Citrus is the world's most produced fruit.With the rapid growth of citrus cultivation and processing industries globally,the volume of by-products,including dropped fruits,defective fruits,and waste generated duri...Citrus is the world's most produced fruit.With the rapid growth of citrus cultivation and processing industries globally,the volume of by-products,including dropped fruits,defective fruits,and waste generated during processing,has surged.Consequently,resource wastage and environmental pollution due to the low utilization rate of these by-products have become increasingly prominent issues.Currently,citrus by-products are directly utilized as seasonings,tea,and traditional Chinese medicine,or for the extraction of pectin,flavonoids,carotenoids,limonoids,essential oils,synephrine,and other functional ingredients.They are also processed into ethanol,citric acid,feed,and organic fertilizer through biomass fermentation.Despite these applications,the overall utilization rate of citrus by-products remains low.Additionally,there is a lack of key technologies and core equipment,and the production of high value-added functional products is limited.The future direction for citrus by-product utilization lies in green,low-carbon,high-efficiency,and high-value comprehensive recycling.To address the serious environmental pollution and recycling challenges posed by citrus rotting,it is proposed for the first time to develop new products and mold prevention strategies throughout the entire citrus supply chain-"Planting-field management-harvesting-transportation-storage"-to achieve a circular economy approach.This strategy aims to"Take from citrus and give back to citrus"effectively preventing and reducing citrus rotting.Furthermore,it can mitigate the significant economic losses caused by fruit decay and provide insights into the high-quality development of comprehensive citrus by-product utilization.展开更多
Soft clay treatment with all industrial by-product(IBP)binder has great economic and environmental benefits,yet its geomechanics and mechanisms still need to be well probed.With the activation by calcium carbide resid...Soft clay treatment with all industrial by-product(IBP)binder has great economic and environmental benefits,yet its geomechanics and mechanisms still need to be well probed.With the activation by calcium carbide residue(CCR)and phosphogypsum(PG),the strength,structure,and mechanisms of soft clay treated by aluminosilicate-rich IBP(AS-IBP,such as ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS),fly ash(FA),coal gangue(CG),Bayer red mud(BR),and sintered red mud(SR))are comparatively investigated.The strength characteristics of solidified clay exhibit significant differences as AS-IBP changes.When GGBS is adopted,the strength is sensitive to the change in PG content,while the impact of CCR is insignificant.After 90 d,the strength of the optimal sample(G23)reaches 1.40 MPa,35.9%higher than cement solidified clay(CSC),while that achieved by other AS-IBPs is less than 0.3 MPa.In the compression test,the structure's evolutionary trend of G23 has a sudden change as the strength increases from 1.81 MPa to 2.29 MPa,suggesting the transformation in material properties.Besides,the structure of G23 is stronger than CSC,which contributes more to the compressive performance.The total amount of main products(C-S-H and ettringite)of all-IBP solidified clay determines the strength,and ettringite is only significant when calcium-rich AS-IBP is adopted.The total amount of minor products(C-A-H and C-A-S-H)is similar for different samples,equivalent to 28.9%-46.3%of the main products.The relationship between the strength and the product amount can be presented using an exponential function.展开更多
The valorization of vegetable by-products is a promising strategy to combat climate change and achieve global carbon neutrality goals.This study aimed to exploit the high-value utilization of garlic by-products and to...The valorization of vegetable by-products is a promising strategy to combat climate change and achieve global carbon neutrality goals.This study aimed to exploit the high-value utilization of garlic by-products and to investigate the antihypertensive effects and potential mechanisms of the resulting angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides.After protein extraction,enzymatic hydrolysis,and activity-directed fractionation,a potent and highly stable ACE inhibitory peptide(IC_(50):31.38μmol/L)was obtained,which was identified as VWAS and acted as a competitive inhibitor.VWAS stably bound to key residues in the ACE active center mainly through hydrogen bonding interactions and effectively lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats via alleviating renal and cardiac injuries,improving endothelial dysfunction,and regulating the renal renin-angiotensin system,antioxidant system,and anti-inflammatory system.These findings suggested that garlic protein-derived peptide(VWAS)was a desirable candidate for antihypertensive functional foods and provided guidance for the high-value utilization of garlic by-products.展开更多
This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products （C-DBPs, N-DBPs） upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant （S...This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products （C-DBPs, N-DBPs） upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant （SWTP and GWTP） where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs （dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroace- tonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane）, and eight volatile chlorinated compounds （dichloromethane （DCM）, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene） were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels （MCLs） regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China （GB5749-2006） except for DCM （17.1 ~tg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL）. The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors （e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen） were present in the water source of the SWTE展开更多
Aim To determine the structure of the by-product produced in Grignard reaction for preparing mifepristone derivatives, and elucidate the reaction mechanism.Methods The structure of the by-product was determined with e...Aim To determine the structure of the by-product produced in Grignard reaction for preparing mifepristone derivatives, and elucidate the reaction mechanism.Methods The structure of the by-product was determined with elemental analysis, one- and two-dimension spectra NMR (DEPT, 1H-1Hcosy, HMQC, HMBC) and compared with those of mifepristone.Results The main by-product was 11,17-di-addition product of Grignard reagent of N, N-dimethylamino phenyl bromide.Conclusion This is the first complete assignment of 1H NMR and 13C NMR of compound (3).展开更多
Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process for killing harmful pathogens and protecting human health. However, the disinfection has caused significant public concern due to the formation of toxic disinfe...Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process for killing harmful pathogens and protecting human health. However, the disinfection has caused significant public concern due to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products(DBPs). Lots of studies on disinfection and DBPs have been performed in the world since 1974. Although related studies in China started in1980 s, a great progress has been achieved during the last three decades. Therefore, this review summarized the main achievements on disinfection and DPBs studies in China, which included:(1) the occurrence of DBPs in water of China,(2) the identification and detection methods of DBPs,(3) the formation mechanisms of DBPs during disinfection process,(4) the toxicological effects and epidemiological surveys of DBPs,(5) the control and management countermeasures of DBPs in water disinfection, and(6) the challenges and chances of DBPs studies in future. It is expected that this review would provide useful information and reference for optimizing disinfection process, reducing DBPs formation and protecting human health.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture（202 g kg^-1 dry matter（DM））consis...This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture（202 g kg^-1 dry matter（DM））consisting of rice straw,broccoli residue and alfalfa at the ratio of 5：4：1 was ensiled with three experimental treatments：（1）no additives（control）;（2）molasses at 2.5%（M1）;（3）molasses at 5%（M2）on a fresh matter basis of mixture,respectively.All treatments were packed into laboratory-scale silos,and three silos per treatment were sampled on days 1,3,5,14 and 30.The result showed that the p H value of all mixed silages decreased gradually with the time of ensiling except for the control silage,in which a significant increase（P〈0.05）on day 30 occurred.The lactic acid content increased gradually with the time of ensiling and reached the highest value on day 14,and a marked decrease（P〈0.05）was found in the control silage on day 30.The changes of acetic acid content showed similar pattern with lactic acid content.A trace amount of propionic and butyric acid contents were found in the three mixed silages during the fermentation period.Comparing to the control,M1 and M2 treatments improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages as indicated by higher（P〈0.05）lactic acid contents and lower（P〈0.05）p H and ammonia-N contents.The Flieg points also showed that M1 and M2 silages were well preserved,whereas the control silage had a bad quality.Overall,the findings of this study suggested that adding molasses could improve fermentation quality of mixed silage,and M1 was more suitable for practical application.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter （DOM） has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products （DBPs） formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the D...Dissolved organic matter （DOM） has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products （DBPs） formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the DBPs formation mechanism. A study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of DOM fractions on DBPs formation mechanism. In the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes （TTHM） because of the vc-o and unsaturated structures. Furthermore, the TTHM formation of organic acids was affected by pH more greatly. Based on the fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, DOM fractions contained several fluorescence substances. During chlorination, humic acid-like substances were found to exhibit high chlorine reactivity and hydrophobic organics decomposed to smaller molecules faster than hydrophilic organics even at lower chlorine dosages. Unlike hydrophobic fractions, hydrophilic organics showed no toxicity following chlorination, suggesting that the toxic structures in hydrophihc organics showed high chlorine reactivity during chlorination.展开更多
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter（DOM） and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）. In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM...The characteristics of dissolved organic matter（DOM） and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）. In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight（MW）, trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes（pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration,disinfection） were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW 1 k Da and fraction with MW 3-10 k Da, and the DBP＇s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM（ 10 k Da） was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes,pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes（THMs） were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids（HAAs） were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.展开更多
The scheduling of by-product gases in by-product gas system,cogeneration system and production system is studied.All gas-consuming users are divided into three kinds according to their different characters and then a ...The scheduling of by-product gases in by-product gas system,cogeneration system and production system is studied.All gas-consuming users are divided into three kinds according to their different characters and then a distribution model is built.A dynamic mixed integer linear programming（MILP）model for multiperiod optimization of by-product gas is performed to optimize by-product gas distribution to achieve total cost reduction.Case study shows that 6.2% operation cost is reduced by using the proposed model.展开更多
The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible...The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible by-products.It is urgent to develop technologies that can solve this issue fundamentally.Herein,we report an artificial Sc_(2)O_(3) protective film to construct a new class of interface for Zn anode.The density functional theory simulation and experimental results have proven that the interfacial side reaction was inhibited via a stratified adsorption effect between this artificial layer and Zn anode.Benefiting from this novel structure,the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode can run for more than 100 cycles without short circuit and exhibit low voltage hysteresis,and the coulombic efficiency increases by 1.2%.Importantly,it shows a good application prospect when matched with two of popular manganese-based and vanadium-based cathodes.The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode highlights the importance of rational design of anode materials and demonstrates a good way for developing high-performance Zn anodes with long lifespan and high efficiency.展开更多
Disinfection by-products(DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974,continued effort has been devoted on D...Disinfection by-products(DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974,continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included:(1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China;(2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process;(3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation;and(4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.展开更多
This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to ne...This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to near to commercial diet with about 40% protein and 7.5% lipid. Fish meal was replaced by 0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 100% of PBM (diets 1-7). The diet with 100% fish meal was used as a control (diet 1). Post-larvae were reared in an indoor semi-closed re-circulating system. Each dietary treatment was tested in 4 replicate tanks (260 L) of 40 shrimp, arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimps were hand-fed for three times a day to near-satiation (0700, 1200 and 1800) for 60 d. Percentage weight gain, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition of shrimps were measured. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimps fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). However, shrimps fed diet 7 (100% fish meal replacement) had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). Shrimp fed diets 2-4 (30%-50% fish meal replacement) showed significantly higher growth than those fed diets 6 and 7 (70% and 100% fish meal replacement, respectively). Survival ranged from 94.7% to 100.0% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among different experimental diets. No differences in body composition were found among shrimps fed different diets. These results showed that up to 70% of fish meal protein can be replaced by PBM without adversely affecting the growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibilit...A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.展开更多
Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its ...Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine （NDPhA） from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 （bladder cancer cell lines） and HepG2 （hepatic tumor cell lines） cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The ICs0 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA （IC50, 0.16 mmol/L）, suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.展开更多
An innovative technology,nitric acid pressure leaching of limonitic laterite ores,was proposed by our research team.The HNO3 regeneration is considerable significance for the improvement of the proposed technology and...An innovative technology,nitric acid pressure leaching of limonitic laterite ores,was proposed by our research team.The HNO3 regeneration is considerable significance for the improvement of the proposed technology and its commercial application,but it has not been systematically investigated.Herein,regenerating HNO3 from Ca(NO3)2 solution with low-cost H2SO4,and simultaneous synthesis of fibrous CaSO4·2H2O by-products were studied.As a theoretical basis,the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O in HNO3 medium is studied.It is concluded that the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O increases with increasing temperature or increasing HNO3 concentration,which has considerable guiding significance for the subsequent experimental research and analysis.Then,the effects of various factors on the residual Ca^2+ concentration of filtrate,the regenerated HNO3 concentration and the morphology of synthesized products are investigated using ICP-AES and SEM.And the effect mechanism is also analyzed.The results indicate the regenerated HNO3 concentration reaches 116 g/L with the residual Ca^2+ concentration being 9.7 g/L at the optimum conditions.Moreover,fibrous CaSO4·2H2O by-products with high aspect ratios(length,406.32μm;diameter,14.71μm;aspect ratio,27.62)can be simultaneously synthesized.展开更多
Identification and characterization of disinfection by-product(DBP)precursors could help optimize drinkingwater treatment processes and improve the quality of finishedwater.This study comprehensively investigated the ...Identification and characterization of disinfection by-product(DBP)precursors could help optimize drinkingwater treatment processes and improve the quality of finishedwater.This study comprehensively investigated the characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM),the hydrophilicity and molecule weight(MW)of DBP precursor and DBP-associated toxicity along the typical full-scale treatment processes.The results showed that dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen content,the fluorescence intensity and the SUVA254 value in raw water significantly decreased after the whole treatment processes.Conventional treatment processes were in favor of the removal of high-MW and hydrophobic DOM,which are important precursors of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid.Compared with conventional treatment processes,Ozone integrated with biological activated carbon(O3-BAC)processes enhanced the removal efficiencies of DOM with different MW and hydrophobic fractions,leading to a further decrease in almost all DBP formation potential and DBP-associated toxicity.However,almost 50%of the detected DBP precursors in raw water has not been removed after the coagulation-sedimentation-filtration integrated with O3-BAC advanced treatment processes.These remaining precursors were found to be mainly hydrophilic and low-MW(<1.0 kDa)organics.Moreover,they would largely contribute to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles,which dominated the calculated cytotoxicity.Since current drinking water treatment process could not effectively control the highly toxic DBPs,the removal of hydrophilic and low-MW organics in drinking water treatment plants should be focused on in the future.展开更多
The disinfection of drinking water was an outstanding（and perhaps the most important）public health achievement of the 20^（th） century.According to the United Nations World Health Organization,
Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out i...Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe （including virus） inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine＇s quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine＇s low disinfection by-product （DBP） yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.展开更多
Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different...Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82104340)。
文摘Citrus is the world's most produced fruit.With the rapid growth of citrus cultivation and processing industries globally,the volume of by-products,including dropped fruits,defective fruits,and waste generated during processing,has surged.Consequently,resource wastage and environmental pollution due to the low utilization rate of these by-products have become increasingly prominent issues.Currently,citrus by-products are directly utilized as seasonings,tea,and traditional Chinese medicine,or for the extraction of pectin,flavonoids,carotenoids,limonoids,essential oils,synephrine,and other functional ingredients.They are also processed into ethanol,citric acid,feed,and organic fertilizer through biomass fermentation.Despite these applications,the overall utilization rate of citrus by-products remains low.Additionally,there is a lack of key technologies and core equipment,and the production of high value-added functional products is limited.The future direction for citrus by-product utilization lies in green,low-carbon,high-efficiency,and high-value comprehensive recycling.To address the serious environmental pollution and recycling challenges posed by citrus rotting,it is proposed for the first time to develop new products and mold prevention strategies throughout the entire citrus supply chain-"Planting-field management-harvesting-transportation-storage"-to achieve a circular economy approach.This strategy aims to"Take from citrus and give back to citrus"effectively preventing and reducing citrus rotting.Furthermore,it can mitigate the significant economic losses caused by fruit decay and provide insights into the high-quality development of comprehensive citrus by-product utilization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U24A20183)Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hubei Province,China(Grant No.2024AFA051)Youth Science Fund(A-class)of Hunan Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2025JJ20049).
文摘Soft clay treatment with all industrial by-product(IBP)binder has great economic and environmental benefits,yet its geomechanics and mechanisms still need to be well probed.With the activation by calcium carbide residue(CCR)and phosphogypsum(PG),the strength,structure,and mechanisms of soft clay treated by aluminosilicate-rich IBP(AS-IBP,such as ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS),fly ash(FA),coal gangue(CG),Bayer red mud(BR),and sintered red mud(SR))are comparatively investigated.The strength characteristics of solidified clay exhibit significant differences as AS-IBP changes.When GGBS is adopted,the strength is sensitive to the change in PG content,while the impact of CCR is insignificant.After 90 d,the strength of the optimal sample(G23)reaches 1.40 MPa,35.9%higher than cement solidified clay(CSC),while that achieved by other AS-IBPs is less than 0.3 MPa.In the compression test,the structure's evolutionary trend of G23 has a sudden change as the strength increases from 1.81 MPa to 2.29 MPa,suggesting the transformation in material properties.Besides,the structure of G23 is stronger than CSC,which contributes more to the compressive performance.The total amount of main products(C-S-H and ettringite)of all-IBP solidified clay determines the strength,and ettringite is only significant when calcium-rich AS-IBP is adopted.The total amount of minor products(C-A-H and C-A-S-H)is similar for different samples,equivalent to 28.9%-46.3%of the main products.The relationship between the strength and the product amount can be presented using an exponential function.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Leading Talent in Mount Tai Industry of Shandong Province(TSCY20200121).
文摘The valorization of vegetable by-products is a promising strategy to combat climate change and achieve global carbon neutrality goals.This study aimed to exploit the high-value utilization of garlic by-products and to investigate the antihypertensive effects and potential mechanisms of the resulting angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides.After protein extraction,enzymatic hydrolysis,and activity-directed fractionation,a potent and highly stable ACE inhibitory peptide(IC_(50):31.38μmol/L)was obtained,which was identified as VWAS and acted as a competitive inhibitor.VWAS stably bound to key residues in the ACE active center mainly through hydrogen bonding interactions and effectively lowered blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats via alleviating renal and cardiac injuries,improving endothelial dysfunction,and regulating the renal renin-angiotensin system,antioxidant system,and anti-inflammatory system.These findings suggested that garlic protein-derived peptide(VWAS)was a desirable candidate for antihypertensive functional foods and provided guidance for the high-value utilization of garlic by-products.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project on Water Pollution Control and Management of China (No. 2009ZX07424-003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51108327)the State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse Foundation (No. PCRRY11015)
文摘This work investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products （C-DBPs, N-DBPs） upon chlorination of water samples collected from a surface water and a ground water treatment plant （SWTP and GWTP） where the conventional treatment processes, i.e., coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration were employed. Twenty DBPs, including four trihalomethanes, nine haloacetic acids, seven N-DBPs （dichloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetonitrile, bromochloroace- tonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane）, and eight volatile chlorinated compounds （dichloromethane （DCM）, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene and 1,2,4- trichlorobenzene） were detected in the two WTPs. The concentrations of these contaminants were all below their corresponding maximum contamination levels （MCLs） regulated by the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China （GB5749-2006） except for DCM （17.1 ~tg/L detected vs. 20 μg/L MCL）. The SWTP had much higher concentrations of DBPs detected in the treated water as well as the DBP formation potentials tested in the filtered water than the GWTP, probably because more precursors （e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen） were present in the water source of the SWTE
文摘Aim To determine the structure of the by-product produced in Grignard reaction for preparing mifepristone derivatives, and elucidate the reaction mechanism.Methods The structure of the by-product was determined with elemental analysis, one- and two-dimension spectra NMR (DEPT, 1H-1Hcosy, HMQC, HMBC) and compared with those of mifepristone.Results The main by-product was 11,17-di-addition product of Grignard reagent of N, N-dimethylamino phenyl bromide.Conclusion This is the first complete assignment of 1H NMR and 13C NMR of compound (3).
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFE0118800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21577154,21590814 and 21621064)
文摘Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process for killing harmful pathogens and protecting human health. However, the disinfection has caused significant public concern due to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products(DBPs). Lots of studies on disinfection and DBPs have been performed in the world since 1974. Although related studies in China started in1980 s, a great progress has been achieved during the last three decades. Therefore, this review summarized the main achievements on disinfection and DPBs studies in China, which included:(1) the occurrence of DBPs in water of China,(2) the identification and detection methods of DBPs,(3) the formation mechanisms of DBPs during disinfection process,(4) the toxicological effects and epidemiological surveys of DBPs,(5) the control and management countermeasures of DBPs in water disinfection, and(6) the challenges and chances of DBPs studies in future. It is expected that this review would provide useful information and reference for optimizing disinfection process, reducing DBPs formation and protecting human health.
基金supported by the project of Jiangsu Independent Innovation, China (CX(15)1003-3)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 13th Five Year Plan period (2016YFC0502005)the special project of grass of Tibetan Autonomous Region for the “13th FiveYear” Plan, China
文摘This experiment was conducted to study the effect of molasses on the fermentation characteristics of mixed silage ensiled rice straw and vegetable by-products with alfalfa.Mixture（202 g kg^-1 dry matter（DM））consisting of rice straw,broccoli residue and alfalfa at the ratio of 5：4：1 was ensiled with three experimental treatments：（1）no additives（control）;（2）molasses at 2.5%（M1）;（3）molasses at 5%（M2）on a fresh matter basis of mixture,respectively.All treatments were packed into laboratory-scale silos,and three silos per treatment were sampled on days 1,3,5,14 and 30.The result showed that the p H value of all mixed silages decreased gradually with the time of ensiling except for the control silage,in which a significant increase（P〈0.05）on day 30 occurred.The lactic acid content increased gradually with the time of ensiling and reached the highest value on day 14,and a marked decrease（P〈0.05）was found in the control silage on day 30.The changes of acetic acid content showed similar pattern with lactic acid content.A trace amount of propionic and butyric acid contents were found in the three mixed silages during the fermentation period.Comparing to the control,M1 and M2 treatments improved the fermentation quality of mixed silages as indicated by higher（P〈0.05）lactic acid contents and lower（P〈0.05）p H and ammonia-N contents.The Flieg points also showed that M1 and M2 silages were well preserved,whereas the control silage had a bad quality.Overall,the findings of this study suggested that adding molasses could improve fermentation quality of mixed silage,and M1 was more suitable for practical application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50538090)the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (No. 50621804)the High-Tech Research and Development Program (863) of China (No. 2007AA06Z338).
文摘Dissolved organic matter （DOM） has been identified as precursor for disinfection by-products （DBPs） formation during chlorination. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the characteristics of DOM influence the DBPs formation mechanism. A study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the effects of DOM fractions on DBPs formation mechanism. In the chlorination process, organic acids are dominant precursors of total thihalomethanes （TTHM） because of the vc-o and unsaturated structures. Furthermore, the TTHM formation of organic acids was affected by pH more greatly. Based on the fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, DOM fractions contained several fluorescence substances. During chlorination, humic acid-like substances were found to exhibit high chlorine reactivity and hydrophobic organics decomposed to smaller molecules faster than hydrophilic organics even at lower chlorine dosages. Unlike hydrophobic fractions, hydrophilic organics showed no toxicity following chlorination, suggesting that the toxic structures in hydrophihc organics showed high chlorine reactivity during chlorination.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0401108)
文摘The characteristics of dissolved organic matter（DOM） and bromide ion concentration have a significant influence on the formation of disinfection by-products（DBPs）. In order to identify the main DBP precursors, DOM was divided into five fractions based on molecular weight（MW）, trihalomethane formation potential and haloacetic acid formation potential were determined for fractions, and the change in contents of different fractions and total DBPs during treatment processes（pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration,disinfection） were studied. Moreover, the relationship between bromide concentration and DBP generation characteristics in processes was also analyzed. The results showed that the main DBP precursors were the fraction with MW 1 k Da and fraction with MW 3-10 k Da, and the DBP＇s generation ability of lower molecular weight DOM（ 10 k Da） was higher than that of higher molecular weight DOM. During different processes,pre-chlorination and disinfection had limited effect on removing organics but could alter the MW distribution, and coagulation and filtration could effectively remove organics with higher MW. For DBPs, trihalomethanes（THMs） were mainly generated in pre-chlorination and disinfection, while haloacetic acids（HAAs） were mostly generated during pre-chlorination; coagulation and sand filtration had little effect on THMs but resulted in a slight removal of HAAs. In addition, the results of ANOVA tests suggested that molecular sizes and treatment processes have significant influence on DBP formation. With increasing bromide concentration, the brominated DBPs significantly increased, but the bromine incorporation factor in the processes was basically consistent at each concentration.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(70671072)
文摘The scheduling of by-product gases in by-product gas system,cogeneration system and production system is studied.All gas-consuming users are divided into three kinds according to their different characters and then a distribution model is built.A dynamic mixed integer linear programming（MILP）model for multiperiod optimization of by-product gas is performed to optimize by-product gas distribution to achieve total cost reduction.Case study shows that 6.2% operation cost is reduced by using the proposed model.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.51932011)。
文摘The development of promising zinc anodes mainly suffers from their low plating/stripping coulombic efficiencies when using aqueous electrolyte,which are mainly associated with the interfacial formation of irreversible by-products.It is urgent to develop technologies that can solve this issue fundamentally.Herein,we report an artificial Sc_(2)O_(3) protective film to construct a new class of interface for Zn anode.The density functional theory simulation and experimental results have proven that the interfacial side reaction was inhibited via a stratified adsorption effect between this artificial layer and Zn anode.Benefiting from this novel structure,the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode can run for more than 100 cycles without short circuit and exhibit low voltage hysteresis,and the coulombic efficiency increases by 1.2%.Importantly,it shows a good application prospect when matched with two of popular manganese-based and vanadium-based cathodes.The excellent electrochemical performance of the Sc_(2)O_(3)-coated Zn anode highlights the importance of rational design of anode materials and demonstrates a good way for developing high-performance Zn anodes with long lifespan and high efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51878648,52070184)Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.QYZDY-SSW-DQC004)。
文摘Disinfection by-products(DBPs) formed during water disinfection has drawn significant public concern due to its toxicity. Since the first discovery of the trihalomethanes in 1974,continued effort has been devoted on DBPs worldwide to investigate the formation mechanism, levels, toxicity and control measures in drinking water. This review summarizes the main achievements on DBP research in China, which included:(1) the investigation of known DBP occurrence in drinking water of China;(2) the enhanced removal of DBP precursor by water treatment process;(3) the disinfection optimization to minimize DBP formation;and(4) the identification of unknown DBPs in drinking water. Although the research of DBPs in China cover the whole formation process of DBPs, there is still a challenge in effectively controlling the drinking water quality risk induced by DBPs, an integrated research framework including chemistry, toxicology, engineering, and epidemiology is especially crucial.
基金financial support by grant No. 30871928 from the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (NSFC)
文摘This feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a protein source in the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to near to commercial diet with about 40% protein and 7.5% lipid. Fish meal was replaced by 0, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 100% of PBM (diets 1-7). The diet with 100% fish meal was used as a control (diet 1). Post-larvae were reared in an indoor semi-closed re-circulating system. Each dietary treatment was tested in 4 replicate tanks (260 L) of 40 shrimp, arranged in a completely randomized design. The shrimps were hand-fed for three times a day to near-satiation (0700, 1200 and 1800) for 60 d. Percentage weight gain, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and body composition of shrimps were measured. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in growth performance among shrimps fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). However, shrimps fed diet 7 (100% fish meal replacement) had significantly lower (P<0.05) growth than those fed diets 1-5 (0-60% fish meal replacement). Shrimp fed diets 2-4 (30%-50% fish meal replacement) showed significantly higher growth than those fed diets 6 and 7 (70% and 100% fish meal replacement, respectively). Survival ranged from 94.7% to 100.0% and did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among different experimental diets. No differences in body composition were found among shrimps fed different diets. These results showed that up to 70% of fish meal protein can be replaced by PBM without adversely affecting the growth, survival, FCR, PER and body composition of Litopenaeus vannamei.
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20977079)the Key Innovation Team for Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province(No. 2009R50047)+1 种基金the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (No.2008ZX07421-001)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry
文摘Disinfection by-products （DBPs） in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine （DPhA） chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine （NDPhA） from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 （bladder cancer cell lines） and HepG2 （hepatic tumor cell lines） cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The ICs0 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA （IC50, 0.16 mmol/L）, suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.
基金Project(2182040)supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProjects(51674026,51974025,U1802253)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(FRF-TT-19-001)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘An innovative technology,nitric acid pressure leaching of limonitic laterite ores,was proposed by our research team.The HNO3 regeneration is considerable significance for the improvement of the proposed technology and its commercial application,but it has not been systematically investigated.Herein,regenerating HNO3 from Ca(NO3)2 solution with low-cost H2SO4,and simultaneous synthesis of fibrous CaSO4·2H2O by-products were studied.As a theoretical basis,the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O in HNO3 medium is studied.It is concluded that the solubility of CaSO4·2H2O increases with increasing temperature or increasing HNO3 concentration,which has considerable guiding significance for the subsequent experimental research and analysis.Then,the effects of various factors on the residual Ca^2+ concentration of filtrate,the regenerated HNO3 concentration and the morphology of synthesized products are investigated using ICP-AES and SEM.And the effect mechanism is also analyzed.The results indicate the regenerated HNO3 concentration reaches 116 g/L with the residual Ca^2+ concentration being 9.7 g/L at the optimum conditions.Moreover,fibrous CaSO4·2H2O by-products with high aspect ratios(length,406.32μm;diameter,14.71μm;aspect ratio,27.62)can be simultaneously synthesized.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52170009)+2 种基金the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.20230714100)the Shanghai Soft Science Project(No.20692113900)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Identification and characterization of disinfection by-product(DBP)precursors could help optimize drinkingwater treatment processes and improve the quality of finishedwater.This study comprehensively investigated the characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM),the hydrophilicity and molecule weight(MW)of DBP precursor and DBP-associated toxicity along the typical full-scale treatment processes.The results showed that dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen content,the fluorescence intensity and the SUVA254 value in raw water significantly decreased after the whole treatment processes.Conventional treatment processes were in favor of the removal of high-MW and hydrophobic DOM,which are important precursors of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid.Compared with conventional treatment processes,Ozone integrated with biological activated carbon(O3-BAC)processes enhanced the removal efficiencies of DOM with different MW and hydrophobic fractions,leading to a further decrease in almost all DBP formation potential and DBP-associated toxicity.However,almost 50%of the detected DBP precursors in raw water has not been removed after the coagulation-sedimentation-filtration integrated with O3-BAC advanced treatment processes.These remaining precursors were found to be mainly hydrophilic and low-MW(<1.0 kDa)organics.Moreover,they would largely contribute to the formation of haloacetaldehydes and haloacetonitriles,which dominated the calculated cytotoxicity.Since current drinking water treatment process could not effectively control the highly toxic DBPs,the removal of hydrophilic and low-MW organics in drinking water treatment plants should be focused on in the future.
文摘The disinfection of drinking water was an outstanding（and perhaps the most important）public health achievement of the 20^（th） century.According to the United Nations World Health Organization,
基金This work was sponsored by National Natural Science Fundation Committee (No. 50238020).
文摘Objective To introduce a new sequential chlorination disinfection process in which short-term free chlorine and chloramine are sequentially added. Methods Pilot tests of this sequential chlorination were carried out in a drinking water plant. Results The sequential chlorination disinfection process had the same or better efficiency on microbe （including virus） inactivation compared with the free chlorine disinfection process. There seemed to be some synergetic disinfection effect between free chlorine and monochloramine because they attacked different targets. The sequential chlorination disinfection process resulted in 35.7%-77.0% TTHM formation and 36.6%-54.8% THAA5 formation less than the free chlorination process. The poorer the water quality was, the more advantage the sequential chlorination disinfection had over the free chlorination. Conclusion This process takes advantages of free chlorine＇s quick inactivation of microorganisms and chloramine＇s low disinfection by-product （DBP） yield and long-term residual effect, allowing simultaneous control of microbes and DBPs in an effective and economic way.
文摘Collagen from tendon of Yezo sika deer was prepared by limited pepsin digestion. The yield of collagen was very high;35.7% on the basis of lyophilized dry weight. The secondary structure of this collagen was different from that of porcine skin by ATR-FTIR analysis, although it was the same characteristics, e.g. SDS-PAGE, subunit composition, ther-mal behavior, as porcine collagen. Since taking up a problem of bovine spongiform encephalopathy infection in land animals such as calf or bovine, collagen from aquatic materials has been used in various industries. However, the present study indicates that tendon of Yezo sika deer as by-product of meat industry will have potential as an important collagen source for use in the foods, cosmetics, and medical fields.
