High-density brines have been recognized beneficial for oilfield applications,with various key areas such as drilling,completion and formation evaluation.High-density brines can play a critical role in the development...High-density brines have been recognized beneficial for oilfield applications,with various key areas such as drilling,completion and formation evaluation.High-density brines can play a critical role in the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs during the primary,secondary,and tertiary recovery phases.High-density brines can enhance the mobility and recovery of the oil in the reservoir by controlling the density and viscosity.However,a less attention has been given to the application of high-density brine in the area of reservoir development.This review is shedding light on a concise overview of reservoir development stages in association with the recovery mechanisms.In addition,most possible applications of high-density fluids have also been reviewed in the field of the reservoir development.In summary,this review state that high-density brines can be used to stimulate reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing during the primary recovery phase.However,the risk of increased interfacial tension,which relies on the density difference of two fluids,can trap more residual oil relative to conventional water flooding.In addition,high-density brines are effective in decreasing the mobility ratio and facilitating favorable displacement during polymer flooding.However,they can be least effective in alkaline flooding due to the high IFT related to large density differences.Thus,it is suggested to consider the utilization of sustainable high-density brines by taking into account effective factors in petroleum engineering aspects such as stimulation,secondary recovery and polymer flooding.展开更多
China is lack of bromine and potassium seriously.Oilfield brines is the headline goal of bromine and potassium resources exploration.Applicants grab 24oilfield brines samples from various wells of Ordovician
It is a major continuous depocenter in Dalangtan area,western Qaidam basin since Early Cenozoic,which is most important Neogene salt deposits center in Qaidam basin.The Miocene Saline lake was developed firstly in
With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total ...With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total production.Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China.This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution,characteristics,and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China,aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines.Lithium brines usually exist in modem saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines.The metallogenic epoch of China's lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary,and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics.Modem lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In comparison,the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and the western part of the Qaidam Basin.Lithium-rich saline lakes are chloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,and carbonateenriched,while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched.On the whole,the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes.The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform,generally there are two processes,which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.展开更多
Chemical interferences （ionization and oxide/hydroxide formation） on the atomic absorbance signal of lithium in FAAS analysis of brine samples are elaborated in this article. It is suggested that inadequate or overa...Chemical interferences （ionization and oxide/hydroxide formation） on the atomic absorbance signal of lithium in FAAS analysis of brine samples are elaborated in this article. It is suggested that inadequate or overaddition of deionization buffers can lead to loss of sensitivities under particular operating conditions. In the analysis of brine samples, signal enhancing and oxide/hydroxide formation inducing signal reduction resulting from overaddition of deionization buffers can be seen with varying amounts of chemical buffers. Based on experimental results, the authors have arrived at the optimized operating conditions for the detection of lithium, under which both ionization and stable compound formation can be suppressed. This is a simplified and quick method with adequate accuracy and precision for the determination of lithium in routine brine samples from chemical plants or R＆D laboratories, which contain comparable amounts of lithium with some other components.展开更多
Southern India and Sri-Lanka are the places where “incipient charnockites”,i.e.the local transformation of amphibolite-facies gneisses into orthopyroxene-bearing,igneous looking charnockites,have been discovered in ...Southern India and Sri-Lanka are the places where “incipient charnockites”,i.e.the local transformation of amphibolite-facies gneisses into orthopyroxene-bearing,igneous looking charnockites,have been discovered in the early sixties.The fact that some incipient charnockites occur along a network of brittle fractures,together with CO_(2) remnants preserved in mineral inclusions,had called for the role of fluids during charnockite alteration.The present work presents new observations on fluid inclusions and microtextures of incipient charnockites from type localities in southern India.In addition to CO_(2)-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and feldspar,all of the occurrences have disrupted remnants of concentrated aqueous alkali chloride solutions.CO_(2) inclusions are more abundant in paragneiss (Kerala) than in orthogneiss (Karnataka/Tamil Nadu).The finding of disrupted brine inclusions in the Kabbal charnockite is a key link between closely associated massive charnockites and Closepet Granite,both of which also share the brine remnants.All of the occurrences studied here have feldspar or feldspar-quartz microvein networks along grain boundaries of recrystallized quartz,feldspar and orthopyroxene.These metasomatic veins again indicate the action of alkali-exchanging fluids (i.e.,saline solutions).Feldspar microveins,which have been found in most “massive” charnockites,along with the CO_(2)-rich fluid inclusions,suggest a commonality of incipient charnockite and massive charnockite,both types differing in intensity of interaction with metasomatizing pore fluids.展开更多
This paper reviews the origin and evolution of fluid inclusions in ultramaflc xenoliths, providing a framework for interpreting the chemistry of mantle fluids in the different geodynamic settings. Fluid inclusion data...This paper reviews the origin and evolution of fluid inclusions in ultramaflc xenoliths, providing a framework for interpreting the chemistry of mantle fluids in the different geodynamic settings. Fluid inclusion data show that in the shallow mantle, at depths below about 100 km, the dominant fluid phase is CO2 ± brines, changing to alkali-, carbonate-rich （silicate） melts at higher pressures. Major solutes in aqueous fluids are chlorides, silica and alkalis （saline brines; 5-50 wt.% NaCl eq.）. Fluid inclusions in peridotites record CO2 fluxing from reacting metasomatic carbonate-rich melts at high pressures, and suggest significant upper-mantle carbon outgassing over time. Mantle-derived CO2 （±brines） may eventually reach upper-crustal levels, including the atmosphere, independently from, and additionally to magma degassing in active volcanoes.展开更多
1 Introduction China is a country which has many salt lakes.Tibet is the area where have numerous salt lake,because the sources of water have multiple chemical type,resulting in Tibet salt
Introduction The amount of the total dissolved salts(TDS)in most of the salt brines on northern Tibet is relatively lower.So the effective brine concentration technique is needed for lithium,boron and potassium extrac...Introduction The amount of the total dissolved salts(TDS)in most of the salt brines on northern Tibet is relatively lower.So the effective brine concentration technique is needed for lithium,boron and potassium extraction from these brine展开更多
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the oxidizing brines from the Early Permian Rotliegende sequence have influences on the organic matter of Kupferschiefer. However, inside the Rotliegende sequence there are t...Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the oxidizing brines from the Early Permian Rotliegende sequence have influences on the organic matter of Kupferschiefer. However, inside the Rotliegende sequence there are two other black shales: the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales, which have not been studied as much in detail as in Kupferschiefer. In the present study 12 samples from the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales were analyzed by organic geochemical methods in order to clarify the influences of the oxidizing brines on organic matter. The results indicate that the organic matter of the samples from the Upper Antracosia shale and the bottom of the Lower Antracosia shale was oxidized under the influences of the oxidizing brines. The oxidation resulted in a depletion of saturated hydrocarbons and the alkyls of the aromatic compounds.展开更多
There are significantly different origins and mineralizations among various lithium-rich brines of the world.As for Clayton Valley,Nevada,the data and interpretations recently presented suggest that the model
Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especial...Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.展开更多
In this paper, the concept of “green processing” will be applied, while explaining the role of sustainable development strategy with respect to the environmental issue. Two parameters are considered in the study by ...In this paper, the concept of “green processing” will be applied, while explaining the role of sustainable development strategy with respect to the environmental issue. Two parameters are considered in the study by utilizing carbon dioxide and reject brine from desalination plants as raw materials to produce valuable chemical products and partially desalinated water.展开更多
Lithium-aluminum layered double hydroxides(LiAl-LDH)have been be successfully applied in commercial-scale for lithium extraction from salt lake brine,however,further advancement of their applications is hampered by su...Lithium-aluminum layered double hydroxides(LiAl-LDH)have been be successfully applied in commercial-scale for lithium extraction from salt lake brine,however,further advancement of their applications is hampered by suboptimal Li^(+)adsorption performance and ambiguous extraction process.Herein,a doping engineering strategy was developed to fabricate novel Zn^(2+)-doped LiAl-LDH(LiZnAl-LDH)with remarkable higher Li^(+)adsorption capacity(13.4 mg/g)and selectivity(separation factors of 213,834,171 for Li^(+)/K^(+),Li^(+)/Na^(+),Li^(+)/Mg^(2+),respectively),as well as lossless reusability in Luobupo brine compared to the pristine LiAl-LDH.Further,combining experiments and simulation calculations,it was revealed that the specific surface area,hydrophilic,and surface attraction for Li^(+)of LiZnAl-LDH were significantly improved,reducing the adsorption energy(Ead)and Gibbs free energy(ΔG),thus facilitating the transfer of Li^(+)from brine into interface followed by insertion into voids.Importantly,the intrinsic oxygen vacancies derived from Zn-doping depressed the diffusion energy barrier of Li^(+),which accelerated the diffusion process of Li^(+)in the internal bulk of LiZnAl-LDH.This work provides a general strategy to overcome the existing limitations of Li^(+)recovery and deepens the understanding of Li^(+)extraction on LiAl-LDH.展开更多
The feasibility of simultaneous water recovery,salt separation and effective descaling of hypersaline brine was investigated by diisopropylamine(DIPA)-based directional solvent extraction(DSE),using diluted/concentrat...The feasibility of simultaneous water recovery,salt separation and effective descaling of hypersaline brine was investigated by diisopropylamine(DIPA)-based directional solvent extraction(DSE),using diluted/concentrated seawater with initial saline concentration range of 12–237 g/L at extraction temperatures of 5 and 15℃,respectively.The water recovery shows an obvious boundary at saline concentration of 115 g/L under dual effect of specific water extraction efficiency and extraction cycles.High Cl^(–) ion concentration in product water is in sharp contrast to the nearly complete removal of SO_(4)^(2–)and hardness ions,indicating that DIPA-based DSE process indeed achieved efficient separation and purification of Cl^(–) ion from hypersaline brines.Especially,the radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+)ions in form of Mg(OH)_(2)and CaCO_(3)demonstrates effective descaling potential,although it leads to more DIPA residues in dewatered raffinate than product water.Moreover,an exponential correlation between the Cl^(–) removal efficiency and specific water extraction efficiency further reveals the intrinsic relationship of water extraction process and transfer of Cl^(–) ion to the product water.Overall,the study provides a novel approach for integrating the water recovery and separation of Cl^(–) ion from ultra-high-salinity brines with radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+) ions in one step.展开更多
87Sr/86Sr, 8 D and δ180 together with chemistry of oilfield brines, were measured from Cambrian to Neogene strata in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, northwest China. The brines have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70944 to ...87Sr/86Sr, 8 D and δ180 together with chemistry of oilfield brines, were measured from Cambrian to Neogene strata in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, northwest China. The brines have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70944 to 0.71716, 8D values from -33‰ to -67‰ and δ18O from -9.0‰ to 3.9‰. The most radiogenic 87Sr brines have relatively heavy δ18O in the Cambro- Ordo-vician carbonates, and are suggested to originate from crystalline basement. 8 D and δ18O sys-tematics show that all the brines slope to Global Meteoric Water Line, and intersect at 8 D = -60‰ and δ18O = -8.8‰, close to that of present-day local meteoric water, suggesting that meteoric water has mixed with evaporated ancient meteoric water. More saline samples have the lowest δD and δ180 contents and molar Na/CI ratios of more than 0.9, resulting from salt dissolution.展开更多
In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth...In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.展开更多
Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recen...Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.展开更多
As an important strategic reserve resource,the comprehensive development and utilization of Nanyishan oil-gas field brine will bring great economic and social value.Here,according to the composition characteristics of...As an important strategic reserve resource,the comprehensive development and utilization of Nanyishan oil-gas field brine will bring great economic and social value.Here,according to the composition characteristics of this oil-gas field brine being rich in lithium,potassium and strontium,the solid-liquid stable phase equilibria and phase diagrams of Li-containing quaternary system(LiBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O)and two quinary systems(LiBr-NaBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O and LiBr-KBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O)were studied at 298.15 K.Based on the results of phase equilibrium experimental research,the phase equilibrium relationship and crystallization-dissolution behavior of each component in liquid phase were revealed theoretically,and the changing trend was summarized.Using theoretical model of Pitzer electrolyte solution,the relevant interaction parameters of mixed ions at 298.15 K were obtained by fitting experimental data,and the solubility reaching equilibrium of various salts in above systems was calculated,and the experimental results were verified.The research results of this paper lay an important foundation for further theoretical study of multi-temperature phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of complex brine system in the later stage.Meanwhile,it provides basic thermodynamic data and theoretical guidance for the rational development and comprehensive utilization of this oil-gas field brine resources.展开更多
基金supported by the King Fahd University of Pe-troleum and Minerals[Grant No.KU201004]Khalifa University[Grant No.KU-KFUPM-2020-28]H2FC2303 DSR Project of KFUPM.
文摘High-density brines have been recognized beneficial for oilfield applications,with various key areas such as drilling,completion and formation evaluation.High-density brines can play a critical role in the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs during the primary,secondary,and tertiary recovery phases.High-density brines can enhance the mobility and recovery of the oil in the reservoir by controlling the density and viscosity.However,a less attention has been given to the application of high-density brine in the area of reservoir development.This review is shedding light on a concise overview of reservoir development stages in association with the recovery mechanisms.In addition,most possible applications of high-density fluids have also been reviewed in the field of the reservoir development.In summary,this review state that high-density brines can be used to stimulate reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing during the primary recovery phase.However,the risk of increased interfacial tension,which relies on the density difference of two fluids,can trap more residual oil relative to conventional water flooding.In addition,high-density brines are effective in decreasing the mobility ratio and facilitating favorable displacement during polymer flooding.However,they can be least effective in alkaline flooding due to the high IFT related to large density differences.Thus,it is suggested to consider the utilization of sustainable high-density brines by taking into account effective factors in petroleum engineering aspects such as stimulation,secondary recovery and polymer flooding.
基金supported by Geological survey project (Project Number: 12120113078500)
文摘China is lack of bromine and potassium seriously.Oilfield brines is the headline goal of bromine and potassium resources exploration.Applicants grab 24oilfield brines samples from various wells of Ordovician
文摘It is a major continuous depocenter in Dalangtan area,western Qaidam basin since Early Cenozoic,which is most important Neogene salt deposits center in Qaidam basin.The Miocene Saline lake was developed firstly in
文摘With the technological development of exploitation and separation,the primary source of lithium has gradually changed from ore to brine,which has become the main raw material,accounting for more than 80% of the total production.Resources of lithium-bearing brine are abundant in China.This paper has summarized the spatial and temporal distribution,characteristics,and formation mechanism of the lithium-rich brine in China,aiming to provide a comprehensive set of guidelines for future lithium exploitation from brines.Lithium brines usually exist in modem saline lakes and deep underground sedimentary rocks as subsurface brines.The metallogenic epoch of China's lithium-rich brine spans from the Triassic to the Quaternary,and these brines exhibit obvious regional distribution characteristics.Modem lithium-rich saline lakes are predominately located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.In comparison,the subsurface lithium-rich brines are mainly distributed in the sedimentary basins of Sichuan,Hubei,Jiangxi,and the western part of the Qaidam Basin.Lithium-rich saline lakes are chloride-enriched,sulfate-enriched,and carbonateenriched,while the deep lithium-rich brines are mainly chloride-enriched.On the whole,the value of Mg/Li in deep brine is generally lower than that of brine in saline lakes.The genesis of lithium-rich brines in China is not uniform,generally there are two processes,which are respectively suitable for salt lakes and deep brine.
文摘Chemical interferences （ionization and oxide/hydroxide formation） on the atomic absorbance signal of lithium in FAAS analysis of brine samples are elaborated in this article. It is suggested that inadequate or overaddition of deionization buffers can lead to loss of sensitivities under particular operating conditions. In the analysis of brine samples, signal enhancing and oxide/hydroxide formation inducing signal reduction resulting from overaddition of deionization buffers can be seen with varying amounts of chemical buffers. Based on experimental results, the authors have arrived at the optimized operating conditions for the detection of lithium, under which both ionization and stable compound formation can be suppressed. This is a simplified and quick method with adequate accuracy and precision for the determination of lithium in routine brine samples from chemical plants or R＆D laboratories, which contain comparable amounts of lithium with some other components.
文摘Southern India and Sri-Lanka are the places where “incipient charnockites”,i.e.the local transformation of amphibolite-facies gneisses into orthopyroxene-bearing,igneous looking charnockites,have been discovered in the early sixties.The fact that some incipient charnockites occur along a network of brittle fractures,together with CO_(2) remnants preserved in mineral inclusions,had called for the role of fluids during charnockite alteration.The present work presents new observations on fluid inclusions and microtextures of incipient charnockites from type localities in southern India.In addition to CO_(2)-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and feldspar,all of the occurrences have disrupted remnants of concentrated aqueous alkali chloride solutions.CO_(2) inclusions are more abundant in paragneiss (Kerala) than in orthogneiss (Karnataka/Tamil Nadu).The finding of disrupted brine inclusions in the Kabbal charnockite is a key link between closely associated massive charnockites and Closepet Granite,both of which also share the brine remnants.All of the occurrences studied here have feldspar or feldspar-quartz microvein networks along grain boundaries of recrystallized quartz,feldspar and orthopyroxene.These metasomatic veins again indicate the action of alkali-exchanging fluids (i.e.,saline solutions).Feldspar microveins,which have been found in most “massive” charnockites,along with the CO_(2)-rich fluid inclusions,suggest a commonality of incipient charnockite and massive charnockite,both types differing in intensity of interaction with metasomatizing pore fluids.
文摘This paper reviews the origin and evolution of fluid inclusions in ultramaflc xenoliths, providing a framework for interpreting the chemistry of mantle fluids in the different geodynamic settings. Fluid inclusion data show that in the shallow mantle, at depths below about 100 km, the dominant fluid phase is CO2 ± brines, changing to alkali-, carbonate-rich （silicate） melts at higher pressures. Major solutes in aqueous fluids are chlorides, silica and alkalis （saline brines; 5-50 wt.% NaCl eq.）. Fluid inclusions in peridotites record CO2 fluxing from reacting metasomatic carbonate-rich melts at high pressures, and suggest significant upper-mantle carbon outgassing over time. Mantle-derived CO2 （±brines） may eventually reach upper-crustal levels, including the atmosphere, independently from, and additionally to magma degassing in active volcanoes.
文摘1 Introduction China is a country which has many salt lakes.Tibet is the area where have numerous salt lake,because the sources of water have multiple chemical type,resulting in Tibet salt
基金Financial support from the opening fund of MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments (2010-SYS-07)China Geological Survey (1212011085523)
文摘Introduction The amount of the total dissolved salts(TDS)in most of the salt brines on northern Tibet is relatively lower.So the effective brine concentration technique is needed for lithium,boron and potassium extraction from these brine
文摘Abstract: Previous studies have shown that the oxidizing brines from the Early Permian Rotliegende sequence have influences on the organic matter of Kupferschiefer. However, inside the Rotliegende sequence there are two other black shales: the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales, which have not been studied as much in detail as in Kupferschiefer. In the present study 12 samples from the Lower and Upper Antracosia shales were analyzed by organic geochemical methods in order to clarify the influences of the oxidizing brines on organic matter. The results indicate that the organic matter of the samples from the Upper Antracosia shale and the bottom of the Lower Antracosia shale was oxidized under the influences of the oxidizing brines. The oxidation resulted in a depletion of saturated hydrocarbons and the alkyls of the aromatic compounds.
基金the Institute of Mineral Deposit Resources, the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences in Beijing for the Strategic Tri-Rare Metals project support
文摘There are significantly different origins and mineralizations among various lithium-rich brines of the world.As for Clayton Valley,Nevada,the data and interpretations recently presented suggest that the model
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0602805)
文摘Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.
文摘In this paper, the concept of “green processing” will be applied, while explaining the role of sustainable development strategy with respect to the environmental issue. Two parameters are considered in the study by utilizing carbon dioxide and reject brine from desalination plants as raw materials to produce valuable chemical products and partially desalinated water.
基金supports for this work from National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC2906300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52204283)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China(No.2021CFB554)the Key Project of the Science and Technology Research of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(No.D20221605)the CONACYT through the project A1-S-8817.L.J.Z.would like to thank CONACYT for the scholarship for granting his the scholarship No.847199 during his Ph.D study.
文摘Lithium-aluminum layered double hydroxides(LiAl-LDH)have been be successfully applied in commercial-scale for lithium extraction from salt lake brine,however,further advancement of their applications is hampered by suboptimal Li^(+)adsorption performance and ambiguous extraction process.Herein,a doping engineering strategy was developed to fabricate novel Zn^(2+)-doped LiAl-LDH(LiZnAl-LDH)with remarkable higher Li^(+)adsorption capacity(13.4 mg/g)and selectivity(separation factors of 213,834,171 for Li^(+)/K^(+),Li^(+)/Na^(+),Li^(+)/Mg^(2+),respectively),as well as lossless reusability in Luobupo brine compared to the pristine LiAl-LDH.Further,combining experiments and simulation calculations,it was revealed that the specific surface area,hydrophilic,and surface attraction for Li^(+)of LiZnAl-LDH were significantly improved,reducing the adsorption energy(Ead)and Gibbs free energy(ΔG),thus facilitating the transfer of Li^(+)from brine into interface followed by insertion into voids.Importantly,the intrinsic oxygen vacancies derived from Zn-doping depressed the diffusion energy barrier of Li^(+),which accelerated the diffusion process of Li^(+)in the internal bulk of LiZnAl-LDH.This work provides a general strategy to overcome the existing limitations of Li^(+)recovery and deepens the understanding of Li^(+)extraction on LiAl-LDH.
基金supported financially by a grant from Shougang Group Co.,Ltd.,China(No.K202200134Y).
文摘The feasibility of simultaneous water recovery,salt separation and effective descaling of hypersaline brine was investigated by diisopropylamine(DIPA)-based directional solvent extraction(DSE),using diluted/concentrated seawater with initial saline concentration range of 12–237 g/L at extraction temperatures of 5 and 15℃,respectively.The water recovery shows an obvious boundary at saline concentration of 115 g/L under dual effect of specific water extraction efficiency and extraction cycles.High Cl^(–) ion concentration in product water is in sharp contrast to the nearly complete removal of SO_(4)^(2–)and hardness ions,indicating that DIPA-based DSE process indeed achieved efficient separation and purification of Cl^(–) ion from hypersaline brines.Especially,the radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+)ions in form of Mg(OH)_(2)and CaCO_(3)demonstrates effective descaling potential,although it leads to more DIPA residues in dewatered raffinate than product water.Moreover,an exponential correlation between the Cl^(–) removal efficiency and specific water extraction efficiency further reveals the intrinsic relationship of water extraction process and transfer of Cl^(–) ion to the product water.Overall,the study provides a novel approach for integrating the water recovery and separation of Cl^(–) ion from ultra-high-salinity brines with radical precipitation of Mg^(2+)and Ca^(2+) ions in one step.
基金The research is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49773198) Creative Research Foundation of CNPC for youth and middle-aged persons .
文摘87Sr/86Sr, 8 D and δ180 together with chemistry of oilfield brines, were measured from Cambrian to Neogene strata in the Kuqa Foreland Basin, northwest China. The brines have 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70944 to 0.71716, 8D values from -33‰ to -67‰ and δ18O from -9.0‰ to 3.9‰. The most radiogenic 87Sr brines have relatively heavy δ18O in the Cambro- Ordo-vician carbonates, and are suggested to originate from crystalline basement. 8 D and δ18O sys-tematics show that all the brines slope to Global Meteoric Water Line, and intersect at 8 D = -60‰ and δ18O = -8.8‰, close to that of present-day local meteoric water, suggesting that meteoric water has mixed with evaporated ancient meteoric water. More saline samples have the lowest δD and δ180 contents and molar Na/CI ratios of more than 0.9, resulting from salt dissolution.
基金This study was jointly supported by Central Welfare Basic Scientific Research Business Expenses(KK2005,YYWF201607)the project of the industrial leading talant of Wuhan municipality of Hubei Province,the Editor of China Geology,Rui-qin Li,and many thanks for a nice review by anonymous reviewers.
文摘In response to the rise of the energy storage industries such as new energy vehicles and the wide application of lithium in various fields worldwide,the global demand for lithium resources has been in explosive growth.In order to further comprehensively understand the global supply and demand pattern,development and utilization status,genesis of ore deposits and other characteristics of lithium resources,based on the achievements of many researchers at home and abroad,this paper systematically summarized the lithium supply and demand situation,resource endowment,deposit classification and distribution,typical geological characteristics,metallogenic factors and metallogenic regularity of terrestrial brine-type lithium deposits which are the main types of development and utilization all over the world.The review shows that brine-type lithium resource and(or)reserves in the plateau salt lakes are huge and play an important role.In addition,the mineralization potential of the underground brine-type lithium deposit is broad worldwide.The potential resources of underground brines are enormous,and the geothermal spring water type is also worthy of attention.Brine lithium deposits are mainly controlled by the subduction and collision of regional plate tectonics,arid climate and provenance conditions.Strengthening of the scientific research on underground brines in the future is expected to provide another significant support for the global demand for lithium resources.
文摘Seawater desalination has been considered an important solution for water scarcity in coastal areas.Morocco,with its 3,500 km long coastline,has seen significant growth in population and industrial activities in recent years.The dams that supply water to most regions of Morocco have faced periods of drought.This led the government to start a large-scale seawater desalination project that shall produce over 2 MM m^(3)/year.The most common environmental impact associated with desalination plants is the high concentration brine discharge which can alter the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the receiving water body,In fact,the increasing number of desalination plants along the coastline amplifies the potential risks that brine discharges pose to marine ecosystems.This highlights the critical need for regulations to manage pollutant concentrations in water,both at the discharge point(Effluent Standards-ES)and in the receiving environment(Ambient Standards-AS).Law 36-15,in its Article 72,grants any natural or legal person,whether public or private,the right to carry out seawater desalination to meet their own water needs or those of other users,in accordance with current legislation and regulations.However,the definition of regulations concerning marine environmental aspects and the substantial limits for discharges has not yet been specified.Indeed,these regulations will need to be developed with due consideration for the local biodiversity.These regulations should also take into account the technical criteria required to determine the compliance point and define the boundaries of the brine discharge impact zone.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province(2024-ZJ-901).
文摘As an important strategic reserve resource,the comprehensive development and utilization of Nanyishan oil-gas field brine will bring great economic and social value.Here,according to the composition characteristics of this oil-gas field brine being rich in lithium,potassium and strontium,the solid-liquid stable phase equilibria and phase diagrams of Li-containing quaternary system(LiBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O)and two quinary systems(LiBr-NaBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O and LiBr-KBr-MgBr_(2)-SrBr_(2)-H_(2)O)were studied at 298.15 K.Based on the results of phase equilibrium experimental research,the phase equilibrium relationship and crystallization-dissolution behavior of each component in liquid phase were revealed theoretically,and the changing trend was summarized.Using theoretical model of Pitzer electrolyte solution,the relevant interaction parameters of mixed ions at 298.15 K were obtained by fitting experimental data,and the solubility reaching equilibrium of various salts in above systems was calculated,and the experimental results were verified.The research results of this paper lay an important foundation for further theoretical study of multi-temperature phase equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of complex brine system in the later stage.Meanwhile,it provides basic thermodynamic data and theoretical guidance for the rational development and comprehensive utilization of this oil-gas field brine resources.
