To address the limitations of traditional finite element methods,particularly the continuum assumption and difficulties in tracking the solid-liquid interface,this study introduces a lattice Boltzmann-based mathematic...To address the limitations of traditional finite element methods,particularly the continuum assumption and difficulties in tracking the solid-liquid interface,this study introduces a lattice Boltzmann-based mathematical and physical model to simulate flow and heat transfer in the laser welding molten pool of tin-coated copper used in solar panel busbars(a thin strip or wire of conductive metal embedded on the surface of a solar cell to collect and conduct the electricity generated by the photovoltaic cell).The model incorporates key external forces,including surface tension,solid-liquid interface tension,and recoil pressure.A moving and rotating Gaussian-body heat source is adopted,with temperature treated as an implicit function of enthalpy.Coupled iterative schemes for the temperature and velocity fields are constructed using a dual-distribution function approach with a D3Q15 lattice structure.The model is implemented in Python,utilizing libraries such as NumPy,SciPy,Mayavi,and Matplotlib for computation and visualization.Simulation results reveal that the heat transfer mechanism in the molten pool transitions from pure conduction to conduction-convection due to surface tension effects,leading to the formation of multiple counter-rotating vortex structures.The peak temperature at the pool center reaches 3200 K,with maximum melt depth and width measured at 0.5 and 1.2 mm,respectively.Over time,both penetration depth and melt width increase,though the width exhibits a more pronounced growth.Comparison with experimental thermal cycling data from laser weld joints shows strong agreement,with a maximum error of less than 1%,validating the accuracy of the proposed method.展开更多
Traditional busbar design is inefficient, costly, and error-prone because of frequent changes of requirements. This paper proposes a semantic-driven method for designing 3D busbars to solve this problem. The design pr...Traditional busbar design is inefficient, costly, and error-prone because of frequent changes of requirements. This paper proposes a semantic-driven method for designing 3D busbars to solve this problem. The design process contains two main parts, namely, semantic-driven routing design and automatic routing segmentation. Semantic-driven routing design creates a relation table between electrical semantics and 3D modeling parameters, as well as helps designers create routings efficiently using electrical parameters as input. Automatic routing segmentation can convert routings into busbar segments that also include manufacturing information. Because the design operations are associated with one another, the resulting busbars can automatically be changed in real time when requirements are changed.展开更多
Because the larger metallic surrounds are heated by the eddy current, which is generated by the AC current flowing through the AC busbar in the International Thermonuclear ExperimentM Reactor （ITER） poloidal field ...Because the larger metallic surrounds are heated by the eddy current, which is generated by the AC current flowing through the AC busbar in the International Thermonuclear ExperimentM Reactor （ITER） poloidal field （PF） converter system, shielding of the AC busbar is required to decrease the temperature rise of the surrounds to satisfy the design requirement. Three special types of AC busbar with natural cooling, air cooling and water cooling busbar structure have been proposed and investigated in this paper. For each cooling scheme, a 3D finite model based on the proposed structure has been developed to perform the electromagnetic and thermal analysis to predict their operation behavior. Comparing the analysis results of the three different cooling patterns, water cooling has more advantages than the other patterns and it is selected to be the thermal dissipation pattern for the AC busbar of ITER PF converter unit. The approach to qualify the suitable cooling scheme in this paper can be provided as a reference on the thermal dissipation design of AC busbar in the converter system.展开更多
Various busbar configurations were built and modeled by the custom code based on the commercial package ANSYS for the 500 kA aluminum electrolysis cell.The configuration parameters,such as side riser entry ratio,numbe...Various busbar configurations were built and modeled by the custom code based on the commercial package ANSYS for the 500 kA aluminum electrolysis cell.The configuration parameters,such as side riser entry ratio,number of cathode bars connected to each riser,vertical location of side cathode busbar and short side cathode busbar,distance between rows of cells in potline,the number of neighboring cells,ratio of compensation busbar carried passing under cell and its horizontal location under cell along with large magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) computation based on the custom evaluation function were simulated and discussed.The results show that a cell with riser entry ratio of 11:9:8:9:11 and cathode busbar located at the level of aluminum solution,50% upstream cathode current passing under cell for magnetic field compensation,the distance between rows of 50 m is more stable.展开更多
A new process of welding aluminum water-cooled busbars is proposed, It can not only reduce the weight and cost, but also improve the dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore~ both finite element method analysis and ...A new process of welding aluminum water-cooled busbars is proposed, It can not only reduce the weight and cost, but also improve the dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore~ both finite element method analysis and a prototype test testify the advantages of the design which is not limited by load current and provides a new approach for water-cooled reactors.展开更多
The DC busbar is an important component for the ITER PF converter module to connect the converter and the reactor. This paper analyzes different cross-sections and different thermodynamic properties under natural-cool...The DC busbar is an important component for the ITER PF converter module to connect the converter and the reactor. This paper analyzes different cross-sections and different thermodynamic properties under natural-cooling and water-cooling conditions, and simulation is carried out by the software of the finite element method （FEM）. The result of the analysis shows that the water-cooling method is the better choice for the DC busbar.展开更多
Electrical conductance and temperature of electric copper busbar joints were measured under different torque moments. Experimental results show that laser surface melting can increase hardness and refine structure of ...Electrical conductance and temperature of electric copper busbar joints were measured under different torque moments. Experimental results show that laser surface melting can increase hardness and refine structure of the copper, and it does not deteriorate electric resistance. Meanwhile, the temperature of laser treated joints under electric current is slightly lower than that of original sample. Salt spray test shows that laser treated sample has better salt spray corrosion resistance than the original sample does. The electric resistance of both laser treated and original samples are increased with salt spray time. For the same salt spray time, the electric resistance of busbar joint is decreased with increasing torque moment.展开更多
Busbar differential relaying method based on combined amplitude and phase information of high frequency transient currents is put forward in this paper for the speed and reliability problems of busbar protection based...Busbar differential relaying method based on combined amplitude and phase information of high frequency transient currents is put forward in this paper for the speed and reliability problems of busbar protection based on fundamental frequency. Under the analysis of features of bus high frequency differential currents, complex wavelet analysis is used to extract the amplitude and phase features of 1/4 period high frequency differential currents, and amplitude and phase information are used to form the polar coordinates. Bus fault is identified intuitively and precisely according to polar locus differences. This polar coordinates represented busbar differential protection scheme based on high frequency transient signals can not only avoid TA saturation, realizing quick protection, lots of PSCAD/EMTDC simulations also show that this busbar differential protection scheme works well under different fault conditions.展开更多
Reducing greenhouse gases, saving energy resources and mass optimization require technological changes towards increasingly electric vehicles. At the same time, performance improvement of semiconductor and dielectric ...Reducing greenhouse gases, saving energy resources and mass optimization require technological changes towards increasingly electric vehicles. At the same time, performance improvement of semiconductor and dielectric materials further promotes electronic components confinement, resulting in a significant increase of embedded power densities. In the particular case of future hybrid propulsion aircrafts, electrical power that intended to supply reactors would be converted through power electronics components mounted on power busbars and insulated by solid dielectrics materials. These dielectrics materials have to respond to various electrical constraints of use (HVDC), in spite of environment change of aircraft parameters such as low pressure, temperature and thermal cycles, humidity... Unfortunately, partial discharges phenomenon is the most problem within electrical insulation system (EIS). Based on a topological model of power busbars designed for power converters dedicated to hybrid aircraft, partial discharge studies were conducted by simulation in various charging conditions of a PTFE insulator. Simulation results, which focus on electric field thresholds criteria of partial discharge inception voltage in air, reveal a net sensitivity of a space charge accumulation and distribution on dielectrics behaviour even for low space charge density, depending on their location in dielectrics. Compared to the behaviour observed with implanted homocharges, when by increasing homocharges density from 0.5 C/m3 to 2 C/m3 we observe a decrease of electric field by 450%, simulation results show a highest risk of partial discharge inception when heterocharges are accumulated inside dielectrics. Their accumulation increases the electric field in triple points beyond electric field thresholds of partial discharge inception in air. The simulated electric field reaching 22 kV/mm with only 2 C/m3 of heterocharges density accumulated in dielectric/busbars interfaces.展开更多
The integration of numerous distributed energy resources and power electronic devices introduces a wide spectrum of frequency disturbances,which significantly challenge the stability of modern power systems.Therefore,...The integration of numerous distributed energy resources and power electronic devices introduces a wide spectrum of frequency disturbances,which significantly challenge the stability of modern power systems.Therefore,there is an urgent need to enhance the current monitoring level of modern power systems.This paper proposes a novel busbar current inversion scheme based on an elliptical magnetic sensor array.By establishing a simulation model,the effect of structural parameters of the elliptical array on its current measurement accuracy was analysed.The anti-interference capability of the elliptical array in complex environments such as busbar displacement and crosstalk was studied,and principles for designing array parameters under different current sensor standards were established.Experiments conducted on the proposed current sensing scheme demon-strated that the designed current array has a range of 0-150 A,with a current mea-surement error below 0.1% without external interference and not exceeding 1%during busbar displacement.Under conditions of crosstalk,the measurement accuracy achieved was class 0.5.The sensor array possesses high measurement accuracy,robust anti-interference capability,low power consumption,compact size and a noncontact nature.It exhibits significant potential for extensive application in novel business scenarios within the power system.展开更多
The busbars in high power neutral point clamped three-level inverters are modeled using the Maxwell Q3D Extractor software, which is based on the partial element equivalent circuits method. The equivalent circuits of ...The busbars in high power neutral point clamped three-level inverters are modeled using the Maxwell Q3D Extractor software, which is based on the partial element equivalent circuits method. The equivalent circuits of the busbars and devices model are simulated in the electric simulator PSlM to analyze the effects of the parasitic inductance on the switching characteristics of the integrated gate commutated thyristor （IGCT） in different topology positions. The simulation results agree well with the measured impedance analyzer results and the IGCT test results, which proves the effectiveness of the modeling method for the large, complex busbars.展开更多
Considering a variety of sampled value(SV)attacks on busbar differential protection(BDP)which poses challenges to conventional learning algorithms,an algorithm to detect SV attacks based on the immune system of negati...Considering a variety of sampled value(SV)attacks on busbar differential protection(BDP)which poses challenges to conventional learning algorithms,an algorithm to detect SV attacks based on the immune system of negative selection is developed in this paper.The healthy SV data of BDP are defined as self-data composed of spheres of the same size,whereas the SV attack data,i.e.,the nonself data,are preserved in the nonself space covered by spherical detectors of different sizes.To avoid the confusion between busbar faults and SV attacks,a self-shape optimization algorithm is introduced,and the improved self-data are verified through a power-frequency fault-component-based differential protection criterion to avoid false negatives.Based on the difficulty of boundary coverage in traditional negative selection algorithms,a self-data-driven detector generation algorithm is proposed to enhance the detector coverage.A testbed of differential protection for a 110 kV double busbar system is then established.Typical SV attacks of BDP such as amplitude and current phase tampering,fault replays,and the disconnection of the secondary circuits of current transformers are considered,and the delays of differential relay operation caused by detection algorithms are investigated.展开更多
A new international standard called IEC61850 is applied to the substation system recent years. This standard has many advantages, and it has brought a positive influence on the development of the power system. This pa...A new international standard called IEC61850 is applied to the substation system recent years. This standard has many advantages, and it has brought a positive influence on the development of the power system. This paper concentrates on the impact of IEC61850 on the busbar protection which is one of the most important parts in the electrical power system. It begins by introducing the digital substation based on IEC61850, and then a more suitable busbar protection architecture is selected by comparing the integrated busbar protection and distributed busbar protection.展开更多
Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents.If sustained for a long time,such high currents can damage system equipment.Thus,it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time.In ...Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents.If sustained for a long time,such high currents can damage system equipment.Thus,it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time.In this paper,a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protec-tion scheme(SIPS).Whenever a fault occurs,the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure.The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced.Busbar splitting elimi-nates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set(MBPS)and reduces the relay operating time,thus making it adaptive.The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions.The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP,and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.展开更多
基金Science and Technology Research Key Competitive Project of Quzhou Science and Technology Bureau(Nos.2023K266,2024K010)General Project for Cultivating Outstanding Young Teachers in Anhui Province’s Universities(2025).
文摘To address the limitations of traditional finite element methods,particularly the continuum assumption and difficulties in tracking the solid-liquid interface,this study introduces a lattice Boltzmann-based mathematical and physical model to simulate flow and heat transfer in the laser welding molten pool of tin-coated copper used in solar panel busbars(a thin strip or wire of conductive metal embedded on the surface of a solar cell to collect and conduct the electricity generated by the photovoltaic cell).The model incorporates key external forces,including surface tension,solid-liquid interface tension,and recoil pressure.A moving and rotating Gaussian-body heat source is adopted,with temperature treated as an implicit function of enthalpy.Coupled iterative schemes for the temperature and velocity fields are constructed using a dual-distribution function approach with a D3Q15 lattice structure.The model is implemented in Python,utilizing libraries such as NumPy,SciPy,Mayavi,and Matplotlib for computation and visualization.Simulation results reveal that the heat transfer mechanism in the molten pool transitions from pure conduction to conduction-convection due to surface tension effects,leading to the formation of multiple counter-rotating vortex structures.The peak temperature at the pool center reaches 3200 K,with maximum melt depth and width measured at 0.5 and 1.2 mm,respectively.Over time,both penetration depth and melt width increase,though the width exhibits a more pronounced growth.Comparison with experimental thermal cycling data from laser weld joints shows strong agreement,with a maximum error of less than 1%,validating the accuracy of the proposed method.
基金Supported by National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(2015BAF23B03)National Nature Science Foundation of China(61672307)
文摘Traditional busbar design is inefficient, costly, and error-prone because of frequent changes of requirements. This paper proposes a semantic-driven method for designing 3D busbars to solve this problem. The design process contains two main parts, namely, semantic-driven routing design and automatic routing segmentation. Semantic-driven routing design creates a relation table between electrical semantics and 3D modeling parameters, as well as helps designers create routings efficiently using electrical parameters as input. Automatic routing segmentation can convert routings into busbar segments that also include manufacturing information. Because the design operations are associated with one another, the resulting busbars can automatically be changed in real time when requirements are changed.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51407179)
文摘Because the larger metallic surrounds are heated by the eddy current, which is generated by the AC current flowing through the AC busbar in the International Thermonuclear ExperimentM Reactor （ITER） poloidal field （PF） converter system, shielding of the AC busbar is required to decrease the temperature rise of the surrounds to satisfy the design requirement. Three special types of AC busbar with natural cooling, air cooling and water cooling busbar structure have been proposed and investigated in this paper. For each cooling scheme, a 3D finite model based on the proposed structure has been developed to perform the electromagnetic and thermal analysis to predict their operation behavior. Comparing the analysis results of the three different cooling patterns, water cooling has more advantages than the other patterns and it is selected to be the thermal dissipation pattern for the AC busbar of ITER PF converter unit. The approach to qualify the suitable cooling scheme in this paper can be provided as a reference on the thermal dissipation design of AC busbar in the converter system.
基金Project(20010533009) supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
文摘Various busbar configurations were built and modeled by the custom code based on the commercial package ANSYS for the 500 kA aluminum electrolysis cell.The configuration parameters,such as side riser entry ratio,number of cathode bars connected to each riser,vertical location of side cathode busbar and short side cathode busbar,distance between rows of cells in potline,the number of neighboring cells,ratio of compensation busbar carried passing under cell and its horizontal location under cell along with large magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) computation based on the custom evaluation function were simulated and discussed.The results show that a cell with riser entry ratio of 11:9:8:9:11 and cathode busbar located at the level of aluminum solution,50% upstream cathode current passing under cell for magnetic field compensation,the distance between rows of 50 m is more stable.
文摘A new process of welding aluminum water-cooled busbars is proposed, It can not only reduce the weight and cost, but also improve the dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore~ both finite element method analysis and a prototype test testify the advantages of the design which is not limited by load current and provides a new approach for water-cooled reactors.
文摘The DC busbar is an important component for the ITER PF converter module to connect the converter and the reactor. This paper analyzes different cross-sections and different thermodynamic properties under natural-cooling and water-cooling conditions, and simulation is carried out by the software of the finite element method （FEM）. The result of the analysis shows that the water-cooling method is the better choice for the DC busbar.
文摘Electrical conductance and temperature of electric copper busbar joints were measured under different torque moments. Experimental results show that laser surface melting can increase hardness and refine structure of the copper, and it does not deteriorate electric resistance. Meanwhile, the temperature of laser treated joints under electric current is slightly lower than that of original sample. Salt spray test shows that laser treated sample has better salt spray corrosion resistance than the original sample does. The electric resistance of both laser treated and original samples are increased with salt spray time. For the same salt spray time, the electric resistance of busbar joint is decreased with increasing torque moment.
文摘Busbar differential relaying method based on combined amplitude and phase information of high frequency transient currents is put forward in this paper for the speed and reliability problems of busbar protection based on fundamental frequency. Under the analysis of features of bus high frequency differential currents, complex wavelet analysis is used to extract the amplitude and phase features of 1/4 period high frequency differential currents, and amplitude and phase information are used to form the polar coordinates. Bus fault is identified intuitively and precisely according to polar locus differences. This polar coordinates represented busbar differential protection scheme based on high frequency transient signals can not only avoid TA saturation, realizing quick protection, lots of PSCAD/EMTDC simulations also show that this busbar differential protection scheme works well under different fault conditions.
文摘Reducing greenhouse gases, saving energy resources and mass optimization require technological changes towards increasingly electric vehicles. At the same time, performance improvement of semiconductor and dielectric materials further promotes electronic components confinement, resulting in a significant increase of embedded power densities. In the particular case of future hybrid propulsion aircrafts, electrical power that intended to supply reactors would be converted through power electronics components mounted on power busbars and insulated by solid dielectrics materials. These dielectrics materials have to respond to various electrical constraints of use (HVDC), in spite of environment change of aircraft parameters such as low pressure, temperature and thermal cycles, humidity... Unfortunately, partial discharges phenomenon is the most problem within electrical insulation system (EIS). Based on a topological model of power busbars designed for power converters dedicated to hybrid aircraft, partial discharge studies were conducted by simulation in various charging conditions of a PTFE insulator. Simulation results, which focus on electric field thresholds criteria of partial discharge inception voltage in air, reveal a net sensitivity of a space charge accumulation and distribution on dielectrics behaviour even for low space charge density, depending on their location in dielectrics. Compared to the behaviour observed with implanted homocharges, when by increasing homocharges density from 0.5 C/m3 to 2 C/m3 we observe a decrease of electric field by 450%, simulation results show a highest risk of partial discharge inception when heterocharges are accumulated inside dielectrics. Their accumulation increases the electric field in triple points beyond electric field thresholds of partial discharge inception in air. The simulated electric field reaching 22 kV/mm with only 2 C/m3 of heterocharges density accumulated in dielectric/busbars interfaces.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2022YFB2402900Science and Technology Project of State Grid,Grant/Award Number:52060023001T。
文摘The integration of numerous distributed energy resources and power electronic devices introduces a wide spectrum of frequency disturbances,which significantly challenge the stability of modern power systems.Therefore,there is an urgent need to enhance the current monitoring level of modern power systems.This paper proposes a novel busbar current inversion scheme based on an elliptical magnetic sensor array.By establishing a simulation model,the effect of structural parameters of the elliptical array on its current measurement accuracy was analysed.The anti-interference capability of the elliptical array in complex environments such as busbar displacement and crosstalk was studied,and principles for designing array parameters under different current sensor standards were established.Experiments conducted on the proposed current sensing scheme demon-strated that the designed current array has a range of 0-150 A,with a current mea-surement error below 0.1% without external interference and not exceeding 1%during busbar displacement.Under conditions of crosstalk,the measurement accuracy achieved was class 0.5.The sensor array possesses high measurement accuracy,robust anti-interference capability,low power consumption,compact size and a noncontact nature.It exhibits significant potential for extensive application in novel business scenarios within the power system.
文摘The busbars in high power neutral point clamped three-level inverters are modeled using the Maxwell Q3D Extractor software, which is based on the partial element equivalent circuits method. The equivalent circuits of the busbars and devices model are simulated in the electric simulator PSlM to analyze the effects of the parasitic inductance on the switching characteristics of the integrated gate commutated thyristor （IGCT） in different topology positions. The simulation results agree well with the measured impedance analyzer results and the IGCT test results, which proves the effectiveness of the modeling method for the large, complex busbars.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51967003)Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (No.2016GXNSFBA380105)。
文摘Considering a variety of sampled value(SV)attacks on busbar differential protection(BDP)which poses challenges to conventional learning algorithms,an algorithm to detect SV attacks based on the immune system of negative selection is developed in this paper.The healthy SV data of BDP are defined as self-data composed of spheres of the same size,whereas the SV attack data,i.e.,the nonself data,are preserved in the nonself space covered by spherical detectors of different sizes.To avoid the confusion between busbar faults and SV attacks,a self-shape optimization algorithm is introduced,and the improved self-data are verified through a power-frequency fault-component-based differential protection criterion to avoid false negatives.Based on the difficulty of boundary coverage in traditional negative selection algorithms,a self-data-driven detector generation algorithm is proposed to enhance the detector coverage.A testbed of differential protection for a 110 kV double busbar system is then established.Typical SV attacks of BDP such as amplitude and current phase tampering,fault replays,and the disconnection of the secondary circuits of current transformers are considered,and the delays of differential relay operation caused by detection algorithms are investigated.
文摘A new international standard called IEC61850 is applied to the substation system recent years. This standard has many advantages, and it has brought a positive influence on the development of the power system. This paper concentrates on the impact of IEC61850 on the busbar protection which is one of the most important parts in the electrical power system. It begins by introducing the digital substation based on IEC61850, and then a more suitable busbar protection architecture is selected by comparing the integrated busbar protection and distributed busbar protection.
文摘Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents.If sustained for a long time,such high currents can damage system equipment.Thus,it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time.In this paper,a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protec-tion scheme(SIPS).Whenever a fault occurs,the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure.The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced.Busbar splitting elimi-nates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set(MBPS)and reduces the relay operating time,thus making it adaptive.The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions.The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP,and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.
