Objective:To explore the effect of alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera(AEBM) on high cholesterol diet-induced rats.Methods:The shade-dried and coarsely powdered whole plant material(Bacopa monniera) was extracted wit...Objective:To explore the effect of alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera(AEBM) on high cholesterol diet-induced rats.Methods:The shade-dried and coarsely powdered whole plant material(Bacopa monniera) was extracted with 90%ethanol,finally filtered and dried in vacuum pump.The experimental rats were divided into 4 groups:control(group-Ⅰ),Rats fed with hvpercholesterolemic diet(HCD) for 45 days[4%cholesterol(w/w) and 1%cholic acid].Rats fed with HCD for 45 days+AEBM(40mg/kg,body weight/day orally) for last 30 days(group-Ⅲ) and AEBM alone(group-IV).Blood and tissues(Aorta) were removed to ice cold containers for various biochemical and histological analysis.Results:AEBM treatment significantly decreased the levels of TC,TG,PL,LDL,VLDL,atherogenic index,LDL/HDL ratio,and TC/HDL ratio but significantly increased the level of HDL when compared to HCD induced rats.Activities on liver antioxidant status(SOD,CAT,CPx,CR,GST) were significantly raised with concomitant reduction in the level of LPO were obtained in AEBM treated rats when compared to HCD rats.Treatment with AEBM significantly lowered the activity of SCOT,LDH and CPK.Histopathology of aorta of cholesterol fed rat showed intimal thickening and foam cell deposition were noted.Conclusions: These results suggests that AEBM extended protection against various biochemical changes and aortic pathology in hypercholesterolemic rats.Thus the plant may therefore be useful for therapeutic treatment of clinical conditions associated hypercholesterolemia.展开更多
Melanocytes that form stratum basale of skin epidermis express tyrosinase enzyme, which catalyzes initial two rate-limiting steps in the biotransformation of tyrosine into dark pigment called melanin. Even today, Tyro...Melanocytes that form stratum basale of skin epidermis express tyrosinase enzyme, which catalyzes initial two rate-limiting steps in the biotransformation of tyrosine into dark pigment called melanin. Even today, Tyrosinase inhibitors are among the promising candidates in cosmetic industry for skin-lightening formulations. Overexpression of tyrosinase causes excess melanin biosynthesis and deposition resulting in dark skin color. Moreover, localized overexpression of tyrosinase cause variety of hyperpigmentation disorders like melanoma, melasma, chloasma, dark patches, liver patches, etc. There has been a renewed interest in the natural products as main ingredients in the formulation of safe products for skin-whitening and treatment options for hyperpigmentation disorders. In the present communication, the results of our investigations on tyrosinase inhibition, modulation of intracellular tyrosinase and melanin levels in cultured B16F10 melanoma cells by Bacopa monnieri (L.) methanol extract (BME) are presented and discussed as safe option for skin lightening and to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. BME showed 11%, 29%, 54% and 80% inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity at an initial 100, 200, 400 and 600 μg of extract. Treatment of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulated cultured murine melanoma B16F10 cells with 100 μg/ml of the extract showed a decrease in the levels of cellular melanin and cellular tyrosinase content by 22% and 46% respectively. The cytotoxicity studies by MTT assay revealed that the LC50 of the BME is ≥1000 μg/ml in cultured mouse melanoma B16F10 and HEK293 cells.展开更多
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnosis of MCI can be obtained by the questionnaire “DemTect” in German speaking countries. Quant...Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnosis of MCI can be obtained by the questionnaire “DemTect” in German speaking countries. Quantitative assessment has been successfully performed using psychometric testing concomitantly with quantitative EEG recording. The present investigation aimed at the possible treatment of MCI with two botanicals, namely extracts from Sideritis scardica (500 mg) or Bacopa monnieri (320 mg) and three combinations thereof using this method in order to find a new treatment. The performance of the d2-test, an arithmetic calculation test (CPT) and a memory-test revealed better performance for the d2-test only in the presence of Sideritis extract or the combinations with Bacopa extract. Quantitative EEG assessment during the different experimental conditions showed massive differences between both extracts. Whereas Sideritis extract and its combination with a low amount of Bacopa extract (160 mg) induced increases of spectral power in fronto-temporal brain areas, Bacopa and the combination of Sideritis with high amounts of Bacopa extract produced attenuation of all waves except for delta in fronto-temporal brain areas. These differences were also documented by quantitative EEG maps in comparison to Placebo. A different action of both extracts was confirmed by discriminant analysis, where Sideritis extract and its combination with low Bacopa grouped together quite at distance to Bacopa and the combination of Sideritis with high Bacopa. A combination of Sideritis extract with a low amount of Bacopa should be tested with daily repetitive dosing for at least 4 weeks as a consequence.展开更多
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be regarded as a non-demented transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Early recognition of this stage might increase the chance of prevention by early tre...Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be regarded as a non-demented transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Early recognition of this stage might increase the chance of prevention by early treatment. Within a pilot study, two plant-derived preparations and mixtures thereof were tested successfully in subjects suffering from MCI. A combination of Sideritis scardica and Bacopa monnieri extract (memoLoges<sup>®</sup>) was chosen now for a repetitive dosing during 4 weeks. Thirty-two subjects aged 50 to 80 years and suffering from MCI (having a DemTect questionnaire score between 8 and 13) were recruited for intake of 2 capsules of the preparation per day. Quantitative EEG recording during relaxation and concomitant performance of three 5 minutes lasting psychometric tests (d2-concentration test, arithmetic calculation test and memory test) was achieved at the first day and one day after the last repetitive intake. Seventeen channels of EEG and one channel EOG (for artefact rejection) were recorded. After frequency analysis (FFT) current source density was calculated as reported earlier. One, two and three hours after intake of the herbal extract or placebo the whole procedure was repeated. Brain imaging was achieved by conversion of numerical values of spectral EEG power into spectral colors and additive color mixture according to RGB as used in TV settings. Intake of memoLoges<sup>®</sup> induced a trend of improvement of performance in psychometric testing (all three tests). During relaxation quantitative assessment of EEG data revealed attenuation of delta and theta spectral power in frontal brain as likewise reported in the presence of the Alzheimer drug rivastigmine, bringing the spectrum back to “normality”. During mental work memoLoges<sup>®</sup> induced statistically significant increases of beta power. Since MCI subjects produce less beta power in comparison to healthy subjects, this increase must likewise be seen as a positive effect pointing to a healthier spectrum.展开更多
Neurodegenerative diseases are the consequences of imbalance between the production of oxidative stress and its nullification by cellular defense mechanisms. Hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), a precursor of deleterious react...Neurodegenerative diseases are the consequences of imbalance between the production of oxidative stress and its nullification by cellular defense mechanisms. Hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), a precursor of deleterious reactive oxygen species, elicits oxidative stress, resulting in severe brain injuries. Bacopa monnieri is well known for its nerve relaxing and memory enhancing properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of extracts from Bacopa monnieri against H_2O_2 induced oxidative stress using a cellular model, neuroblastoma IMR32 cell line. The protective potential of methanolic, ethanolic, and water extracts of B. monnieri(BM-MEx, BM-EEx, and BM-WEx) was evaluated using MTT assay. Although, all the B. monnieri extracts were found to protect cells against H_2O_2-mediated stress but BM-MEx showed significantly greater protection. UPLC analysis of BM-MEx revealed various polyphenols, including quercetin, catechin, umbelliferone, and caffeic acid predominance. Further, BM-MEx was found to possess considerable greater neuroprotective potential in comparison to the standard polyphenols such as quercetin, catechin, umbelliferone, and caffeic acid. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly elevated after the pretreatment of BM-MEx and quercetin. The expression levels of oxidative stress markers, such as NF200, HSP70, and mortalin, were significantly alleviated after the pretreatment of BM-MEx as shown by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the protective effects of BM-MEx, suggesting that it could be a candidate for the development of neuropathological therapeutics.展开更多
A new triterpenoid saponin, bacopaside IX, was isolated from the whole plant of Bacopa monniera （L.） Wettst. and its structure was elucidated as 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl（1 → 4）[α-1-arabinofuranosyl-（1 → 2）]-...A new triterpenoid saponin, bacopaside IX, was isolated from the whole plant of Bacopa monniera （L.） Wettst. and its structure was elucidated as 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl（1 → 4）[α-1-arabinofuranosyl-（1 → 2）]-β-d-glucop-yranosyl}-20-O-α-1-arabinopyranosyljujubogenin by spectroscopic methods and some chemical transformations.展开更多
Acid rain (AR) has been reported to induce stress in plants affecting its productivity, growth, flowering and physiology. The molecular changes induced in plants due to the effect of acid rain or acid induced orientat...Acid rain (AR) has been reported to induce stress in plants affecting its productivity, growth, flowering and physiology. The molecular changes induced in plants due to the effect of acid rain or acid induced orientation or chloroplast streaming remains largely unknown. Therefore, in the current study we report for the first time the static and permanent changes in the cell of the medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. due to sulphur-simulated acid rain (S-SiAR). AR induced effects witnessed by the reduction of the size of starch granules and chloroplast, amount of the granules per unit area, dissolving cell walls, breaking the normal fiber, salt-induced strain in the various components of the cell. Effect of starch granule and chloroplast due to S-SiAR was analyzed using light, confocal and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The elements viz. potassium and magnesium present in the chloroplasts reveal acidic pH due to effect of S-SiAR observed by the ionization of Mg and K (to Mg2+ and K+), in which K+ induced by the effects of S-SiAR revealed a net negative Nernst potential of about -87.55 mV. Calcium is mainly present on the cell walls and responsible for binding of starch granules become ionized to Ca2+ on interacting with AR indicated by the altered Nernst potential of +137.04 mV. A net potential difference may cause the above streaming of chloroplast towards the large starch granules. From this study, we report AR-induced physiological changes in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. for the first time.展开更多
Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This s...Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the methanolic extract of B. monniera (MEBM) in animal models of anxiety. For the further tests and phytochemical screening, the whole plant of B. monniera extracted following maceration method. The extract was evaluated for anxiolytic activity using light/dark box, elevated plus maze, marble burying and rota rod tests in mice at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Diazepam (1.0 mg/kg), an anxiolytic drug used as standard drug. MEBM showed a strong and dose-dependent anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety. MEBM significantly increased the time spent in the light compartment, the latency time, and the entries of open arms in light/dark and elevated plus maze tests. In addition, MEBM also significantly decreased the number of buried marbles in marble burying test and increased the time of performance in rota rod test (p < 0.05). These were the major findings of this study. Therefore, our results reported that MEBM possesses anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety that support the traditional use of this plant as a potent agent to combat anxiety.展开更多
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Scrophulariaceae) is a highly sought after medicinal plant with therapeutic properties as cognition enhancer as well as for other brain and body functions. Research was conducted to optim...Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Scrophulariaceae) is a highly sought after medicinal plant with therapeutic properties as cognition enhancer as well as for other brain and body functions. Research was conducted to optimize a thin cell layer explant based micropropagation system to assist mass propagation. Thin cell layers (TCL) derived from leaf and internode segments were used as explants. Murashige and Skoog medium was used to formulate shoot induction, elongation, and rooting media. Shoot induction media were prepared by supplementing three concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μM) of four cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine, 2-isopentenyl-adenine, 6-3-Hydroxybenzylaminopurine, and thidiazuron to study adventitious shoot bud induction response. An optimum shoot bud induction response was observed on MS medium supplemented with 10.0 μM 6-benzylaminopurine for both leaf and stem transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) explants. The average number of shoot buds from leaf tTCL explants was 59, whereas, on an average, 33 shoot buds were regenerated from internode tTCL explants. Elongation of adventitious shoot buds was achieved best in a liquid medium using Liquid Lab Rocker<sup>®</sup> system. Elongated shoots recorded 100% rooting in MS medium supplemented with 5 μM indole butyric acid. Bacopa micropropagation employing tTCL explants for initial shoot bud induction and using LLR<sup>®</sup> boxes in subsequent elongation step can achieve cost effective way to regenerate high volume of plantlets and biomass required for herbal industry. Leaf and stem tTCL explants both were suitable for Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA105) mediated genetic transformation. Successful transformation was scored within three days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium suspension on the basis of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) expression as an early and non-destructible screening device. Transformation frequencies of 83% and 76% were accomplished for leaf and stem tTCL explants, respectively. Greenhouse grown Bacopa plants were analyzed as fresh and dry methanolic extracts for total polyphenol content (811.93 ± 7.98 and 814 ± 17.64 GAE mg g-1) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity values were 1918.25 ± 173.12 and 3163.14 ± 403.25 μmol/g, respectively.展开更多
Spectral fluorescence signature, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for identification of chemical and bioactive compounds were applied to study the plant extracts of <...Spectral fluorescence signature, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for identification of chemical and bioactive compounds were applied to study the plant extracts of <em>Withania somnifera</em>, <em>Centella asiatica </em>and <em>Bacopa monnieri </em>which are related to the possible treatment of mental diseases as Alzheimer, Parkinson and Depression. These plants are known for different positive phytotherapeutic effects on the human brain without negative post-, adverse or after effects to the treated individuals, and have been recommended in several medical studies. Therefore, we selected these plants for further analysis, based on the inhibition results of <em>in vitro</em> Amyloid Beta fibrillation tests made by previous measurements. With this study a first screening of the complex plant extract mixtures was performed, to get an initial overview about known and unknown ingredients. In all three plants, similar main compounds were identified, however in different quality and quantity. These may provide substantial information on which compound combinations might be mainly responsible for the positive effects and should be further investigated being responsible for reducing the fibrillation process of Amyloid Beta.展开更多
Herbal therapy is a type of alternative or complementary medicine that uses natural ingredients to alleviate health issues including mental illness.Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative conditi...Herbal therapy is a type of alternative or complementary medicine that uses natural ingredients to alleviate health issues including mental illness.Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative condition marked by a slow loss of memory coupled with shrinkage of brain tissue,localized loss of neurons,primarily in the hippocampus and basal forebrain,and decreased levels of the central cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine.Bacopa monnieri is also known as brahmi which is very well known for memory enhancer and Piper nigrum is work as bioavailability enhancer which will reduce the dose frequency and increase effectiveness on other drugs.So,this study's goal was to look at the physicochemical parameters,phytochemical characteristics,and synergistic memory enhancing effect of B.monnieri with P.nigrum a natural bioenhancer on mice with scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits.Six group of six animal were treated respectively,once daily with ethanolic extract of B.monnieri(EEBM)(200 mg/kg),ethanolic extract of P.nigrum(EEPN)200 mg/kg,Combination of EEBM(100 mg/kg)with EEPN(100 mg/kg),donepezil 1 mg/kg via oral dosing and were given intraperitoneal(ip)injection of scopolamine 1 mg/kg daily to induce cognitive deficits.The tests for locomotor activity,stair climbing,and pole climbing were utilised to evaluate the learning and memory components.Additionally examined were dopamine,serotonin(5-HT)and other physiological elements.The results showed combination of Brahmi and black pepper shows pole climbing,actophotometer activity,staircase activity that showed better therapeutic advantages for improving mice's antiamnesic activity as compared to single extract of Brahmi.In response,the treated groups with combined extract emitted noticeably more dopamine and serotonin.When compared to illness control,the extract's ability to improve memory was highly significant(P<0.001).These findings indicate that the combination of Brahmi and black pepper improved memory and hence could serve as a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Brahmi(Bacopa monnieri Wettst.,Schrophulariaceae)has been used in Ayuravedic medicine as a memory enhancer.We aimed at research and development of Brahmi for clinical use as the food supplement for memory im...OBJECTIVE Brahmi(Bacopa monnieri Wettst.,Schrophulariaceae)has been used in Ayuravedic medicine as a memory enhancer.We aimed at research and development of Brahmi for clinical use as the food supplement for memory improvement.METHODS The standardized extract of Brahmi has been developed.The neuroprotective effect of the extract was tested using in vitro and in vivo assay.A double-blinded randomized control trial of brahmi tablet was conducted in 60 middle-aged elderly volunteers.RESULTS The in vivo studies indicated that the standardized extract had neuroprotective effect at the doses of 40 and 80mg·kg-1.The escape latency time of rats in Morris water maze test was reduced.Moreover,the reduction of neurons and cholinergic neuron densities were mitigated.We also tested its protection effect against the beta-amyloid protein and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultured neurons.The result demonstrated that Brahmi extract protected neurons from beta-amyloid-induced cell death,but not glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.The standardized extract of Brahmi is formulated as a film-coated tablet.The effect of Brahmi extract on learning and memory was studied in the middle aged and elderly volunteers.The results showed that Brahmi extract(300and 600mg·d-1)could improve quality of life in the elderly by improving the physical fitness via the increase in efficiency of postural balance.It also improved the psychological fitness by increasing alertness and attention resulted in the improvement of learning and memory.In addition,Brahmi extract could decrease depression-like symptom.The dosage used in this study did not produce toxic and side effects.CONCLUSION The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that brahmi is a potential medicinal plant for memory enhancer.The clinical study showed that brahmi tablet could improve physical fitness and enhance memory in healthy volunteers.展开更多
基金The financial support extended by UGC in the form of JRF for meritorious students under UGC-SAP programme
文摘Objective:To explore the effect of alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera(AEBM) on high cholesterol diet-induced rats.Methods:The shade-dried and coarsely powdered whole plant material(Bacopa monniera) was extracted with 90%ethanol,finally filtered and dried in vacuum pump.The experimental rats were divided into 4 groups:control(group-Ⅰ),Rats fed with hvpercholesterolemic diet(HCD) for 45 days[4%cholesterol(w/w) and 1%cholic acid].Rats fed with HCD for 45 days+AEBM(40mg/kg,body weight/day orally) for last 30 days(group-Ⅲ) and AEBM alone(group-IV).Blood and tissues(Aorta) were removed to ice cold containers for various biochemical and histological analysis.Results:AEBM treatment significantly decreased the levels of TC,TG,PL,LDL,VLDL,atherogenic index,LDL/HDL ratio,and TC/HDL ratio but significantly increased the level of HDL when compared to HCD induced rats.Activities on liver antioxidant status(SOD,CAT,CPx,CR,GST) were significantly raised with concomitant reduction in the level of LPO were obtained in AEBM treated rats when compared to HCD rats.Treatment with AEBM significantly lowered the activity of SCOT,LDH and CPK.Histopathology of aorta of cholesterol fed rat showed intimal thickening and foam cell deposition were noted.Conclusions: These results suggests that AEBM extended protection against various biochemical changes and aortic pathology in hypercholesterolemic rats.Thus the plant may therefore be useful for therapeutic treatment of clinical conditions associated hypercholesterolemia.
文摘Melanocytes that form stratum basale of skin epidermis express tyrosinase enzyme, which catalyzes initial two rate-limiting steps in the biotransformation of tyrosine into dark pigment called melanin. Even today, Tyrosinase inhibitors are among the promising candidates in cosmetic industry for skin-lightening formulations. Overexpression of tyrosinase causes excess melanin biosynthesis and deposition resulting in dark skin color. Moreover, localized overexpression of tyrosinase cause variety of hyperpigmentation disorders like melanoma, melasma, chloasma, dark patches, liver patches, etc. There has been a renewed interest in the natural products as main ingredients in the formulation of safe products for skin-whitening and treatment options for hyperpigmentation disorders. In the present communication, the results of our investigations on tyrosinase inhibition, modulation of intracellular tyrosinase and melanin levels in cultured B16F10 melanoma cells by Bacopa monnieri (L.) methanol extract (BME) are presented and discussed as safe option for skin lightening and to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. BME showed 11%, 29%, 54% and 80% inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity at an initial 100, 200, 400 and 600 μg of extract. Treatment of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulated cultured murine melanoma B16F10 cells with 100 μg/ml of the extract showed a decrease in the levels of cellular melanin and cellular tyrosinase content by 22% and 46% respectively. The cytotoxicity studies by MTT assay revealed that the LC50 of the BME is ≥1000 μg/ml in cultured mouse melanoma B16F10 and HEK293 cells.
文摘Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnosis of MCI can be obtained by the questionnaire “DemTect” in German speaking countries. Quantitative assessment has been successfully performed using psychometric testing concomitantly with quantitative EEG recording. The present investigation aimed at the possible treatment of MCI with two botanicals, namely extracts from Sideritis scardica (500 mg) or Bacopa monnieri (320 mg) and three combinations thereof using this method in order to find a new treatment. The performance of the d2-test, an arithmetic calculation test (CPT) and a memory-test revealed better performance for the d2-test only in the presence of Sideritis extract or the combinations with Bacopa extract. Quantitative EEG assessment during the different experimental conditions showed massive differences between both extracts. Whereas Sideritis extract and its combination with a low amount of Bacopa extract (160 mg) induced increases of spectral power in fronto-temporal brain areas, Bacopa and the combination of Sideritis with high amounts of Bacopa extract produced attenuation of all waves except for delta in fronto-temporal brain areas. These differences were also documented by quantitative EEG maps in comparison to Placebo. A different action of both extracts was confirmed by discriminant analysis, where Sideritis extract and its combination with low Bacopa grouped together quite at distance to Bacopa and the combination of Sideritis with high Bacopa. A combination of Sideritis extract with a low amount of Bacopa should be tested with daily repetitive dosing for at least 4 weeks as a consequence.
文摘Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be regarded as a non-demented transitional stage during the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Early recognition of this stage might increase the chance of prevention by early treatment. Within a pilot study, two plant-derived preparations and mixtures thereof were tested successfully in subjects suffering from MCI. A combination of Sideritis scardica and Bacopa monnieri extract (memoLoges<sup>®</sup>) was chosen now for a repetitive dosing during 4 weeks. Thirty-two subjects aged 50 to 80 years and suffering from MCI (having a DemTect questionnaire score between 8 and 13) were recruited for intake of 2 capsules of the preparation per day. Quantitative EEG recording during relaxation and concomitant performance of three 5 minutes lasting psychometric tests (d2-concentration test, arithmetic calculation test and memory test) was achieved at the first day and one day after the last repetitive intake. Seventeen channels of EEG and one channel EOG (for artefact rejection) were recorded. After frequency analysis (FFT) current source density was calculated as reported earlier. One, two and three hours after intake of the herbal extract or placebo the whole procedure was repeated. Brain imaging was achieved by conversion of numerical values of spectral EEG power into spectral colors and additive color mixture according to RGB as used in TV settings. Intake of memoLoges<sup>®</sup> induced a trend of improvement of performance in psychometric testing (all three tests). During relaxation quantitative assessment of EEG data revealed attenuation of delta and theta spectral power in frontal brain as likewise reported in the presence of the Alzheimer drug rivastigmine, bringing the spectrum back to “normality”. During mental work memoLoges<sup>®</sup> induced statistically significant increases of beta power. Since MCI subjects produce less beta power in comparison to healthy subjects, this increase must likewise be seen as a positive effect pointing to a healthier spectrum.
基金supported by grants from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi under order No. SR/FT/LS-163 and University with Potential for Excellence (UPE) Scheme, University Grants Commission, New Delhi
文摘Neurodegenerative diseases are the consequences of imbalance between the production of oxidative stress and its nullification by cellular defense mechanisms. Hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2), a precursor of deleterious reactive oxygen species, elicits oxidative stress, resulting in severe brain injuries. Bacopa monnieri is well known for its nerve relaxing and memory enhancing properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of extracts from Bacopa monnieri against H_2O_2 induced oxidative stress using a cellular model, neuroblastoma IMR32 cell line. The protective potential of methanolic, ethanolic, and water extracts of B. monnieri(BM-MEx, BM-EEx, and BM-WEx) was evaluated using MTT assay. Although, all the B. monnieri extracts were found to protect cells against H_2O_2-mediated stress but BM-MEx showed significantly greater protection. UPLC analysis of BM-MEx revealed various polyphenols, including quercetin, catechin, umbelliferone, and caffeic acid predominance. Further, BM-MEx was found to possess considerable greater neuroprotective potential in comparison to the standard polyphenols such as quercetin, catechin, umbelliferone, and caffeic acid. The levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly elevated after the pretreatment of BM-MEx and quercetin. The expression levels of oxidative stress markers, such as NF200, HSP70, and mortalin, were significantly alleviated after the pretreatment of BM-MEx as shown by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the protective effects of BM-MEx, suggesting that it could be a candidate for the development of neuropathological therapeutics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20002024)partially by the Science and Technology Developing Foundation of Shanghai(No.03QMH1414,00DZ19842,04DZ19856,04DZ19857,05DZ19733,06DZ19717,and 06DZ19005)Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(PCSIRT).
文摘A new triterpenoid saponin, bacopaside IX, was isolated from the whole plant of Bacopa monniera （L.） Wettst. and its structure was elucidated as 3-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl（1 → 4）[α-1-arabinofuranosyl-（1 → 2）]-β-d-glucop-yranosyl}-20-O-α-1-arabinopyranosyljujubogenin by spectroscopic methods and some chemical transformations.
文摘Acid rain (AR) has been reported to induce stress in plants affecting its productivity, growth, flowering and physiology. The molecular changes induced in plants due to the effect of acid rain or acid induced orientation or chloroplast streaming remains largely unknown. Therefore, in the current study we report for the first time the static and permanent changes in the cell of the medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. due to sulphur-simulated acid rain (S-SiAR). AR induced effects witnessed by the reduction of the size of starch granules and chloroplast, amount of the granules per unit area, dissolving cell walls, breaking the normal fiber, salt-induced strain in the various components of the cell. Effect of starch granule and chloroplast due to S-SiAR was analyzed using light, confocal and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The elements viz. potassium and magnesium present in the chloroplasts reveal acidic pH due to effect of S-SiAR observed by the ionization of Mg and K (to Mg2+ and K+), in which K+ induced by the effects of S-SiAR revealed a net negative Nernst potential of about -87.55 mV. Calcium is mainly present on the cell walls and responsible for binding of starch granules become ionized to Ca2+ on interacting with AR indicated by the altered Nernst potential of +137.04 mV. A net potential difference may cause the above streaming of chloroplast towards the large starch granules. From this study, we report AR-induced physiological changes in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. for the first time.
文摘Bacopa monniera Linn. or Brahmi, a plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, is used as a traditional medicine for memory improvement, dementia like anxiety, depression, epilepsy etc. for a long time in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the anxiolytic effects of the methanolic extract of B. monniera (MEBM) in animal models of anxiety. For the further tests and phytochemical screening, the whole plant of B. monniera extracted following maceration method. The extract was evaluated for anxiolytic activity using light/dark box, elevated plus maze, marble burying and rota rod tests in mice at the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Diazepam (1.0 mg/kg), an anxiolytic drug used as standard drug. MEBM showed a strong and dose-dependent anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety. MEBM significantly increased the time spent in the light compartment, the latency time, and the entries of open arms in light/dark and elevated plus maze tests. In addition, MEBM also significantly decreased the number of buried marbles in marble burying test and increased the time of performance in rota rod test (p < 0.05). These were the major findings of this study. Therefore, our results reported that MEBM possesses anxiolytic effects in animal models of anxiety that support the traditional use of this plant as a potent agent to combat anxiety.
文摘Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Scrophulariaceae) is a highly sought after medicinal plant with therapeutic properties as cognition enhancer as well as for other brain and body functions. Research was conducted to optimize a thin cell layer explant based micropropagation system to assist mass propagation. Thin cell layers (TCL) derived from leaf and internode segments were used as explants. Murashige and Skoog medium was used to formulate shoot induction, elongation, and rooting media. Shoot induction media were prepared by supplementing three concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μM) of four cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine, 2-isopentenyl-adenine, 6-3-Hydroxybenzylaminopurine, and thidiazuron to study adventitious shoot bud induction response. An optimum shoot bud induction response was observed on MS medium supplemented with 10.0 μM 6-benzylaminopurine for both leaf and stem transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) explants. The average number of shoot buds from leaf tTCL explants was 59, whereas, on an average, 33 shoot buds were regenerated from internode tTCL explants. Elongation of adventitious shoot buds was achieved best in a liquid medium using Liquid Lab Rocker<sup>®</sup> system. Elongated shoots recorded 100% rooting in MS medium supplemented with 5 μM indole butyric acid. Bacopa micropropagation employing tTCL explants for initial shoot bud induction and using LLR<sup>®</sup> boxes in subsequent elongation step can achieve cost effective way to regenerate high volume of plantlets and biomass required for herbal industry. Leaf and stem tTCL explants both were suitable for Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA105) mediated genetic transformation. Successful transformation was scored within three days of co-cultivation with Agrobacterium suspension on the basis of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) expression as an early and non-destructible screening device. Transformation frequencies of 83% and 76% were accomplished for leaf and stem tTCL explants, respectively. Greenhouse grown Bacopa plants were analyzed as fresh and dry methanolic extracts for total polyphenol content (811.93 ± 7.98 and 814 ± 17.64 GAE mg g-1) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity values were 1918.25 ± 173.12 and 3163.14 ± 403.25 μmol/g, respectively.
文摘Spectral fluorescence signature, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for identification of chemical and bioactive compounds were applied to study the plant extracts of <em>Withania somnifera</em>, <em>Centella asiatica </em>and <em>Bacopa monnieri </em>which are related to the possible treatment of mental diseases as Alzheimer, Parkinson and Depression. These plants are known for different positive phytotherapeutic effects on the human brain without negative post-, adverse or after effects to the treated individuals, and have been recommended in several medical studies. Therefore, we selected these plants for further analysis, based on the inhibition results of <em>in vitro</em> Amyloid Beta fibrillation tests made by previous measurements. With this study a first screening of the complex plant extract mixtures was performed, to get an initial overview about known and unknown ingredients. In all three plants, similar main compounds were identified, however in different quality and quantity. These may provide substantial information on which compound combinations might be mainly responsible for the positive effects and should be further investigated being responsible for reducing the fibrillation process of Amyloid Beta.
文摘Herbal therapy is a type of alternative or complementary medicine that uses natural ingredients to alleviate health issues including mental illness.Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative condition marked by a slow loss of memory coupled with shrinkage of brain tissue,localized loss of neurons,primarily in the hippocampus and basal forebrain,and decreased levels of the central cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine.Bacopa monnieri is also known as brahmi which is very well known for memory enhancer and Piper nigrum is work as bioavailability enhancer which will reduce the dose frequency and increase effectiveness on other drugs.So,this study's goal was to look at the physicochemical parameters,phytochemical characteristics,and synergistic memory enhancing effect of B.monnieri with P.nigrum a natural bioenhancer on mice with scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits.Six group of six animal were treated respectively,once daily with ethanolic extract of B.monnieri(EEBM)(200 mg/kg),ethanolic extract of P.nigrum(EEPN)200 mg/kg,Combination of EEBM(100 mg/kg)with EEPN(100 mg/kg),donepezil 1 mg/kg via oral dosing and were given intraperitoneal(ip)injection of scopolamine 1 mg/kg daily to induce cognitive deficits.The tests for locomotor activity,stair climbing,and pole climbing were utilised to evaluate the learning and memory components.Additionally examined were dopamine,serotonin(5-HT)and other physiological elements.The results showed combination of Brahmi and black pepper shows pole climbing,actophotometer activity,staircase activity that showed better therapeutic advantages for improving mice's antiamnesic activity as compared to single extract of Brahmi.In response,the treated groups with combined extract emitted noticeably more dopamine and serotonin.When compared to illness control,the extract's ability to improve memory was highly significant(P<0.001).These findings indicate that the combination of Brahmi and black pepper improved memory and hence could serve as a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of neurodegenerative illnesses.
基金The project supported by National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)
文摘OBJECTIVE Brahmi(Bacopa monnieri Wettst.,Schrophulariaceae)has been used in Ayuravedic medicine as a memory enhancer.We aimed at research and development of Brahmi for clinical use as the food supplement for memory improvement.METHODS The standardized extract of Brahmi has been developed.The neuroprotective effect of the extract was tested using in vitro and in vivo assay.A double-blinded randomized control trial of brahmi tablet was conducted in 60 middle-aged elderly volunteers.RESULTS The in vivo studies indicated that the standardized extract had neuroprotective effect at the doses of 40 and 80mg·kg-1.The escape latency time of rats in Morris water maze test was reduced.Moreover,the reduction of neurons and cholinergic neuron densities were mitigated.We also tested its protection effect against the beta-amyloid protein and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultured neurons.The result demonstrated that Brahmi extract protected neurons from beta-amyloid-induced cell death,but not glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.The standardized extract of Brahmi is formulated as a film-coated tablet.The effect of Brahmi extract on learning and memory was studied in the middle aged and elderly volunteers.The results showed that Brahmi extract(300and 600mg·d-1)could improve quality of life in the elderly by improving the physical fitness via the increase in efficiency of postural balance.It also improved the psychological fitness by increasing alertness and attention resulted in the improvement of learning and memory.In addition,Brahmi extract could decrease depression-like symptom.The dosage used in this study did not produce toxic and side effects.CONCLUSION The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that brahmi is a potential medicinal plant for memory enhancer.The clinical study showed that brahmi tablet could improve physical fitness and enhance memory in healthy volunteers.
