%) and oil extracted from seeds (38.7%);the net margin was estimated at 71.71% ± 21.59% for the first species and 50.31% ± 47.99% for the second. The income was mainly used for the needs of farmers’ households. Links have been identified where consumers and processors supply seeds, after extracting the fruit pulp, to nurserymen for the production of plants for the villages or farms. This study reveals an important potential and opportunity for job creation and improved food and nutritional status of the vulnerable strata of rural communities in Niger. Improving the links between the various actors will establish a more sustainable promotion of the fruits of these two species.
文摘In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: Acacia raddiana tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (x) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (y). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for B. aegyptiaca, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for A. senegal and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for A. raddiana;i.e. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO<sub>2</sub>. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate change.
基金This work was carried out within the FUNCITREE Project,an EU 7FP(contract KBBE-227265)It was also partly funded by the Spanish MICINN(grant CGL2014-59010-R)J.S.D.received a PhD fellowship from the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development(AECID).C.A.is grateful to the Spanish Government for her‘Ramón y Cajal’contract(RYC-2012-12277).
文摘Aims Addressing plant responses to water stress is critical to understand the structure of plant communities in water-limited environments and to forecast their resilience to future changes in climate.In a semiarid agroforestry system in the Sahelian savannah of Leona(Senegal),we selected nine common tree species and explored their stress-resistance mechanisms.These species represent a variety of life forms and are of high regional socio-economic importance.We hypothesized that different species would show different suites of traits to cope with water stress and expected to identify functional groups differing in strategies to withstand water shortage.Methods Along a dry and a wet season,we monitored four traits reflecting above-and below-ground strategies of resource acquisition such as predawn leaf water potential(ψpd),specific leaf area(SLA),leaf thickness and leaf area index(LAI).We also measured two mor-phological traits:trunk diameter and tree height.LAI andψpd were measured six times during the dry and rainy seasons,and the other traits were measured once.Important Findings We identified two functional classes subdivided into two func-tional groups of each class.The first class included deciduous and semi-deciduous species that generally had large SLA,low leaf thickness and small-to-intermediate inter-seasonal varia-tions inψpd.The second class included evergreen species of two functional groups that differ in SLA,leaf thickness and the mag-nitude of inter-seasonal variations ofψpd throughout the year.The four functional groups identified in this study represent plant strategies differing in their response to changing environmental conditions.
