BULATS(Business Language Testing Service)剑桥职业英语测试是以计算机为依托的新一代国际性的商业语言测试系统。本文从考试界面和流程、试题和题型、反馈信息三个方面分析了BULATS测试系统的特点,对BULATS考试系统开发过程中的问题...BULATS(Business Language Testing Service)剑桥职业英语测试是以计算机为依托的新一代国际性的商业语言测试系统。本文从考试界面和流程、试题和题型、反馈信息三个方面分析了BULATS测试系统的特点,对BULATS考试系统开发过程中的问题和解决方法做出阐述,最后介绍了BULATS考试系统在研发过程中所做的信度、效度研究及其他相关研究。展开更多
名词解释: BULATS——Business Language Testing Service(剑桥职业外语水平测试)是一种与商务工作相关、快速且实用可信的语言测评服务。其特别为公司和机构而设,提供一系列与职业环境相关的语言能力标准测试,涵盖了听、说、读、写等...名词解释: BULATS——Business Language Testing Service(剑桥职业外语水平测试)是一种与商务工作相关、快速且实用可信的语言测评服务。其特别为公司和机构而设,提供一系列与职业环境相关的语言能力标准测试,涵盖了听、说、读、写等方面的技能。目前,BULATS所提供的测试语种包括:英语(由剑桥大学考试委员会组织出卷)、法语、德语和西班牙语。测试题目由ALTE(欧洲语言测试协会)成员设计。展开更多
本研究从测试任务的语言要求入手,对全国商务英语专业四级考试(Test for Business English Majors Band 4,TBEM4)、BEC和BULATS样卷的阅读部分进行了环境效度研究。语言要求包括文本的整体目的、作者与读者的关系、话语模式、功能资源...本研究从测试任务的语言要求入手,对全国商务英语专业四级考试(Test for Business English Majors Band 4,TBEM4)、BEC和BULATS样卷的阅读部分进行了环境效度研究。语言要求包括文本的整体目的、作者与读者的关系、话语模式、功能资源、语法资源、词汇资源、信息的性质、内容知识等8个类别。研究发现,TBEM4阅读的环境效度较高,具体表现为:语法难度适中;呈现的信息和概念整体上比较具体,便于考生理解;阅读的话题较多,考生比较熟悉,同时包含大量新信息。不过,分析也发现一些不足,例如:TBEM4阅读的两篇主要文章都是指示性的(传达信息);文本都来自新闻报道,仅限于说明文,说明的模式也有限;提供的语言功能资源不多;出现了少数生僻词汇,大量使用专有人名、地名、职位名等;话题可能有利于男性考生。针对以上不足,本文对如何改进TBEM4提出了一系列建议。展开更多
The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and microprobe analysis show that genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity unalloyed high-carbon steel with a high phosphorus content. It is shown that phosphorus in an amount of fr...The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and microprobe analysis show that genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity unalloyed high-carbon steel with a high phosphorus content. It is shown that phosphorus in an amount of from 0.1% to 0.2%, having a high liquation coefficient, contributes to the process of segregation of carbon in interdendritic zone in the process of crystallization. Interdendritic zone formed carbon clusters, in the process of forging transform into oblong carbides cementite. The main physical and chemical factors affecting the formation of oblong carbides are revealed. The hardness of carbide layers was determined, which was about 920 HV. The hardness of the troostite matrix was amounted about 475 HV. It is established that the cutting edge of the blade knife of Damascus steel is nothing more than a “micro-saw” consisting of parallel carbide and troostite layers. Tests are conducted on the preservation of the cutting edge sharpness of the blades knife of homogeneous structure of steel У15А (Russian) and the layered structure of genuine Damascus steel Ds15P (Indo-Persian). Found that with little effort cut (to 4 kg) ancient Damascus steel (Ds15P) shows a greater number of cuts than the modern instrument steel У15А. With an increase, force on the cutting edge from 6 kg to 12 kg carbon Tool steel is showed a more number of cutting on the 25% than in genuine Damascus steel. The fatigue crack propagation in the true Layered structure of Damascus steel Ds15P occurs for a greater number of cycles than in a homogeneous structure of the steel У15А. The blade knife of genuine Damascus steel, in terms of fatigue reliability (survivability), has almost 2 times longer service life than the blade knife of the modern carbon tool steel type У15А. It is proved that loss in cutting ability of a genuine Damascus steel compensates increased the reliability (“survivability”) of the blade knife with fatigue loads.展开更多
It is shown that the excess carbide phase in Wootz is of an unusual nature origin that differs from the excess phase of secondary cementite, ledeburite and primary cementite in iron-carbon alloys. It is revealed that ...It is shown that the excess carbide phase in Wootz is of an unusual nature origin that differs from the excess phase of secondary cementite, ledeburite and primary cementite in iron-carbon alloys. It is revealed that the morphological features of excess cementite in Wootz lie in the abnormal size of excess carbides having the shape of irregular prisms. It is discovered that the faceted angular carbides are formed within the original of metastable ledeburite, so they are called “eutectic carbides”. It was found that angular eutectic carbides in the Wootz formed during long isothermal soaking at the annealing and subsequent deformation of ledeburite structures. It is revealed that carbon takes up 2.25% in Wootz (in the region of white cast iron), while none in its structure of crushed ledeburite. It is shown that the pattern of carbide heterogeneity consists entirely of angular eutectic carbides having an irregular trigonal-prismatic morphology. It is shown that Wootz (Damascus steel) is non-alloy tool steel of ledeburite class, similar with structural characteristics of die steel of ledeburite class and high-speed steel, differing from them only in the nature of excess carbide phase.展开更多
It has been revealed that the structure of the transverse and longitudinal parts of the genuine Damascus knife of the XVIII century consists of troostite-carbide of the banding. The microhardness of the troostite laye...It has been revealed that the structure of the transverse and longitudinal parts of the genuine Damascus knife of the XVIII century consists of troostite-carbide of the banding. The microhardness of the troostite layers is 450 HV;the carbide layers reach 950 HV. It is shown that such a banding structure in hardness will have a huge impact on the formation of a naturally patterned genuine Damascus structure. It is established that the form of the main drawings of the genuine Damascus pattern consists of separate elements of the topographic contour: hollows, hills, saddles, crosses and wavy dunes. It is shown that the damask pattern is a set of individual elements of the macrostructure alternating in a disordered form on different local areas of the surface. It is established that the destruction of genuine Damascus steels occurs under the action of two or more mechanisms, during the implementation of which traces remain on the surface of the fractures in the form of relief details of a mixed type. The mechanisms of mixed destruction are a combination of intragrain cleavage, micropore fusion and intergrain cracking. It is established that in order to implement the mechanism of separation of the main crack in the direction of the chopping blow, an optimum is required in the dispersion of troostite (61.8%) and carbide (38.2%) layers in genuine Damascus steel, the ratio of their volumes obeys the golden section rule. It is established that the damask pattern, consisting of elements of sinuous lines of a topographic contour, does not significantly affect the level of mechanical properties. This factor is a category of the quality of banding structures in genuine Damascus steel.展开更多
文摘BULATS(Business Language Testing Service)剑桥职业英语测试是以计算机为依托的新一代国际性的商业语言测试系统。本文从考试界面和流程、试题和题型、反馈信息三个方面分析了BULATS测试系统的特点,对BULATS考试系统开发过程中的问题和解决方法做出阐述,最后介绍了BULATS考试系统在研发过程中所做的信度、效度研究及其他相关研究。
文摘名词解释: BULATS——Business Language Testing Service(剑桥职业外语水平测试)是一种与商务工作相关、快速且实用可信的语言测评服务。其特别为公司和机构而设,提供一系列与职业环境相关的语言能力标准测试,涵盖了听、说、读、写等方面的技能。目前,BULATS所提供的测试语种包括:英语(由剑桥大学考试委员会组织出卷)、法语、德语和西班牙语。测试题目由ALTE(欧洲语言测试协会)成员设计。
文摘本研究从测试任务的语言要求入手,对全国商务英语专业四级考试(Test for Business English Majors Band 4,TBEM4)、BEC和BULATS样卷的阅读部分进行了环境效度研究。语言要求包括文本的整体目的、作者与读者的关系、话语模式、功能资源、语法资源、词汇资源、信息的性质、内容知识等8个类别。研究发现,TBEM4阅读的环境效度较高,具体表现为:语法难度适中;呈现的信息和概念整体上比较具体,便于考生理解;阅读的话题较多,考生比较熟悉,同时包含大量新信息。不过,分析也发现一些不足,例如:TBEM4阅读的两篇主要文章都是指示性的(传达信息);文本都来自新闻报道,仅限于说明文,说明的模式也有限;提供的语言功能资源不多;出现了少数生僻词汇,大量使用专有人名、地名、职位名等;话题可能有利于男性考生。针对以上不足,本文对如何改进TBEM4提出了一系列建议。
文摘The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and microprobe analysis show that genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity unalloyed high-carbon steel with a high phosphorus content. It is shown that phosphorus in an amount of from 0.1% to 0.2%, having a high liquation coefficient, contributes to the process of segregation of carbon in interdendritic zone in the process of crystallization. Interdendritic zone formed carbon clusters, in the process of forging transform into oblong carbides cementite. The main physical and chemical factors affecting the formation of oblong carbides are revealed. The hardness of carbide layers was determined, which was about 920 HV. The hardness of the troostite matrix was amounted about 475 HV. It is established that the cutting edge of the blade knife of Damascus steel is nothing more than a “micro-saw” consisting of parallel carbide and troostite layers. Tests are conducted on the preservation of the cutting edge sharpness of the blades knife of homogeneous structure of steel У15А (Russian) and the layered structure of genuine Damascus steel Ds15P (Indo-Persian). Found that with little effort cut (to 4 kg) ancient Damascus steel (Ds15P) shows a greater number of cuts than the modern instrument steel У15А. With an increase, force on the cutting edge from 6 kg to 12 kg carbon Tool steel is showed a more number of cutting on the 25% than in genuine Damascus steel. The fatigue crack propagation in the true Layered structure of Damascus steel Ds15P occurs for a greater number of cycles than in a homogeneous structure of the steel У15А. The blade knife of genuine Damascus steel, in terms of fatigue reliability (survivability), has almost 2 times longer service life than the blade knife of the modern carbon tool steel type У15А. It is proved that loss in cutting ability of a genuine Damascus steel compensates increased the reliability (“survivability”) of the blade knife with fatigue loads.
文摘It is shown that the excess carbide phase in Wootz is of an unusual nature origin that differs from the excess phase of secondary cementite, ledeburite and primary cementite in iron-carbon alloys. It is revealed that the morphological features of excess cementite in Wootz lie in the abnormal size of excess carbides having the shape of irregular prisms. It is discovered that the faceted angular carbides are formed within the original of metastable ledeburite, so they are called “eutectic carbides”. It was found that angular eutectic carbides in the Wootz formed during long isothermal soaking at the annealing and subsequent deformation of ledeburite structures. It is revealed that carbon takes up 2.25% in Wootz (in the region of white cast iron), while none in its structure of crushed ledeburite. It is shown that the pattern of carbide heterogeneity consists entirely of angular eutectic carbides having an irregular trigonal-prismatic morphology. It is shown that Wootz (Damascus steel) is non-alloy tool steel of ledeburite class, similar with structural characteristics of die steel of ledeburite class and high-speed steel, differing from them only in the nature of excess carbide phase.
文摘It has been revealed that the structure of the transverse and longitudinal parts of the genuine Damascus knife of the XVIII century consists of troostite-carbide of the banding. The microhardness of the troostite layers is 450 HV;the carbide layers reach 950 HV. It is shown that such a banding structure in hardness will have a huge impact on the formation of a naturally patterned genuine Damascus structure. It is established that the form of the main drawings of the genuine Damascus pattern consists of separate elements of the topographic contour: hollows, hills, saddles, crosses and wavy dunes. It is shown that the damask pattern is a set of individual elements of the macrostructure alternating in a disordered form on different local areas of the surface. It is established that the destruction of genuine Damascus steels occurs under the action of two or more mechanisms, during the implementation of which traces remain on the surface of the fractures in the form of relief details of a mixed type. The mechanisms of mixed destruction are a combination of intragrain cleavage, micropore fusion and intergrain cracking. It is established that in order to implement the mechanism of separation of the main crack in the direction of the chopping blow, an optimum is required in the dispersion of troostite (61.8%) and carbide (38.2%) layers in genuine Damascus steel, the ratio of their volumes obeys the golden section rule. It is established that the damask pattern, consisting of elements of sinuous lines of a topographic contour, does not significantly affect the level of mechanical properties. This factor is a category of the quality of banding structures in genuine Damascus steel.
