The administration of drugs via the buccal route has attracted much attention in recent years.However,the development of delivery systems that adhere well in moist conditions while releasing drugs successfully across ...The administration of drugs via the buccal route has attracted much attention in recent years.However,the development of delivery systems that adhere well in moist conditions while releasing drugs successfully across the buccal mucosa remains challenging[1].Currently,the gold standard for determining buccal drug permeability is the vertical Franz diffusion cell(FDC),which is using freshly excised tissue[2].展开更多
BACKGROUND Intraoral honeybee stings are very rare.Stings by these insects occur 25%of the time in the head and neck region.In addition,a stinger intraorally can lead to persistent irritation,inflammation,and secondar...BACKGROUND Intraoral honeybee stings are very rare.Stings by these insects occur 25%of the time in the head and neck region.In addition,a stinger intraorally can lead to persistent irritation,inflammation,and secondary infections if not promptly excised.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 52-year-old female patient who was stung in her mouth by a honeybee,causing a local irritation.The patient presented with a one-month history of pain,swelling,and redness in the left buccal mucosa.Inadvertently retained,the stinger was discovered during a clinical evaluation following initial treatment for facial swelling and erythema.After the stinger was removed,the patient’s symptoms resolved without complications.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of thorough examination and prompt management of insect stings to prevent prolonged discomfort and potential complications.展开更多
Objective:To present the surgical technique of robotic buccal ureteroplasty for strictures after laser lithotripsy and its outcomes.Methods:This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Urology,Apollo ...Objective:To present the surgical technique of robotic buccal ureteroplasty for strictures after laser lithotripsy and its outcomes.Methods:This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Urology,Apollo Hospitals,Chennai,India from October 2012 to October 2022.Indications for surgery included worsening hydronephrosis,declining renal function,and recurrent urinary tract infections with obstruction.Apart from liberal exposure of the stricture,we stress upon use of indocyanine green to assess vascularity and quilting of the graft to bare area of the psoas muscle to increase graft vascularity.Results:Among the 15 patients,ureteropelvic junction strictures were observed in eight(53%),while five(33%)had proximal ureteric strictures,and two(13%)had mid-ureteral strictures.Notably,eight of the 15 patients(53%)had previous unsuccessful double-J stenting.The median stricture length was 3.5(range:2.0–5.0)cm,with a mean operative time of 167(range:126–214)min and estimated blood loss of 60(range:40–100)mL.After a median follow-up of 12(range:4–32)months,13 out of the 15 patients(87%)showed significant improvement in their follow-up functional scans.Conclusion:Robotic buccal ureteroplasty is a very effective technique for the management of laser-induced ureteral strictures with good long-term results and minimal morbidity.The results are comparable irrespective of previous failed stenting.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore the short-term and long-term efficacy of buccal acupuncture therapy in the treatment of patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).METHODS:A total of 90 patients with PD who were admitted to the Secon...OBJECTIVE:To explore the short-term and long-term efficacy of buccal acupuncture therapy in the treatment of patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).METHODS:A total of 90 patients with PD who were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2020 to December 2021 were included in this study and randomly divided into three groups,including the observation group,the control group,and the placebo group,with 30 patients in each group.Patients in the observation group were treated according to the syndrome types of Traditional Chinese Medicine,those in the control group were treated with Saridon,and those in the placebo group received a placebo.The visual analog scale(VAS)scores of these patients were evaluated at different time points(before treatment,5 min after needle retention,30 min after needle retention,1 h after treatment,2 h after treatment,1 d after treatment,and 2 d after treatment).The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale(CMSS)scores were assessed before the treatment and after three courses of treatment.Besides,these two scales were also evaluated during follow-up.Moreover,the pain score and adverse reactions of these patients were assessed during treatment.RESULTS:After treatment,the VAS and CMSS scores in the observation group decreased significantly(P<0.05)5 and 30 min after needle retention and after treatment.CONCLUSION:Buccal acupuncture therapy is verified to have short-term efficacy in the treatment of PD.In addition,this therapy has an immediate analgesic effect and long-term efficacy in reducing the severity and frequency of PD.展开更多
Objective:Secondary pyeloplasty for recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions may be a safe and feasible surgical option for patients.This study aimed to demonstrate outcomes of utilizing a non-transecting buccal ...Objective:Secondary pyeloplasty for recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions may be a safe and feasible surgical option for patients.This study aimed to demonstrate outcomes of utilizing a non-transecting buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after prior failed pyeloplasty.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of our Collaborative of Reconstructive Robotic Ureteral Surgery database for all consecutive patients who underwent buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty between April 2012 and June 2022 for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions after prior failed pyeloplasty.The primary outcome included surgical success which was defined as the absence of flank pain and no obstruction on imaging.Results:Overall,ten patients were included in our analysis.The median stricture length was 2.5(interquartile range[IQR]1.8-4.0)cm.The median operative time was 230.5(IQR 199.5-287.0)min and median estimated blood loss was 50.0(IQR 28.8-102.5)mL.At a median follow-up of 10.3(IQR 6.2-14.8)months,80%of patients were surgically successful and there were no major(ClavieneDindo Grade>2)complications.Conclusion:Buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty is a valuable non-transecting surgical option for patients with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions who failed prior pyeloplasty and has comparable outcomes to the literature regarding standard transecting techniques.展开更多
Objective:Female urethral stricture (FUS) accounts for about 4%–13% of cases of female bladder outlet obstruction. FUS was and is still managed by repeated dilatations and/or direct visual internal urethrotomy. There...Objective:Female urethral stricture (FUS) accounts for about 4%–13% of cases of female bladder outlet obstruction. FUS was and is still managed by repeated dilatations and/or direct visual internal urethrotomy. There are many alternative options for reconstruction like buccal or vaginal mucosal graft urethroplasty. Our aim was to describe the technique of dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty for FUS and present the outcomes.Methods:Between January 2014 and December 2021, 37 patients who underwent dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty were included in the study. Their pre-operative diagnosis was confirmed with uroflowmetry, micturating cystourethrogram, urethral calibration, and on table cystoscopy. Bladder catheter was removed after 2 weeks. Patients were followed up at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and then annually with urine analysis, uroflowmetry, and post-void residual assessment. We defined success as a maximum flow rate (Q_(max)) above 15 mL/s without the need for an additional instrumentation.Results:The mean age of patients was 47.8 (standard deviation [SD] 11.3) years. Twenty patients had previously undergone urethral dilatations. The mean pre-operative Q_(max) was 7.79 (SD 3.73) mL/s. However, the mean Q_(max) improved to 23.20 (SD 8.25) mL/s after surgery. The mean post-void residual urine after surgery was 30.50 (SD 10.70) mL. This reduced from a mean value of 139.00 (SD 147.24) mL before surgery. The mean follow-up was 30.2 (SD 18.3, range 18–44) months. There was no post-operative incontinence. There were Clavien–Dindo Grade 1 complications in 6 out of 37 (16.2 %) patients during hospital stay. The only long-term complication was recurrence of stricture in 4 (10.8%) patients.Conclusion:Dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty in females is a safe, effective technique which can avoid repeated painful dilatations and multiple urethrotomies. One should always consider reconstruction in FUS without any fear of incontinence.展开更多
To evaluate the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the absorption of insulin in the buccal mucosa, the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method was used to estimate the degradation of insulin under different conditions in the ...To evaluate the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the absorption of insulin in the buccal mucosa, the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method was used to estimate the degradation of insulin under different conditions in the buccal mucosal homogenates. In vivo experiments estimating the enhancement of hypoglycaemic effect by enzyme inhibitors were also conducted. The results showed that proteolytic enzymes in the buccal mucosa were less active than in the intestine. Bacitracin, aprotinin and sodium deoxycholate could inhibit the degradation of insulin in the buccal mucosal homogenates. The degradation of insulin in buccal mucosal homogenates of normal hamsters was smaller than that of diabetic hamsters. In vivo experiments of hypoglycaemia supported the in vitro results. When given buccally, bacitracin, aprotinin and sodium deoxycholate could increase the relative pharmacological bioavailability of insulin. When co-administered with aprotinin(0.1%), bacitracin(0.5%) and sodium deoxycholate(5%), the relative pharmacological bioavailabilities of insulin were 4.84%, 6.60% and 14.95% respectively. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that proteolytic enzymes are present in the buccal mucosa, which limit absorption of insulin. Co-administration with some enzyme inhibitors can improve the bioavailability of insulin via buccal delivery and sodium deoxycholte is more efficient than some enzyme inhibitors used for improving buccal absorption.展开更多
Aim： To report the experience with single stage dorsal inlay buccal mucosal grafts using the Snodgrass technique for complex redo cases. Methods： From May 2004 to December 2005, a total of 53 patients aged from 3 to...Aim： To report the experience with single stage dorsal inlay buccal mucosal grafts using the Snodgrass technique for complex redo cases. Methods： From May 2004 to December 2005, a total of 53 patients aged from 3 to 34 years old （average 11.62 ± 7.18 years） with failed previous hypospadias surgery were included in the present study. Indications included urethral strictures and repair breakdown. The unhealthy urethra was unroofed from the meatus in the ventral midline, a buccal mucosal graft was inlayed between the incised urethral plate and fixed to the corpora cavernosa. The neourethra was tubularized, and covered with subcutaneous （dartos） tissue and penile skin. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. Outcome analysis included clinical follow-up, and endoscopy in 2 selected cases. Results： The buccal mucosal graft was 3.0-7.5 cm in length and 0.7-2.0 cm in width. All patients required glanuloplasty, with buccal mucosal grafts extended to the tip of the glans. After a follow-up of 14-30 months （mean 22.6 months）, the total complication rate was 15.1%, with five cases of fistula and three cases of stricture. Conclusion： Inlaying dorsal buccal mucosal grafts applying the Snodgrass technique is a reliable method for creating a substitute urethral plate for tubularization. The recurrent rate of urethral stricture and fistula is at an acceptable level for redo cases. This approach represents an effective, simple and safe option for reoperations.展开更多
Aim To investigate the role of the Chinese herbal medicine Xianhuayin on the reversal of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene （DMBA）-induced premalignant mucosal lesions in the oral buccal pouch of golden hamsters. Method...Aim To investigate the role of the Chinese herbal medicine Xianhuayin on the reversal of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene （DMBA）-induced premalignant mucosal lesions in the oral buccal pouch of golden hamsters. Methodology The animals were randomly divided into a non-diseased control group （n=5） and an experimental group including 50 animals in which the buccal mucosa had been painted with DMBA （0.5% in acetone） to generate an oral mucosa premalignant lesion. Animals in the experi- mental group were further divided into Xianhuayin-treated group （n=30）, untreated prem＇alignant lesion group （n=10） and normal saline （NS）-treated group （n=10）. The cheek （buccal） pouch mucosa of the golden hamsters in each group was observed with light and electron microscopy eight weeks after intragastric administration with NS or Xianhuayin. Results In the non-diseased control group, the buccal mucosa was keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium under a light microscope. In the untreated premalignant lesion group, variable degrees of epithelial dysplasia was observed. The irregular epithelial mucosa gradually became distinct in the Xianhuayin-treated group. Scanning electronic microscopic （SEM） analysis showed that surface of the cells exhibited honeycomb structures in the hamster of untreated- group. The cells were morphologically irregular, overlapped and loosened in the untreated premalignant lesion group. Most of the cell surface exhibited honeycomb structure in the Xianhuayin-treated group. Transmission electronic micro- scopic （TEM） analysis showed that buccal mucosal epithelial cells were morphologically regular in the non-diseased control group. Desmosomes and tonofibrils were reduced and the nucleus was morphologically irregular in the untreated premalignant lesion group. In the Xianhuayin-treated group, the widening intercellular gap was gradually reduced, desmosomes and the cells becoming morphologically regular. No significant difference was observed between the hamsters in NS-treated group and those in the untreated premalignant lesion group. Significant therapeutic efficacy was observed in the group receiving Xianhuayin. Conclusion Xianhuayin is effective in the reversal of DMBA-induced premalignant lesions in the buccal pouch of golden hamsters.展开更多
Objective:To achieve transbuccal release of carbamazepine by loading in unidirectional release mucoadhesive buccal patches.Methods:Buccal patches of carbamazepine with unidirectional drug release were prepared using h...Objective:To achieve transbuccal release of carbamazepine by loading in unidirectional release mucoadhesive buccal patches.Methods:Buccal patches of carbamazepine with unidirectional drug release were prepared using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose by solvent casting method.Water impermeable backing layer(Pidilite?Biaxially-oriented polypropylene film)of patches provided unidirectional drug release.They were evaluated for thickness,mass uniformity,surface pH and folding endurance.Six formulations FA2,FA8,FA10,FBI,FB14 and FB16(folding endurance above 250)were evaluated further for swelling studies,ex vivo mucoadhesive strength,ex vivo mucoadhesion time,in vitro drug release,ex vivo permeation,accelerated stability studies and FTIR and XRD spectral studies.Results:The ex vivo mucoadhesion time of patches ranged between 109 min(FA10)to 126 min(FB14).The ex vivo mucoadhesive force was in the range of 0.278 lo 0.479 kg/m/s.The in vitro drug release studies revealed that formulation FA8 released 84%and FB16 released 99.01%of drug in140 min.Conclusions:The prepared unidirectional buccal patches of carbamazepine provided a maximum drug release within specified mucoadhesion period and it indicates a potential alternative drug delivery system for systemic denvery of carbamazepine.展开更多
The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)/polycarbophil(PC) mucoadhesive blend films saturated with propranolol hydrochloride(PNL)-loaded nanoparticles to improve perm...The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)/polycarbophil(PC) mucoadhesive blend films saturated with propranolol hydrochloride(PNL)-loaded nanoparticles to improve permeability of drugs that undergo firstpass metabolism. An ionic cross-linking method and film casting technique was used to prepare nanoparticles and mucoadhesive blend films, respectively. Increasing concentrations of PNL(70, 80, 90 mg/film) in HPMC/PC blend films containing PNL-loaded nanoparticles(PN-films) and HPMC/PC blend films containing PNL(80 mg/film) without nanoparticles(PPfilms) were prepared to test swelling, mucoadhesiveness, release, permeation and physicochemical properties. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) images showed a partially smooth surface with a wrinkled occurrence and spherically shaped, well-dispersed nanoparticles on the surface of PN-films containing PNL 80 mg/film(PN-films-80). The size of the nanoparticles on the surface of PN-films-80 was around 100 nm, which was similar to the nanoparticle size observed using light scattering technique. The swelling index(SI)of all PN-films and PP-films increased greatly in the first period time(10–20 min) and reached swelling equilibrium at 20 min and 30 min, respectively. For the PN-films, the concentration of PNL influenced the mucoadhesive properties and tended to be higher when the amount of PNL increased. Immediate release of all blend film formulations was found in early time points(10–30 min). After 120 min, the release of PN-films-70 was lower than the other PNfilms. Permeation studies using porcine buccal mucosa showed that inclusion of nanoparticles in the films increased the permeability of PNL compared to PP-films. Therefore, buccal administration of mucoadhesive blend films containing PNL-loaded nanoparticles could be a promising approach for drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism.展开更多
Mucoadhesion can be defined as a state in which two components, of which one is of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time by the help of interfacial forces. Among the various transmucosal ro...Mucoadhesion can be defined as a state in which two components, of which one is of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time by the help of interfacial forces. Among the various transmucosal routes, buccal mucosa has excellent accessibility and relatively immobile mucosa, hence suitable for administration of retentive dosage form. The objective of this paper is to review the works done so far in the field of mucoadhe- sire buccal drug delivery systems （MBDDS）, with a clinical perspective. Starting with a brief introduction of the mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, oral mucosa, and the theories of mucoadhesion, this article then proceeds to cover the works done so far in the field of MBDDS, categorizing them on the basis of ailments they are meant to cure. Additionally, we focus on the various patents, recent advancements, and challenges as well as the future prospects for mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems.展开更多
Tubularized graft urethroplasty fails largely because of in adequate graft take. Prefabricati on of buccal mucosa lined flap has theoretical in dications for con structi ng neourethra with an in depe ndent blood suppl...Tubularized graft urethroplasty fails largely because of in adequate graft take. Prefabricati on of buccal mucosa lined flap has theoretical in dications for con structi ng neourethra with an in depe ndent blood supply. The efficacy of using a tissue expander capsule as an in duced vascular bed to prefabricate an axial vascularized buccal mucosa-lined flap for tubularized urethral rec on struction in a rabbit model was tested. The experiments were performed in three stages. First, silicone tissue expanders were inserted into the groin to induce vascularized capsule pouch formation. Next, buccal mucosa grafts were transplanted to the newly formed capsular tissue supplied by the axial vessel for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication. Then, circumferential urethral defects were created and repaired by buccal mucosa graft (Group 1), capsule flap (Group 2) and prefabricated capsule buccal mucosa composite flap (Group 3). With retrograde urethrography, no rabbits in Group 1 maintained a wide urethral caliber. In Group 2, the discontinued epithelial layer rege nerated at 1 month, and the con structed n eourethra narrowed eve n though the lume n surface formed in tact urothelial cells at 3 months. In Group 3, buccal mucosa formed the lining in the neourethra and kept a wide urethral caliber for 3 mon ths. The capsule may serve as an in duced vascular bed for buccal mucosa-li ned flap prefabricati on. The prefabricated buccal mucosa-lined flap may serve as a neourethra flap for circumferential urethral replacement.展开更多
Introduction: The presence of a recurrent proximal penile hypospadius represents a surgical challenge to the urologist due to the presence of excessive scarring and fibrosis of the tissues. This problem is more pronou...Introduction: The presence of a recurrent proximal penile hypospadius represents a surgical challenge to the urologist due to the presence of excessive scarring and fibrosis of the tissues. This problem is more pronounced in circumcised patients, in whom there is no enough skin for one stage procedures. Buccal mucosal grafts represent a good surgical option. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of two stages buccal mucosal urethroplasty in pediatric & adolescent patients, presenting with recurrent proximal penile hypospadias who are circumcised. Methods: Thirty seven pediatric & adolescent patients underwent two stages buccal mucosal urethroplasty for recurrent proximal penile hypospadius. In all cases the buccal graft was placed dorsally followed by the second stage closure after 6 months. Results: The mean age was 17.7 (14-20) years. With a mean follow-up of 28.3 months, 33 patients (89.2%) had a final successful outcome. Of the 4 cases that were considered as failure, 3 patients (8.1%) developed urethra-cutaneous fistula that required closure after 3 months. The remaining patient developed meatal stenosis. Conclusion: Although buccal mucosal urethroplasty is a two staged procedure, it is feasible option for pediatric & adolescent patients presenting with recurrent proximal penile hypospadius, who had no skin available for penile flaps, with a success rate approaching 89.2%.展开更多
Orthognathic surgery involves correction of functional and often esthetic disharmonies. The purpose of this case report is topresent the case of a 22 years-old female with class III dentofacial deformity that required...Orthognathic surgery involves correction of functional and often esthetic disharmonies. The purpose of this case report is topresent the case of a 22 years-old female with class III dentofacial deformity that required orthognathic surgery to treat hermalocclusion and buccal fat pad excision for optimizing soft-tissue facial contour. Treatment planning involved a counterclockwiserotation of the maxilomandibular complex with genioplasty based on digital 3D surgical planning using the Dolphin Imaging 11.7 3DPremium software. Prototyping splints allowed surgical procedures （bilateral sagital mandibular osteotomy associated to a Le fort Iosteotomy） that corrected position of the gnathic bones. In the same surgical procedure, the buccal fat pad was partially removed for asharp cheek contour giving a slimmer appearance to her face. After 5 months, the patient was reassessed and reported no complaintsregarding esthetics or function. This case illustrates that a combination oforthognathic surgery and an esthetic procedure can result in astable and harmonious facial as well as occlusal outcomes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the surface architecture of the asymmetrical buccal cavity of Solea solea which are considered one of the most important predators in benthic communities.Methods:Adult Solea solea were obtaine...Objective:To investigate the surface architecture of the asymmetrical buccal cavity of Solea solea which are considered one of the most important predators in benthic communities.Methods:Adult Solea solea were obtained from Mediterranean Sea near Damielta.The heads were removed and processed for scanning electron microscopy.Its buccal cavity is asymmetrical and divided into roof and floor and the tongue for histological studies.Results:The buccal cavity roof is formed from upper jaw,velum and the palate.The upper jaw has several wing like processes with teeth arranged in several rows which may help in cutting and pushing the food to the entrance of the digestive canal while the floor is formed from the lower jaw and the tongue.The tongue is divided into apex,body and root.There is a gradual decrease of goblet cells in the tongue from anterior to posterior.These goblet cells function in protection of the epithelium.CoDctusions:Teeth in the floor of the buccal cavity and taste buds can be considered adaptive changes of the oral cavity related to the feeding habits and was a source to identify new and better methods of nutrition in aquaculture of Solea solea.展开更多
Objective:To examine the effect of isopod parasite Catoessa boscii(C.boscii)on Carangoides malabaricus(C.malabaricus).Methods:The host fish C.malabaricus infested by C.boscii were collected directly from the trawlers ...Objective:To examine the effect of isopod parasite Catoessa boscii(C.boscii)on Carangoides malabaricus(C.malabaricus).Methods:The host fish C.malabaricus infested by C.boscii were collected directly from the trawlers landed at Parangipettai coast during December 2008 to November2009.Data regarding the total length,width,weight and sex of the host fish were recorded.Effect of infestation on C.malabaricus,the length and weight data were analysed and host specificity of isopods was also examined.Results:During the sampling period,585 C.malabaricus were examined.Among them,218 specimens were found to carry 243 parasites.Three pairs of isopods(one male with one female)were recorded from the host fish and each pair was attached to the tongue in the buccal cavity of the host.Another pair was also found where the male and male,female and female isopod had settled on the tongue in the buccal cavity.Gross lesions observed in the buccal cavity of infested fish showed small pin-holes in the tongue region,through which dactyls of pereopod's penetrating claws dig into the host tissues.The maximum weight loss was reported in females(5.43%)than in males(3.75%)of C.malabaricus.Due to infestation of different isopod parasites in both male and female fish,the effects on the length-weight relationship of C.malabaricus were compared.The rate of increased growth in weight in uninfested female fish was found to be higher than that of the infested.The weight gain is faster in uninfested fish than in the infested fish.Conclusions:From the above mentioned observations,it is clear that the worst of fish on account of the infestation of isopods are the C.malabaricus succumbed to the attack of isopod parasites.Although,the infestation did not cause immediate death,it had affected the normal growth of the host fish.展开更多
Surgical repair of complex posterior urethral disruptions remains one of the most challenging problems in urology.The efficacy of using a tissue expander capsule as an induced vascular bed to prefabricate axial vascul...Surgical repair of complex posterior urethral disruptions remains one of the most challenging problems in urology.The efficacy of using a tissue expander capsule as an induced vascular bed to prefabricate axial vascularized buccal mucosa-lined flaps for tubularized posterior urethral reconstruction in a rabbit model was tested.The experiments were performed in three stages.First,silicone tissue expanders were inserted into the groin to induce vascularized capsule pouch formation.Next,buccal mucosa grafts were transplanted into the newly formed capsular tissue supplied by axial vessels for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication.Then,circumferential posterior urethral defects were created and repaired with the buccal mucosa graft(Group 1),the capsule flap(Group 2),and the prefabricated capsule buccal mucosa composite flap(Group 3).After surgery,notable contracture of the tubularized buccal mucosa graft was observed in the neourethra,and none of the rabbits in Group 1 maintained a wide urethral caliber.In Group 2,the retrieved neourethra showed little evidence of epithelial lining during the study period,and the lumen caliber was narrowed at the 3-month evaluation.In Group 3,the buccal mucosa formed the lining in the neourethra and maintained a wide urethral caliber for 3 months.The capsule may serve as an induced vascular bed for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication.The prefabricated buccal mucosa-lined flap may serve as a neourethra flap for posterior urethral replacement.展开更多
Pectin is a biopolymer that has numerous useful purposes in food and beverage industry, cosmetic products and pharmaceutical fields. One of the important properties of pectin is its bioadhesive properties. Native pect...Pectin is a biopolymer that has numerous useful purposes in food and beverage industry, cosmetic products and pharmaceutical fields. One of the important properties of pectin is its bioadhesive properties. Native pectin provides fair bioadhesive properties that can be improved by modification of pectin structure. The immobilization of thiol groups on polymer can significantly improve the bioadhesive properties due to in situ cross-linking between thiol groups of polymer and mucin [1].展开更多
文摘The administration of drugs via the buccal route has attracted much attention in recent years.However,the development of delivery systems that adhere well in moist conditions while releasing drugs successfully across the buccal mucosa remains challenging[1].Currently,the gold standard for determining buccal drug permeability is the vertical Franz diffusion cell(FDC),which is using freshly excised tissue[2].
文摘BACKGROUND Intraoral honeybee stings are very rare.Stings by these insects occur 25%of the time in the head and neck region.In addition,a stinger intraorally can lead to persistent irritation,inflammation,and secondary infections if not promptly excised.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 52-year-old female patient who was stung in her mouth by a honeybee,causing a local irritation.The patient presented with a one-month history of pain,swelling,and redness in the left buccal mucosa.Inadvertently retained,the stinger was discovered during a clinical evaluation following initial treatment for facial swelling and erythema.After the stinger was removed,the patient’s symptoms resolved without complications.CONCLUSION This case emphasizes the importance of thorough examination and prompt management of insect stings to prevent prolonged discomfort and potential complications.
文摘Objective:To present the surgical technique of robotic buccal ureteroplasty for strictures after laser lithotripsy and its outcomes.Methods:This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Urology,Apollo Hospitals,Chennai,India from October 2012 to October 2022.Indications for surgery included worsening hydronephrosis,declining renal function,and recurrent urinary tract infections with obstruction.Apart from liberal exposure of the stricture,we stress upon use of indocyanine green to assess vascularity and quilting of the graft to bare area of the psoas muscle to increase graft vascularity.Results:Among the 15 patients,ureteropelvic junction strictures were observed in eight(53%),while five(33%)had proximal ureteric strictures,and two(13%)had mid-ureteral strictures.Notably,eight of the 15 patients(53%)had previous unsuccessful double-J stenting.The median stricture length was 3.5(range:2.0–5.0)cm,with a mean operative time of 167(range:126–214)min and estimated blood loss of 60(range:40–100)mL.After a median follow-up of 12(range:4–32)months,13 out of the 15 patients(87%)showed significant improvement in their follow-up functional scans.Conclusion:Robotic buccal ureteroplasty is a very effective technique for the management of laser-induced ureteral strictures with good long-term results and minimal morbidity.The results are comparable irrespective of previous failed stenting.
基金Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Plan:Mechanism Study and Clinical Application of Cheek Acupuncture in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea(No.2020ZB113)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To explore the short-term and long-term efficacy of buccal acupuncture therapy in the treatment of patients with primary dysmenorrhea(PD).METHODS:A total of 90 patients with PD who were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2020 to December 2021 were included in this study and randomly divided into three groups,including the observation group,the control group,and the placebo group,with 30 patients in each group.Patients in the observation group were treated according to the syndrome types of Traditional Chinese Medicine,those in the control group were treated with Saridon,and those in the placebo group received a placebo.The visual analog scale(VAS)scores of these patients were evaluated at different time points(before treatment,5 min after needle retention,30 min after needle retention,1 h after treatment,2 h after treatment,1 d after treatment,and 2 d after treatment).The Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale(CMSS)scores were assessed before the treatment and after three courses of treatment.Besides,these two scales were also evaluated during follow-up.Moreover,the pain score and adverse reactions of these patients were assessed during treatment.RESULTS:After treatment,the VAS and CMSS scores in the observation group decreased significantly(P<0.05)5 and 30 min after needle retention and after treatment.CONCLUSION:Buccal acupuncture therapy is verified to have short-term efficacy in the treatment of PD.In addition,this therapy has an immediate analgesic effect and long-term efficacy in reducing the severity and frequency of PD.
文摘Objective:Secondary pyeloplasty for recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions may be a safe and feasible surgical option for patients.This study aimed to demonstrate outcomes of utilizing a non-transecting buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction after prior failed pyeloplasty.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of our Collaborative of Reconstructive Robotic Ureteral Surgery database for all consecutive patients who underwent buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty between April 2012 and June 2022 for management of recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions after prior failed pyeloplasty.The primary outcome included surgical success which was defined as the absence of flank pain and no obstruction on imaging.Results:Overall,ten patients were included in our analysis.The median stricture length was 2.5(interquartile range[IQR]1.8-4.0)cm.The median operative time was 230.5(IQR 199.5-287.0)min and median estimated blood loss was 50.0(IQR 28.8-102.5)mL.At a median follow-up of 10.3(IQR 6.2-14.8)months,80%of patients were surgically successful and there were no major(ClavieneDindo Grade>2)complications.Conclusion:Buccal mucosa graft ureteroplasty is a valuable non-transecting surgical option for patients with recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstructions who failed prior pyeloplasty and has comparable outcomes to the literature regarding standard transecting techniques.
文摘Objective:Female urethral stricture (FUS) accounts for about 4%–13% of cases of female bladder outlet obstruction. FUS was and is still managed by repeated dilatations and/or direct visual internal urethrotomy. There are many alternative options for reconstruction like buccal or vaginal mucosal graft urethroplasty. Our aim was to describe the technique of dorsal onlay buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty for FUS and present the outcomes.Methods:Between January 2014 and December 2021, 37 patients who underwent dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty were included in the study. Their pre-operative diagnosis was confirmed with uroflowmetry, micturating cystourethrogram, urethral calibration, and on table cystoscopy. Bladder catheter was removed after 2 weeks. Patients were followed up at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and then annually with urine analysis, uroflowmetry, and post-void residual assessment. We defined success as a maximum flow rate (Q_(max)) above 15 mL/s without the need for an additional instrumentation.Results:The mean age of patients was 47.8 (standard deviation [SD] 11.3) years. Twenty patients had previously undergone urethral dilatations. The mean pre-operative Q_(max) was 7.79 (SD 3.73) mL/s. However, the mean Q_(max) improved to 23.20 (SD 8.25) mL/s after surgery. The mean post-void residual urine after surgery was 30.50 (SD 10.70) mL. This reduced from a mean value of 139.00 (SD 147.24) mL before surgery. The mean follow-up was 30.2 (SD 18.3, range 18–44) months. There was no post-operative incontinence. There were Clavien–Dindo Grade 1 complications in 6 out of 37 (16.2 %) patients during hospital stay. The only long-term complication was recurrence of stricture in 4 (10.8%) patients.Conclusion:Dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty in females is a safe, effective technique which can avoid repeated painful dilatations and multiple urethrotomies. One should always consider reconstruction in FUS without any fear of incontinence.
文摘To evaluate the effect of proteolytic enzymes on the absorption of insulin in the buccal mucosa, the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method was used to estimate the degradation of insulin under different conditions in the buccal mucosal homogenates. In vivo experiments estimating the enhancement of hypoglycaemic effect by enzyme inhibitors were also conducted. The results showed that proteolytic enzymes in the buccal mucosa were less active than in the intestine. Bacitracin, aprotinin and sodium deoxycholate could inhibit the degradation of insulin in the buccal mucosal homogenates. The degradation of insulin in buccal mucosal homogenates of normal hamsters was smaller than that of diabetic hamsters. In vivo experiments of hypoglycaemia supported the in vitro results. When given buccally, bacitracin, aprotinin and sodium deoxycholate could increase the relative pharmacological bioavailability of insulin. When co-administered with aprotinin(0.1%), bacitracin(0.5%) and sodium deoxycholate(5%), the relative pharmacological bioavailabilities of insulin were 4.84%, 6.60% and 14.95% respectively. The in vitro and in vivo results suggest that proteolytic enzymes are present in the buccal mucosa, which limit absorption of insulin. Co-administration with some enzyme inhibitors can improve the bioavailability of insulin via buccal delivery and sodium deoxycholte is more efficient than some enzyme inhibitors used for improving buccal absorption.
文摘Aim： To report the experience with single stage dorsal inlay buccal mucosal grafts using the Snodgrass technique for complex redo cases. Methods： From May 2004 to December 2005, a total of 53 patients aged from 3 to 34 years old （average 11.62 ± 7.18 years） with failed previous hypospadias surgery were included in the present study. Indications included urethral strictures and repair breakdown. The unhealthy urethra was unroofed from the meatus in the ventral midline, a buccal mucosal graft was inlayed between the incised urethral plate and fixed to the corpora cavernosa. The neourethra was tubularized, and covered with subcutaneous （dartos） tissue and penile skin. Glanuloplasty was also performed in all cases. Outcome analysis included clinical follow-up, and endoscopy in 2 selected cases. Results： The buccal mucosal graft was 3.0-7.5 cm in length and 0.7-2.0 cm in width. All patients required glanuloplasty, with buccal mucosal grafts extended to the tip of the glans. After a follow-up of 14-30 months （mean 22.6 months）, the total complication rate was 15.1%, with five cases of fistula and three cases of stricture. Conclusion： Inlaying dorsal buccal mucosal grafts applying the Snodgrass technique is a reliable method for creating a substitute urethral plate for tubularization. The recurrent rate of urethral stricture and fistula is at an acceptable level for redo cases. This approach represents an effective, simple and safe option for reoperations.
基金supported by grants from the highly distinguished Oncology Subject Foundation of Colleges in Hebei Province
文摘Aim To investigate the role of the Chinese herbal medicine Xianhuayin on the reversal of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene （DMBA）-induced premalignant mucosal lesions in the oral buccal pouch of golden hamsters. Methodology The animals were randomly divided into a non-diseased control group （n=5） and an experimental group including 50 animals in which the buccal mucosa had been painted with DMBA （0.5% in acetone） to generate an oral mucosa premalignant lesion. Animals in the experi- mental group were further divided into Xianhuayin-treated group （n=30）, untreated prem＇alignant lesion group （n=10） and normal saline （NS）-treated group （n=10）. The cheek （buccal） pouch mucosa of the golden hamsters in each group was observed with light and electron microscopy eight weeks after intragastric administration with NS or Xianhuayin. Results In the non-diseased control group, the buccal mucosa was keratinized and stratified squamous epithelium under a light microscope. In the untreated premalignant lesion group, variable degrees of epithelial dysplasia was observed. The irregular epithelial mucosa gradually became distinct in the Xianhuayin-treated group. Scanning electronic microscopic （SEM） analysis showed that surface of the cells exhibited honeycomb structures in the hamster of untreated- group. The cells were morphologically irregular, overlapped and loosened in the untreated premalignant lesion group. Most of the cell surface exhibited honeycomb structure in the Xianhuayin-treated group. Transmission electronic micro- scopic （TEM） analysis showed that buccal mucosal epithelial cells were morphologically regular in the non-diseased control group. Desmosomes and tonofibrils were reduced and the nucleus was morphologically irregular in the untreated premalignant lesion group. In the Xianhuayin-treated group, the widening intercellular gap was gradually reduced, desmosomes and the cells becoming morphologically regular. No significant difference was observed between the hamsters in NS-treated group and those in the untreated premalignant lesion group. Significant therapeutic efficacy was observed in the group receiving Xianhuayin. Conclusion Xianhuayin is effective in the reversal of DMBA-induced premalignant lesions in the buccal pouch of golden hamsters.
基金supported by RR college of Pharmacy affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,Bangalore,India(Grant No.RRCP\PCEUTICS\IHR&D\231)
文摘Objective:To achieve transbuccal release of carbamazepine by loading in unidirectional release mucoadhesive buccal patches.Methods:Buccal patches of carbamazepine with unidirectional drug release were prepared using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,polyvinyl alcohol,polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ethyl cellulose by solvent casting method.Water impermeable backing layer(Pidilite?Biaxially-oriented polypropylene film)of patches provided unidirectional drug release.They were evaluated for thickness,mass uniformity,surface pH and folding endurance.Six formulations FA2,FA8,FA10,FBI,FB14 and FB16(folding endurance above 250)were evaluated further for swelling studies,ex vivo mucoadhesive strength,ex vivo mucoadhesion time,in vitro drug release,ex vivo permeation,accelerated stability studies and FTIR and XRD spectral studies.Results:The ex vivo mucoadhesion time of patches ranged between 109 min(FA10)to 126 min(FB14).The ex vivo mucoadhesive force was in the range of 0.278 lo 0.479 kg/m/s.The in vitro drug release studies revealed that formulation FA8 released 84%and FB16 released 99.01%of drug in140 min.Conclusions:The prepared unidirectional buccal patches of carbamazepine provided a maximum drug release within specified mucoadhesion period and it indicates a potential alternative drug delivery system for systemic denvery of carbamazepine.
基金the financial support provided by Thammasat University under the TU Research Scholar,Contract No.TP 2/68/2556
文摘The aims of this study were to prepare and characterize hydroxypropyl methylcellulose(HPMC)/polycarbophil(PC) mucoadhesive blend films saturated with propranolol hydrochloride(PNL)-loaded nanoparticles to improve permeability of drugs that undergo firstpass metabolism. An ionic cross-linking method and film casting technique was used to prepare nanoparticles and mucoadhesive blend films, respectively. Increasing concentrations of PNL(70, 80, 90 mg/film) in HPMC/PC blend films containing PNL-loaded nanoparticles(PN-films) and HPMC/PC blend films containing PNL(80 mg/film) without nanoparticles(PPfilms) were prepared to test swelling, mucoadhesiveness, release, permeation and physicochemical properties. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) images showed a partially smooth surface with a wrinkled occurrence and spherically shaped, well-dispersed nanoparticles on the surface of PN-films containing PNL 80 mg/film(PN-films-80). The size of the nanoparticles on the surface of PN-films-80 was around 100 nm, which was similar to the nanoparticle size observed using light scattering technique. The swelling index(SI)of all PN-films and PP-films increased greatly in the first period time(10–20 min) and reached swelling equilibrium at 20 min and 30 min, respectively. For the PN-films, the concentration of PNL influenced the mucoadhesive properties and tended to be higher when the amount of PNL increased. Immediate release of all blend film formulations was found in early time points(10–30 min). After 120 min, the release of PN-films-70 was lower than the other PNfilms. Permeation studies using porcine buccal mucosa showed that inclusion of nanoparticles in the films increased the permeability of PNL compared to PP-films. Therefore, buccal administration of mucoadhesive blend films containing PNL-loaded nanoparticles could be a promising approach for drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism.
文摘Mucoadhesion can be defined as a state in which two components, of which one is of biological origin, are held together for extended periods of time by the help of interfacial forces. Among the various transmucosal routes, buccal mucosa has excellent accessibility and relatively immobile mucosa, hence suitable for administration of retentive dosage form. The objective of this paper is to review the works done so far in the field of mucoadhe- sire buccal drug delivery systems （MBDDS）, with a clinical perspective. Starting with a brief introduction of the mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, oral mucosa, and the theories of mucoadhesion, this article then proceeds to cover the works done so far in the field of MBDDS, categorizing them on the basis of ailments they are meant to cure. Additionally, we focus on the various patents, recent advancements, and challenges as well as the future prospects for mucoadhesive buccal drug delivery systems.
基金grants from the Ph.D. Candidate Innovation Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (BXJ201741)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81470911, 81870459)the Clinical Ability Improvement Project for Postgraduates of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (JQ201716).
文摘Tubularized graft urethroplasty fails largely because of in adequate graft take. Prefabricati on of buccal mucosa lined flap has theoretical in dications for con structi ng neourethra with an in depe ndent blood supply. The efficacy of using a tissue expander capsule as an in duced vascular bed to prefabricate an axial vascularized buccal mucosa-lined flap for tubularized urethral rec on struction in a rabbit model was tested. The experiments were performed in three stages. First, silicone tissue expanders were inserted into the groin to induce vascularized capsule pouch formation. Next, buccal mucosa grafts were transplanted to the newly formed capsular tissue supplied by the axial vessel for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication. Then, circumferential urethral defects were created and repaired by buccal mucosa graft (Group 1), capsule flap (Group 2) and prefabricated capsule buccal mucosa composite flap (Group 3). With retrograde urethrography, no rabbits in Group 1 maintained a wide urethral caliber. In Group 2, the discontinued epithelial layer rege nerated at 1 month, and the con structed n eourethra narrowed eve n though the lume n surface formed in tact urothelial cells at 3 months. In Group 3, buccal mucosa formed the lining in the neourethra and kept a wide urethral caliber for 3 mon ths. The capsule may serve as an in duced vascular bed for buccal mucosa-li ned flap prefabricati on. The prefabricated buccal mucosa-lined flap may serve as a neourethra flap for circumferential urethral replacement.
文摘Introduction: The presence of a recurrent proximal penile hypospadius represents a surgical challenge to the urologist due to the presence of excessive scarring and fibrosis of the tissues. This problem is more pronounced in circumcised patients, in whom there is no enough skin for one stage procedures. Buccal mucosal grafts represent a good surgical option. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of two stages buccal mucosal urethroplasty in pediatric & adolescent patients, presenting with recurrent proximal penile hypospadias who are circumcised. Methods: Thirty seven pediatric & adolescent patients underwent two stages buccal mucosal urethroplasty for recurrent proximal penile hypospadius. In all cases the buccal graft was placed dorsally followed by the second stage closure after 6 months. Results: The mean age was 17.7 (14-20) years. With a mean follow-up of 28.3 months, 33 patients (89.2%) had a final successful outcome. Of the 4 cases that were considered as failure, 3 patients (8.1%) developed urethra-cutaneous fistula that required closure after 3 months. The remaining patient developed meatal stenosis. Conclusion: Although buccal mucosal urethroplasty is a two staged procedure, it is feasible option for pediatric & adolescent patients presenting with recurrent proximal penile hypospadius, who had no skin available for penile flaps, with a success rate approaching 89.2%.
文摘Orthognathic surgery involves correction of functional and often esthetic disharmonies. The purpose of this case report is topresent the case of a 22 years-old female with class III dentofacial deformity that required orthognathic surgery to treat hermalocclusion and buccal fat pad excision for optimizing soft-tissue facial contour. Treatment planning involved a counterclockwiserotation of the maxilomandibular complex with genioplasty based on digital 3D surgical planning using the Dolphin Imaging 11.7 3DPremium software. Prototyping splints allowed surgical procedures （bilateral sagital mandibular osteotomy associated to a Le fort Iosteotomy） that corrected position of the gnathic bones. In the same surgical procedure, the buccal fat pad was partially removed for asharp cheek contour giving a slimmer appearance to her face. After 5 months, the patient was reassessed and reported no complaintsregarding esthetics or function. This case illustrates that a combination oforthognathic surgery and an esthetic procedure can result in astable and harmonious facial as well as occlusal outcomes.
基金funded by Damietta University-Faculty of Science-Zoology Department(Crant No.541113)
文摘Objective:To investigate the surface architecture of the asymmetrical buccal cavity of Solea solea which are considered one of the most important predators in benthic communities.Methods:Adult Solea solea were obtained from Mediterranean Sea near Damielta.The heads were removed and processed for scanning electron microscopy.Its buccal cavity is asymmetrical and divided into roof and floor and the tongue for histological studies.Results:The buccal cavity roof is formed from upper jaw,velum and the palate.The upper jaw has several wing like processes with teeth arranged in several rows which may help in cutting and pushing the food to the entrance of the digestive canal while the floor is formed from the lower jaw and the tongue.The tongue is divided into apex,body and root.There is a gradual decrease of goblet cells in the tongue from anterior to posterior.These goblet cells function in protection of the epithelium.CoDctusions:Teeth in the floor of the buccal cavity and taste buds can be considered adaptive changes of the oral cavity related to the feeding habits and was a source to identify new and better methods of nutrition in aquaculture of Solea solea.
基金Financially supported by Department of Science and Technology(Grant No:SR/FF/LS-088/2007)Ministry of Environment&Forest,Government of India(Grant No:22-18/2008-CS-I)
文摘Objective:To examine the effect of isopod parasite Catoessa boscii(C.boscii)on Carangoides malabaricus(C.malabaricus).Methods:The host fish C.malabaricus infested by C.boscii were collected directly from the trawlers landed at Parangipettai coast during December 2008 to November2009.Data regarding the total length,width,weight and sex of the host fish were recorded.Effect of infestation on C.malabaricus,the length and weight data were analysed and host specificity of isopods was also examined.Results:During the sampling period,585 C.malabaricus were examined.Among them,218 specimens were found to carry 243 parasites.Three pairs of isopods(one male with one female)were recorded from the host fish and each pair was attached to the tongue in the buccal cavity of the host.Another pair was also found where the male and male,female and female isopod had settled on the tongue in the buccal cavity.Gross lesions observed in the buccal cavity of infested fish showed small pin-holes in the tongue region,through which dactyls of pereopod's penetrating claws dig into the host tissues.The maximum weight loss was reported in females(5.43%)than in males(3.75%)of C.malabaricus.Due to infestation of different isopod parasites in both male and female fish,the effects on the length-weight relationship of C.malabaricus were compared.The rate of increased growth in weight in uninfested female fish was found to be higher than that of the infested.The weight gain is faster in uninfested fish than in the infested fish.Conclusions:From the above mentioned observations,it is clear that the worst of fish on account of the infestation of isopods are the C.malabaricus succumbed to the attack of isopod parasites.Although,the infestation did not cause immediate death,it had affected the normal growth of the host fish.
基金by grants from the Ph.D.Candidate Innovation Fund of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(No.BXJ201741)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81470911,No.81870459).
文摘Surgical repair of complex posterior urethral disruptions remains one of the most challenging problems in urology.The efficacy of using a tissue expander capsule as an induced vascular bed to prefabricate axial vascularized buccal mucosa-lined flaps for tubularized posterior urethral reconstruction in a rabbit model was tested.The experiments were performed in three stages.First,silicone tissue expanders were inserted into the groin to induce vascularized capsule pouch formation.Next,buccal mucosa grafts were transplanted into the newly formed capsular tissue supplied by axial vessels for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication.Then,circumferential posterior urethral defects were created and repaired with the buccal mucosa graft(Group 1),the capsule flap(Group 2),and the prefabricated capsule buccal mucosa composite flap(Group 3).After surgery,notable contracture of the tubularized buccal mucosa graft was observed in the neourethra,and none of the rabbits in Group 1 maintained a wide urethral caliber.In Group 2,the retrieved neourethra showed little evidence of epithelial lining during the study period,and the lumen caliber was narrowed at the 3-month evaluation.In Group 3,the buccal mucosa formed the lining in the neourethra and maintained a wide urethral caliber for 3 months.The capsule may serve as an induced vascular bed for buccal mucosa-lined flap prefabrication.The prefabricated buccal mucosa-lined flap may serve as a neourethra flap for posterior urethral replacement.
文摘Pectin is a biopolymer that has numerous useful purposes in food and beverage industry, cosmetic products and pharmaceutical fields. One of the important properties of pectin is its bioadhesive properties. Native pectin provides fair bioadhesive properties that can be improved by modification of pectin structure. The immobilization of thiol groups on polymer can significantly improve the bioadhesive properties due to in situ cross-linking between thiol groups of polymer and mucin [1].
