This paper explores the impact of back-gate bias (V_(soi)) and supply voltage (V_(DD)) on the single-event upset (SEU) cross section of 0.18μm configurable silicon-on-insulator static random-access memory (SRAM) unde...This paper explores the impact of back-gate bias (V_(soi)) and supply voltage (V_(DD)) on the single-event upset (SEU) cross section of 0.18μm configurable silicon-on-insulator static random-access memory (SRAM) under high linear energy transfer heavyion experimentation.The experimental findings demonstrate that applying a negative back-gate bias to NMOS and a positive back-gate bias to PMOS enhances the SEU resistance of SRAM.Specifically,as the back-gate bias for N-type transistors(V_(nsoi)) decreases from 0 to-10 V,the SEU cross section decreases by 93.23%,whereas an increase in the back-gate bias for P-type transistors (V_(psoi)) from 0 to 10 V correlates with an 83.7%reduction in SEU cross section.Furthermore,a significant increase in the SEU cross section was observed with increase in supply voltage,as evidenced by a 159%surge at V_(DD)=1.98 V compared with the nominal voltage of 1.8 V.To explore the physical mechanisms underlying these experimental data,we analyzed the dependence of the critical charge of the circuit and the collected charge on the bias voltage by simulating SEUs using technology computer-aided design.展开更多
A non-depletion floating layer silicon-on-insulator （NFL SOI） lateral double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor （LDMOS） is proposed and the NFL-assisted modulated field （NFLAMF） principle is investigated in th...A non-depletion floating layer silicon-on-insulator （NFL SOI） lateral double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor （LDMOS） is proposed and the NFL-assisted modulated field （NFLAMF） principle is investigated in this paper. Based on this principle, the floating layer can pin the potential for modulating bulk field. In particular, the accumulated high concentration of holes at the bottom of the NFL can efficiently shield the electric field of the SOI layer and enhance the dielectric field in the buried oxide layer （BOX）. At variation of back-gate bias, the shielding charges of NFL can also eliminate back-gate effects. The simulated results indicate that the breakdown voltage （BV） is increased from 315 V to 558 V compared to the conventional reduced surface field （RESURF） SOI （CSOI） LDMOS, yielding a 77% improvement. Furthermore, due to the field shielding effect of the NFL, the device can maintain the same breakdown voltage of 558 V with a thinner BOX to resolve the thermal problem in an SOI device.展开更多
The hysteresis effect in the output characteristics,originating from the floating body effect,has been measured in partially depleted（PD） silicon-on-insulator（SOI） MOSFETs at different back-gate biases.I D hystere...The hysteresis effect in the output characteristics,originating from the floating body effect,has been measured in partially depleted（PD） silicon-on-insulator（SOI） MOSFETs at different back-gate biases.I D hysteresis has been developed to clarify the hysteresis characteristics.The fabricated devices show the positive and negative peaks in the I D hysteresis.The experimental results show that the I D hysteresis is sensitive to the back gate bias in 0.13-渭m PD SOI MOSFETs and does not vary monotonously with the back-gate bias.Based on the steady-state Shockley-Read-Hall（SRH） recombination theory,we have successfully interpreted the impact of the back-gate bias on the hysteresis effect in PD SOI MOSFETs.展开更多
We report a back-gated metal-oxide-ferroelectric-metal （MOFM） field-effect transistor （FET） with lead zirconate titanate （PZT） material, in which an Al doped zinc oxide （AZO） channel layer with an optimized do...We report a back-gated metal-oxide-ferroelectric-metal （MOFM） field-effect transistor （FET） with lead zirconate titanate （PZT） material, in which an Al doped zinc oxide （AZO） channel layer with an optimized doping concentration of 1% is applied to reduce the channel resistance of the channel layer, thus guaranteeing a large enough load capacity of the transistor. The hysteresis loops of the Pt/PZT/AZO/Ti/Pt capacitor are measured and compared with a Pt/PZT/Pt capacitor, indicating that the remnant polarization is almost 40 μC/cm^2 and the polarization is saturated at 20 V. The measured capacitance-voltage properties are analyzed as a result of the electron depletion and accumulation switching operation conducted by the modulation of PZT on AZO channel resistance caused by the switchable remnant polarization of PZT. The switching properties of the AZO channel layer are also proved by the current-voltage transfer curves measured in the back-gated MOFM ferroelectric FET, which also show a drain current switching ratio up to about 100 times.展开更多
We show the fabrication of flexible graphene devices with an embedded backgate. The resistance of these devices can be tuned by changing the strain through the bending of the substrate. These devices can be useful for...We show the fabrication of flexible graphene devices with an embedded backgate. The resistance of these devices can be tuned by changing the strain through the bending of the substrate. These devices can be useful for applications requiring a flexible graphene-based field effect transistor in where the graphene channel is not covered (such as biological or chemical sensors and photo-detectors).展开更多
Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the int...Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the intensity of summer precipitation is often largely underestimated in many current dynamic models.This study uses a deep learning method called Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks(CycleGAN)to improve the seasonal forecasts for June-JulyAugust precipitation in southeastern China by the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System(NUIST-CFS 1.0).The results suggest that the CycleGAN-based model significantly improves the accuracy in predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of summer precipitation compared to the traditional quantile mapping(QM)method.Using the unpaired bias-correction model,we can also obtain advanced forecasts of the frequency,intensity,and duration of extreme precipitation events over the dynamic model predictions.This study expands the potential applications of deep learning models toward improving seasonal precipitation forecasts.展开更多
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a crit...The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)is a key treatment approach for advanced invasive liver cancer(infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma).However,its therapeutic response can be difficult to evalu...BACKGROUND Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)is a key treatment approach for advanced invasive liver cancer(infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma).However,its therapeutic response can be difficult to evaluate accurately using conventional two-dimensional imaging criteria due to the tumor’s diffuse and multifocal growth pattern.Volumetric imaging,especially enhanced tumor volume(ETV),offers a more comprehensive assessment.Nonetheless,bias field inhomogeneity in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)poses challenges,potentially skewing volumetric measurements and undermining prognostic evaluation.AIM To investigate whether MRI bias field correction enhances the accuracy of volumetric assessment of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma treated with TACE,and to analyze how this improved measurement impacts prognostic prediction.METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 105 patients with invasive liver cancer who underwent TACE treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2020 to January 2024.The improved N4 bias field correction algorithm was applied to process MRI images,and the ETV before and after treatment was calculated.The ETV measurements before and after correction were compared,and their relationship with patient prognosis was analyzed.A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate prognostic factors,with Martingale residual analysis determining the optimal cutoff value,followed by survival analysis.RESULTS Bias field correction significantly affected ETV measurements,with the corrected baseline ETV mean(505.235 cm^(3))being significantly lower than before correction(825.632 cm^(3),P<0.001).Cox analysis showed that the hazard ratio(HR)for corrected baseline ETV(HR=1.165,95%CI:1.069-1.268)was higher than before correction(HR=1.063,95%CI:1.031-1.095).Using 412 cm^(3) as the cutoff,the group with baseline ETV<415 cm^(3) had a longer median survival time compared to the≥415 cm^(3) group(18.523 months vs 8.926 months,P<0.001).The group with an ETV reduction rate≥41%had better prognosis than the<41%group(17.862 months vs 9.235 months,P=0.006).Multivariate analysis confirmed that ETV reduction rate(HR=0.412,P<0.001),Child-Pugh classification(HR=0.298,P<0.001),and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage(HR=0.578,P=0.045)were independent prognostic factors.CONCLUSION Volume imaging based on MRI bias field correction can improve the accuracy of evaluating the efficacy of TACE treatment for invasive liver cancer.The corrected ETV and its reduction rate can serve as independent indicators for predicting patient prognosis,providing important reference for developing individualized treatment strategies.展开更多
Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is emp...Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is employed to develop a model for cognitive bias induced by incomplete information and measurement errors in cognitive radar countermeasures.The payoffs for both parties are calculated using the radar's anti-jamming strategy matrix A and the jammer's jamming strategy matrix B.With perfect Bayesian equilibrium,a dynamic radar countermeasure model is established,and the impact of cognitive bias is analyzed.Drawing inspiration from the cognitive bias analysis method used in stock market trading,a cognitive bias model for cognitive radar countermeasures is introduced,and its correctness is mathematically proved.A gaming scenario involving the AN/SPY-1 radar and a smart jammer is set up to analyze the influence of cognitive bias on game outcomes.Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
The excessive use of artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms has caused the problem of errors in AI algorithms,which has challenged the fairness of decision-making,and has intensified people’s inequality.Therefore,it i...The excessive use of artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms has caused the problem of errors in AI algorithms,which has challenged the fairness of decision-making,and has intensified people’s inequality.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and propose corresponding error detection and error elimination methods.This paper first proposes the root causes and threats of bias in AI algorithms,then summarizes the existing bias detection and error elimination methods,and proposes a bias processing framework in three-level dimensions of data,models,and conclusions,aiming to provide a framework for a comprehensive solution to errors in algorithms.At the same time,it also summarizes the problems and challenges in existing research and makes a prospect for future research trends.It is hoped that it will be helpful for us to build fairer AI.展开更多
Systematic bias is a type of model error that can affect the accuracy of data assimilation and forecasting that must be addressed.An online bias correction scheme called the sequential bias correction scheme(SBCS),was...Systematic bias is a type of model error that can affect the accuracy of data assimilation and forecasting that must be addressed.An online bias correction scheme called the sequential bias correction scheme(SBCS),was developed using the6 h average bias to correct the systematic bias during model integration.The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the SBCS in the high-resolution China Meteorological Administration Meso-scale(CMA-MESO)numerical weather prediction(NWP)model to reduce the systematic bias and to improve the data assimilation and forecast results through this method.The SBCS is improved upon and applied to the CMA-MESO 3-km model in this study.Four-week sequential data assimilation and forecast experiments,driven by rapid update and cycling(RUC),were conducted for the period from 2–29 May 2022.In terms of the characteristics of systematic bias,both the background and analysis show diurnal bias,and these large biases are affected by complex underlying surfaces(e.g.,oceans,coasts,and mountains).After the application of the SBCS,the results of the data assimilation show that the SBCS can reduce the systematic bias of the background and yield a neutral to slightly positive result for the analysis fields.In addition,the SBCS can reduce forecast errors and improve forecast results,especially for surface variables.The above results indicate that this scheme has good prospects for high-resolution regional NWP models.展开更多
A robust spontaneous exchange bias effect after zero-field cooling was observed in Co_(2)Sn_(1-x)Cr_(x)O_(4)system,which was driven by the transition from superspin-glass to superferromagnetic domain embedded in the f...A robust spontaneous exchange bias effect after zero-field cooling was observed in Co_(2)Sn_(1-x)Cr_(x)O_(4)system,which was driven by the transition from superspin-glass to superferromagnetic domain embedded in the ferrimagnetic matrix.Additionally,the exchange bias effect is gradually pronounced with the positive increase in the cooling field,known as the conventional exchange bias effect.However,as the cooling field gradually decreases and transits from positive to negative,the exchange bias effect can robustly remain positive in the low-negative-field region until the cooling field increases to be sufficiently large in the negative direction.展开更多
Cognitive biases are commonly used by attackers to manipulate users’psychology in phishing emails.This study systematically analyzes the exploitation of cognitive biases in phishing emails and addresses the following...Cognitive biases are commonly used by attackers to manipulate users’psychology in phishing emails.This study systematically analyzes the exploitation of cognitive biases in phishing emails and addresses the following questions:(1)Which cognitive biases are frequently exploited in phishing emails?(2)How are cognitive biases exploited in phishing emails?(3)How effective are cognitive bias features in detecting phishing emails?(4)How can the exploitation of cognitive biases in phishing emails be modelled?To address these questions,this study constructed a cognitive processing model that explains how attackers manipulate users by leveraging cognitive biases at different cognitive stages.By annotating 482 phishing emails,this study identified 10 common types of cognitive biases and developed corresponding detection models to evaluate the effectiveness of these bias features in phishing email detection.The results show that models incorporating cognitive bias features significantly outperform baseline models in terms of accuracy,recall,and F1 score.This study provides crucial theoretical support for future anti-phishing methods,as a deeper understanding of cognitive biases offers key insights for designing more effective detection and prevention strategies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Exploring hypnotherapy's potential to modulate attention bias offers promising avenues for treating social anxiety disorder(SAD).AIM To determine if hypnotherapy can alleviate social anxiety by influenc...BACKGROUND Exploring hypnotherapy's potential to modulate attention bias offers promising avenues for treating social anxiety disorder(SAD).AIM To determine if hypnotherapy can alleviate social anxiety by influencing attention bias,specifically identifying the aspects of attention processes affected by hypnosis.METHODS In this study,69 SAD participants were divided into three groups based on their Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale scores:Experimental group,control group,and baseline group.The experimental group(n=23)underwent six weekly hypnosis sessions,while the control(n=23)and baseline groups(n=23)received no treatment.To evaluate alterations in SAD severity and attention bias towards threatening stimuli following hypnotherapy,we employed a combination of self-report questionnaires,an odd-one-out task,and electroencephalography recordings.RESULTS The experimental group showed significant reductions in P1,N170,N2pc,and late positive potential(LPP)brain wave activities during attention sensitivity and disengagement conditions.This indicates that hypnotherapy modulates early-stage face processing and later-stage emotional evaluation of threat-related stimuli in SAD patients.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight P1,N170,N2pc,and LPP as key neural markers in SAD treatment.By identifying these neural markers influenced by hypnotherapy,we offer insight into the mechanisms by which this treatment modality impacts attentional processes,potentially easing SAD symptoms.展开更多
Nirmal et al.presented a machine learning-based design of ternary organic solar cells,utilizing feature importance[1].This paper highlights the alarming potential biases in the use of feature importance in machine lea...Nirmal et al.presented a machine learning-based design of ternary organic solar cells,utilizing feature importance[1].This paper highlights the alarming potential biases in the use of feature importance in machine learning,which can lead to incorrect conclusions and outcomes.Many scientists and researchers including Nirmal et al.are unaware that feature importances in machine learning in general are model-specific and do not necessarily represent true associations between the target and features.展开更多
BACKGROUND Although extensive research has investigated attentional biases based on the looming vulnerability model of anxiety,the characteristics of attentional biases in individuals with looming cognitive styles(LCS...BACKGROUND Although extensive research has investigated attentional biases based on the looming vulnerability model of anxiety,the characteristics of attentional biases in individuals with looming cognitive styles(LCS)remain incompletely elucidated.No prior eye-tracking studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of their threat-related attentional preferences.AIM To investigate the nature and temporal pattern of attentional biases toward threat stimuli in individuals exhibiting different levels of LCS using eye-tracking technology.METHODS A total of 212 participants were stratified according to their Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire scores.From the high and low scoring subgroups,35 participants were randomly selected for an eye-tracking experiment using a classic dot-probe paradigm featuring threat and neutral images.Four eye-tracking metrics,including first fixation latency,first fixation duration,total fixation duration,and fixation count,were analyzed to assess detection speed,attentional orienting,initial maintenance/avoidance,and overall engagement.RESULTS Distinct attentional bias patterns were observed between high and low LCS groups.High LCS individuals exhibited a vigilance-avoidance pattern characterized by initial vigilance toward threat stimuli(evidenced by faster detection and preferential orienting),followed by attentional avoidance,alongside sustained attention maintenance to threat.CONCLUSION These findings reveal a temporal dissociation between early vigilance and later avoidance during threat processing in high LCS individuals,providing novel empirical evidence to refine models of cognitive vulnerability and attentional dynamics in threat perception.展开更多
Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The...Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The XZZX surface code,with only one stabilizer generator on each face,demonstrates significant application potential under biased noise.However,the existing minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm has high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoding method that combines graph neural networks(GNN)with multi-classifiers,the syndrome is transformed into an undirected graph,and the features are aggregated by convolutional layers,providing a more efficient and accurate decoding strategy.In the experiments,we evaluated the performance of the XZZX code under different biased noise conditions(bias=1,20,200)and different code distances(d=3,5,7,9,11).The experimental results show that under low bias noise(bias=1),the GNN decoder achieves a threshold of 0.18386,an improvement of approximately 19.12%compared to the MWPM decoder.Under high bias noise(bias=200),the GNN decoder reaches a threshold of 0.40542,improving by approximately 20.76%,overcoming the limitations of the conventional decoder.They demonstrate that the GNN decoding method exhibits superior performance and has broad application potential in the error correction of XZZX code.展开更多
We investigate the surface acoustic wave(SAW)modulation of the exchange bias field(H_(EB))in Py/IrMn films deposited on LiNbO_(3)substrates.We measured the anisotropic magnetoresistance(AMR)of the multilayer film when...We investigate the surface acoustic wave(SAW)modulation of the exchange bias field(H_(EB))in Py/IrMn films deposited on LiNbO_(3)substrates.We measured the anisotropic magnetoresistance(AMR)of the multilayer film when continuous SAW or pulsed SAW were applied and obtained H_(EB).With continuous SAW,the H_(EB)decreases continuously with power.While in the case of pulsed SAW,the H_(EB)first decreases and then stabilizes.Compared to pulsed SAW,the thermal effects from the continuous SAW lead to the continuous decrease of H_(EB)at higher SAW power,which is verified by the measurement of H_(EB)at different temperatures and input currents.Furthermore,our results show that pulsed SAW can effectively avoid thermal effects.The decrease of H_(EB)at smaller power in both continuous and pulsed SAW is mainly due to the SAW-induced dynamic strain field,which leads to a small perturbation in the magnetic moment of the FM layer.Combined with the AMR values measured at different angles during the saturation field,we believe that the SAW-induced dynamic strain field causes a 15°angle between the magnetic moment and the easy axis.Our experiments provide a different approach to manipulating H_(EB),opening up a potential avenue for future manipulation of antiferromagnetic moments.展开更多
A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias pr...A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias prediction.Wavelet analysis was first used to break down the satellite clock frequency data into several levels,producing high and low frequency coefficients for each layer.The correlation coefficients of the high and low frequency coefficients in each of the three sub-intervals created by splitting these coefficients were then determined.The major noise region—the sub-interval with the lowest correlation coefficient—was chosen for thresholding treatment and noise threshold computation.The clock frequency data was then processed using wavelet reconstruction and reconverted to clock data.Lastly,three different kinds of satellite clock data—RTS,whu-o,and IGS-F—were used to confirm the produced data.Our method enhanced the stability of the Quadratic Polynomial(QP)model’s predictions for the C16 satellite by about 40%,according to the results.The accuracy and stability of the Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model improved up to 41.8%and 14.2%,respectively,whilst the Wavelet Neural Network(WNN)model improved by roughly 27.8%and 63.6%,respectively.Although our method has little effect on forecasting IGS-F series satellites,the experimental findings show that it can improve the accuracy and stability of QP,ARIMA,and WNN model forecasts for RTS and whu-o satellite clock bias.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory of Materials Behavior and Evaluation Technology in Space Environment(No.6142910220208)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12105341 and 12035019)the opening fund of Key Laboratory of Silicon Device and Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KLSDTJJ2022-3).
文摘This paper explores the impact of back-gate bias (V_(soi)) and supply voltage (V_(DD)) on the single-event upset (SEU) cross section of 0.18μm configurable silicon-on-insulator static random-access memory (SRAM) under high linear energy transfer heavyion experimentation.The experimental findings demonstrate that applying a negative back-gate bias to NMOS and a positive back-gate bias to PMOS enhances the SEU resistance of SRAM.Specifically,as the back-gate bias for N-type transistors(V_(nsoi)) decreases from 0 to-10 V,the SEU cross section decreases by 93.23%,whereas an increase in the back-gate bias for P-type transistors (V_(psoi)) from 0 to 10 V correlates with an 83.7%reduction in SEU cross section.Furthermore,a significant increase in the SEU cross section was observed with increase in supply voltage,as evidenced by a 159%surge at V_(DD)=1.98 V compared with the nominal voltage of 1.8 V.To explore the physical mechanisms underlying these experimental data,we analyzed the dependence of the critical charge of the circuit and the collected charge on the bias voltage by simulating SEUs using technology computer-aided design.
文摘A non-depletion floating layer silicon-on-insulator （NFL SOI） lateral double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor （LDMOS） is proposed and the NFL-assisted modulated field （NFLAMF） principle is investigated in this paper. Based on this principle, the floating layer can pin the potential for modulating bulk field. In particular, the accumulated high concentration of holes at the bottom of the NFL can efficiently shield the electric field of the SOI layer and enhance the dielectric field in the buried oxide layer （BOX）. At variation of back-gate bias, the shielding charges of NFL can also eliminate back-gate effects. The simulated results indicate that the breakdown voltage （BV） is increased from 315 V to 558 V compared to the conventional reduced surface field （RESURF） SOI （CSOI） LDMOS, yielding a 77% improvement. Furthermore, due to the field shielding effect of the NFL, the device can maintain the same breakdown voltage of 558 V with a thinner BOX to resolve the thermal problem in an SOI device.
基金Project supported by the TCAD Simulation and SPICE Modeling of 0.13μm SOI Technology,China (Grant No. 2009ZX02306-002)
文摘The hysteresis effect in the output characteristics,originating from the floating body effect,has been measured in partially depleted（PD） silicon-on-insulator（SOI） MOSFETs at different back-gate biases.I D hysteresis has been developed to clarify the hysteresis characteristics.The fabricated devices show the positive and negative peaks in the I D hysteresis.The experimental results show that the I D hysteresis is sensitive to the back gate bias in 0.13-渭m PD SOI MOSFETs and does not vary monotonously with the back-gate bias.Based on the steady-state Shockley-Read-Hall（SRH） recombination theory,we have successfully interpreted the impact of the back-gate bias on the hysteresis effect in PD SOI MOSFETs.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘We report a back-gated metal-oxide-ferroelectric-metal （MOFM） field-effect transistor （FET） with lead zirconate titanate （PZT） material, in which an Al doped zinc oxide （AZO） channel layer with an optimized doping concentration of 1% is applied to reduce the channel resistance of the channel layer, thus guaranteeing a large enough load capacity of the transistor. The hysteresis loops of the Pt/PZT/AZO/Ti/Pt capacitor are measured and compared with a Pt/PZT/Pt capacitor, indicating that the remnant polarization is almost 40 μC/cm^2 and the polarization is saturated at 20 V. The measured capacitance-voltage properties are analyzed as a result of the electron depletion and accumulation switching operation conducted by the modulation of PZT on AZO channel resistance caused by the switchable remnant polarization of PZT. The switching properties of the AZO channel layer are also proved by the current-voltage transfer curves measured in the back-gated MOFM ferroelectric FET, which also show a drain current switching ratio up to about 100 times.
文摘We show the fabrication of flexible graphene devices with an embedded backgate. The resistance of these devices can be tuned by changing the strain through the bending of the substrate. These devices can be useful for applications requiring a flexible graphene-based field effect transistor in where the graphene channel is not covered (such as biological or chemical sensors and photo-detectors).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFA0608000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42030605)+1 种基金CAAI-MindSpore Academic Fund Research Projects(CAAIXSJLJJ2023MindSpore11)the program of China Scholarships Council(No.CXXM2101180001)。
文摘Accurate seasonal precipitation forecasts,especially for extreme events,are crucial to preventing meteorological hazards and their potential impacts on national development,social activity,and security.However,the intensity of summer precipitation is often largely underestimated in many current dynamic models.This study uses a deep learning method called Cycle-Consistent Generative Adversarial Networks(CycleGAN)to improve the seasonal forecasts for June-JulyAugust precipitation in southeastern China by the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Climate Forecast System(NUIST-CFS 1.0).The results suggest that the CycleGAN-based model significantly improves the accuracy in predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of summer precipitation compared to the traditional quantile mapping(QM)method.Using the unpaired bias-correction model,we can also obtain advanced forecasts of the frequency,intensity,and duration of extreme precipitation events over the dynamic model predictions.This study expands the potential applications of deep learning models toward improving seasonal precipitation forecasts.
文摘The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence(AI)and Large Language Models(LLMs)has led to their increasing integration into various domains,from text generation and translation to question-answering.However,a critical question remains:do these sophisticated models,much like humans,exhibit susceptibility to cognitive biases?Understanding the presence and nature of such biases in AI is paramount for assessing their reliability,enhancing their performance,and predicting their societal impact.This research specifically investigates the susceptibility of Google’s Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek,two prominent LLMs,to framing effects and confirmation bias.The study meticulously designed a series of experimental trials,systematically manipulating information proportions and presentation orders to evaluate these biases.In the framing effect experiment,a genetic testing decision-making scenario was constructed.The proportion of positive and negative information(e.g.,20%,50%,or 80%positive)and their presentation order were varied.The models’inclination towards undergoing genetic testing was recorded.For the confirmation bias experiment,two reports-one positive and one negative-about“RoboTaxi”autonomous vehicles were provided.The proportion of erroneous information within these reports(10%,30%,and 50%)and their presentation order were systematically altered,and the models’support for each report was assessed.The findings demonstrate that both Gemini 1.5 Pro and DeepSeek are susceptible to framing effects.In the genetic testing scenario,their decision-making was primarily influenced by the proportion of positive and negative information presented.When the proportion of positive information was higher,both models showed a greater inclination to recommend or proceed with genetic testing.Conversely,a higher proportion of negative information led to greater caution or a tendency not to recommend the testing.Importantly,the order in which this information was presented did not significantly influence their decisions in the framing effect scenarios.Regarding confirmation bias,the two models exhibited distinct behaviors.Gemini 1.5 Pro did not show an overall preference for either positive or negative reports.However,its judgments were significantly influenced by the order of information presentation,demonstrating a“recency effect,”meaning it tended to support the report presented later.The proportion of erroneous information within the reports had no significant impact on Gemini 1.5 Pro’s decisions.In contrast,DeepSeek exhibited an overall confirmation bias,showing a clear preference for positive reports.Similar to Gemini 1.5 Pro,DeepSeek’s decisions were also significantly affected by the order of information presentation,while the proportion of misinformation had no significant effect.These results reveal human-like cognitive vulnerabilities in advanced LLMs,highlighting critical challenges to their reliability and objectivity in decision-making processes.Gemini 1.5 Pro’s sensitivity to presentation order and DeepSeek’s general preference for positive information,coupled with its sensitivity to order,underscore the need for careful evaluation of potential cognitive biases during the development and application of AI.The study suggests that effective measures are necessary to mitigate these biases and prevent potential negative societal impacts.Future research should include a broader range of models for comparative analysis and explore more complex interactive scenarios to further understand and address these phenomena.The findings contribute significantly to understanding the limitations and capabilities of current AI systems,guiding their responsible development,and anticipating their potential societal implications.
文摘BACKGROUND Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE)is a key treatment approach for advanced invasive liver cancer(infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma).However,its therapeutic response can be difficult to evaluate accurately using conventional two-dimensional imaging criteria due to the tumor’s diffuse and multifocal growth pattern.Volumetric imaging,especially enhanced tumor volume(ETV),offers a more comprehensive assessment.Nonetheless,bias field inhomogeneity in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)poses challenges,potentially skewing volumetric measurements and undermining prognostic evaluation.AIM To investigate whether MRI bias field correction enhances the accuracy of volumetric assessment of infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma treated with TACE,and to analyze how this improved measurement impacts prognostic prediction.METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 105 patients with invasive liver cancer who underwent TACE treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2020 to January 2024.The improved N4 bias field correction algorithm was applied to process MRI images,and the ETV before and after treatment was calculated.The ETV measurements before and after correction were compared,and their relationship with patient prognosis was analyzed.A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate prognostic factors,with Martingale residual analysis determining the optimal cutoff value,followed by survival analysis.RESULTS Bias field correction significantly affected ETV measurements,with the corrected baseline ETV mean(505.235 cm^(3))being significantly lower than before correction(825.632 cm^(3),P<0.001).Cox analysis showed that the hazard ratio(HR)for corrected baseline ETV(HR=1.165,95%CI:1.069-1.268)was higher than before correction(HR=1.063,95%CI:1.031-1.095).Using 412 cm^(3) as the cutoff,the group with baseline ETV<415 cm^(3) had a longer median survival time compared to the≥415 cm^(3) group(18.523 months vs 8.926 months,P<0.001).The group with an ETV reduction rate≥41%had better prognosis than the<41%group(17.862 months vs 9.235 months,P=0.006).Multivariate analysis confirmed that ETV reduction rate(HR=0.412,P<0.001),Child-Pugh classification(HR=0.298,P<0.001),and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage(HR=0.578,P=0.045)were independent prognostic factors.CONCLUSION Volume imaging based on MRI bias field correction can improve the accuracy of evaluating the efficacy of TACE treatment for invasive liver cancer.The corrected ETV and its reduction rate can serve as independent indicators for predicting patient prognosis,providing important reference for developing individualized treatment strategies.
文摘Cognitive bias,stemming from electronic measurement error and variability in human perception,exists in cognitive electronic warfare and affects the outcomes of conflicts.In this paper,the dynamic game approach is employed to develop a model for cognitive bias induced by incomplete information and measurement errors in cognitive radar countermeasures.The payoffs for both parties are calculated using the radar's anti-jamming strategy matrix A and the jammer's jamming strategy matrix B.With perfect Bayesian equilibrium,a dynamic radar countermeasure model is established,and the impact of cognitive bias is analyzed.Drawing inspiration from the cognitive bias analysis method used in stock market trading,a cognitive bias model for cognitive radar countermeasures is introduced,and its correctness is mathematically proved.A gaming scenario involving the AN/SPY-1 radar and a smart jammer is set up to analyze the influence of cognitive bias on game outcomes.Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘The excessive use of artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms has caused the problem of errors in AI algorithms,which has challenged the fairness of decision-making,and has intensified people’s inequality.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and propose corresponding error detection and error elimination methods.This paper first proposes the root causes and threats of bias in AI algorithms,then summarizes the existing bias detection and error elimination methods,and proposes a bias processing framework in three-level dimensions of data,models,and conclusions,aiming to provide a framework for a comprehensive solution to errors in algorithms.At the same time,it also summarizes the problems and challenges in existing research and makes a prospect for future research trends.It is hoped that it will be helpful for us to build fairer AI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2242213,U2142213,42305167,42175105)。
文摘Systematic bias is a type of model error that can affect the accuracy of data assimilation and forecasting that must be addressed.An online bias correction scheme called the sequential bias correction scheme(SBCS),was developed using the6 h average bias to correct the systematic bias during model integration.The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the SBCS in the high-resolution China Meteorological Administration Meso-scale(CMA-MESO)numerical weather prediction(NWP)model to reduce the systematic bias and to improve the data assimilation and forecast results through this method.The SBCS is improved upon and applied to the CMA-MESO 3-km model in this study.Four-week sequential data assimilation and forecast experiments,driven by rapid update and cycling(RUC),were conducted for the period from 2–29 May 2022.In terms of the characteristics of systematic bias,both the background and analysis show diurnal bias,and these large biases are affected by complex underlying surfaces(e.g.,oceans,coasts,and mountains).After the application of the SBCS,the results of the data assimilation show that the SBCS can reduce the systematic bias of the background and yield a neutral to slightly positive result for the analysis fields.In addition,the SBCS can reduce forecast errors and improve forecast results,especially for surface variables.The above results indicate that this scheme has good prospects for high-resolution regional NWP models.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11474111 and 11604281)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.YESS20220618)the Hundreds of Talents program of Sun Yat-sen University(No.210192)
文摘A robust spontaneous exchange bias effect after zero-field cooling was observed in Co_(2)Sn_(1-x)Cr_(x)O_(4)system,which was driven by the transition from superspin-glass to superferromagnetic domain embedded in the ferrimagnetic matrix.Additionally,the exchange bias effect is gradually pronounced with the positive increase in the cooling field,known as the conventional exchange bias effect.However,as the cooling field gradually decreases and transits from positive to negative,the exchange bias effect can robustly remain positive in the low-negative-field region until the cooling field increases to be sufficiently large in the negative direction.
文摘Cognitive biases are commonly used by attackers to manipulate users’psychology in phishing emails.This study systematically analyzes the exploitation of cognitive biases in phishing emails and addresses the following questions:(1)Which cognitive biases are frequently exploited in phishing emails?(2)How are cognitive biases exploited in phishing emails?(3)How effective are cognitive bias features in detecting phishing emails?(4)How can the exploitation of cognitive biases in phishing emails be modelled?To address these questions,this study constructed a cognitive processing model that explains how attackers manipulate users by leveraging cognitive biases at different cognitive stages.By annotating 482 phishing emails,this study identified 10 common types of cognitive biases and developed corresponding detection models to evaluate the effectiveness of these bias features in phishing email detection.The results show that models incorporating cognitive bias features significantly outperform baseline models in terms of accuracy,recall,and F1 score.This study provides crucial theoretical support for future anti-phishing methods,as a deeper understanding of cognitive biases offers key insights for designing more effective detection and prevention strategies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82090034the Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science of Anhui Province on Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intelligence Intervention,No.SYS2023B08the Anhui Natural Science Foundation,No.2023AH040086.
文摘BACKGROUND Exploring hypnotherapy's potential to modulate attention bias offers promising avenues for treating social anxiety disorder(SAD).AIM To determine if hypnotherapy can alleviate social anxiety by influencing attention bias,specifically identifying the aspects of attention processes affected by hypnosis.METHODS In this study,69 SAD participants were divided into three groups based on their Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale scores:Experimental group,control group,and baseline group.The experimental group(n=23)underwent six weekly hypnosis sessions,while the control(n=23)and baseline groups(n=23)received no treatment.To evaluate alterations in SAD severity and attention bias towards threatening stimuli following hypnotherapy,we employed a combination of self-report questionnaires,an odd-one-out task,and electroencephalography recordings.RESULTS The experimental group showed significant reductions in P1,N170,N2pc,and late positive potential(LPP)brain wave activities during attention sensitivity and disengagement conditions.This indicates that hypnotherapy modulates early-stage face processing and later-stage emotional evaluation of threat-related stimuli in SAD patients.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight P1,N170,N2pc,and LPP as key neural markers in SAD treatment.By identifying these neural markers influenced by hypnotherapy,we offer insight into the mechanisms by which this treatment modality impacts attentional processes,potentially easing SAD symptoms.
文摘Nirmal et al.presented a machine learning-based design of ternary organic solar cells,utilizing feature importance[1].This paper highlights the alarming potential biases in the use of feature importance in machine learning,which can lead to incorrect conclusions and outcomes.Many scientists and researchers including Nirmal et al.are unaware that feature importances in machine learning in general are model-specific and do not necessarily represent true associations between the target and features.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,China,No.GWV-10.2-YQ46.
文摘BACKGROUND Although extensive research has investigated attentional biases based on the looming vulnerability model of anxiety,the characteristics of attentional biases in individuals with looming cognitive styles(LCS)remain incompletely elucidated.No prior eye-tracking studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of their threat-related attentional preferences.AIM To investigate the nature and temporal pattern of attentional biases toward threat stimuli in individuals exhibiting different levels of LCS using eye-tracking technology.METHODS A total of 212 participants were stratified according to their Looming Maladaptive Style Questionnaire scores.From the high and low scoring subgroups,35 participants were randomly selected for an eye-tracking experiment using a classic dot-probe paradigm featuring threat and neutral images.Four eye-tracking metrics,including first fixation latency,first fixation duration,total fixation duration,and fixation count,were analyzed to assess detection speed,attentional orienting,initial maintenance/avoidance,and overall engagement.RESULTS Distinct attentional bias patterns were observed between high and low LCS groups.High LCS individuals exhibited a vigilance-avoidance pattern characterized by initial vigilance toward threat stimuli(evidenced by faster detection and preferential orienting),followed by attentional avoidance,alongside sustained attention maintenance to threat.CONCLUSION These findings reveal a temporal dissociation between early vigilance and later avoidance during threat processing in high LCS individuals,providing novel empirical evidence to refine models of cognitive vulnerability and attentional dynamics in threat perception.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR2021MF049)the Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant Nos.ZR2022LL.Z012 and ZR2021LLZ001)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2023CXGC010901).
文摘Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The XZZX surface code,with only one stabilizer generator on each face,demonstrates significant application potential under biased noise.However,the existing minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm has high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoding method that combines graph neural networks(GNN)with multi-classifiers,the syndrome is transformed into an undirected graph,and the features are aggregated by convolutional layers,providing a more efficient and accurate decoding strategy.In the experiments,we evaluated the performance of the XZZX code under different biased noise conditions(bias=1,20,200)and different code distances(d=3,5,7,9,11).The experimental results show that under low bias noise(bias=1),the GNN decoder achieves a threshold of 0.18386,an improvement of approximately 19.12%compared to the MWPM decoder.Under high bias noise(bias=200),the GNN decoder reaches a threshold of 0.40542,improving by approximately 20.76%,overcoming the limitations of the conventional decoder.They demonstrate that the GNN decoding method exhibits superior performance and has broad application potential in the error correction of XZZX code.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12174166 and 12304144)the Fund from Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics(Grant No.2024BNLCMPKF013)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2024-22).
文摘We investigate the surface acoustic wave(SAW)modulation of the exchange bias field(H_(EB))in Py/IrMn films deposited on LiNbO_(3)substrates.We measured the anisotropic magnetoresistance(AMR)of the multilayer film when continuous SAW or pulsed SAW were applied and obtained H_(EB).With continuous SAW,the H_(EB)decreases continuously with power.While in the case of pulsed SAW,the H_(EB)first decreases and then stabilizes.Compared to pulsed SAW,the thermal effects from the continuous SAW lead to the continuous decrease of H_(EB)at higher SAW power,which is verified by the measurement of H_(EB)at different temperatures and input currents.Furthermore,our results show that pulsed SAW can effectively avoid thermal effects.The decrease of H_(EB)at smaller power in both continuous and pulsed SAW is mainly due to the SAW-induced dynamic strain field,which leads to a small perturbation in the magnetic moment of the FM layer.Combined with the AMR values measured at different angles during the saturation field,we believe that the SAW-induced dynamic strain field causes a 15°angle between the magnetic moment and the easy axis.Our experiments provide a different approach to manipulating H_(EB),opening up a potential avenue for future manipulation of antiferromagnetic moments.
基金2023 Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology Doctoral Program Launch fund(No.2307B29).
文摘A clock bias data processing method based on interval correlation coefficient wavelet threshold denoising is suggested for minor mistakes in clock bias data in order to increase the efficacy of satellite clock bias prediction.Wavelet analysis was first used to break down the satellite clock frequency data into several levels,producing high and low frequency coefficients for each layer.The correlation coefficients of the high and low frequency coefficients in each of the three sub-intervals created by splitting these coefficients were then determined.The major noise region—the sub-interval with the lowest correlation coefficient—was chosen for thresholding treatment and noise threshold computation.The clock frequency data was then processed using wavelet reconstruction and reconverted to clock data.Lastly,three different kinds of satellite clock data—RTS,whu-o,and IGS-F—were used to confirm the produced data.Our method enhanced the stability of the Quadratic Polynomial(QP)model’s predictions for the C16 satellite by about 40%,according to the results.The accuracy and stability of the Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model improved up to 41.8%and 14.2%,respectively,whilst the Wavelet Neural Network(WNN)model improved by roughly 27.8%and 63.6%,respectively.Although our method has little effect on forecasting IGS-F series satellites,the experimental findings show that it can improve the accuracy and stability of QP,ARIMA,and WNN model forecasts for RTS and whu-o satellite clock bias.
