We develop and implement a Stochastic Discrete Event Simulation(SDES)algorithm to model the housing re-covery trajectory after an extreme event.The algorithm models discrete events and their underlying uncertainties i...We develop and implement a Stochastic Discrete Event Simulation(SDES)algorithm to model the housing re-covery trajectory after an extreme event.The algorithm models discrete events and their underlying uncertainties in each construction phase.Specifically,the algorithm is developed for the Government Assisted Owner Driven(GAOD)reconstruction system to simulate long-term recovery trajectory.SDES,as a flexible modeling approach,can simulate any housing recovery scenario that follows phased reconstruction.The 2015 M 7.8 Gorkha earthquake sequence in Nepal is considered the extreme event,with 796,245 buildings requiring reconstruction.We present some recovery trajectories from severely hit,crisis hit,and earthquake hit parishes,comparing them with the actual reconstruction progress.We also assess quality and improvement of reconstructed buildings using seismic fragility functions,compared to pre-earthquake constructions.Housing recovery uncertainties are dissected in relation to reconstruction pace.We conclude that the vast majority of the reconstructed buildings followed the Build Back Better(BBB)approach and missed the opportunity to pursue the Build Back Resilient(BBR)approach due to multifaceted challenges ranging from unclear policies to economic constraints.We critically assess the GAOD vs Owner Driven(OD)recovery framework and conclude that insurance-supported and technically assisted OD approach could be the most suitable model for post extreme event housing recovery.展开更多
The utilization of solid wastes to prepare Li_(4)SiO_(4) based CO_(2) adsorbents and thermochemical energy storage(TES)materials has recently garnered significant interest.Considering practical application conditions,...The utilization of solid wastes to prepare Li_(4)SiO_(4) based CO_(2) adsorbents and thermochemical energy storage(TES)materials has recently garnered significant interest.Considering practical application conditions,the influence of CO_(2) concentration and temperature fluctuations on adsorbent performance remains a key research focus.Among various waste materials,waste clay bricks are particularly suitable for Li_(4)SiO_(4) synthesis due to their high SiO_(2) content(60% to 70%),while enabling waste valorization.Furthermore,it has been demonstrated that heteroatoms present in the waste materials positively in-fluence the CO_(2) adsorption performance of Li_(4)SiO_(4)-based adsorbents.In this study,Li_(4)SiO_(4) was syn thesized for the first time directly from waste clay bricks without pretreatment.Comprehensive characterization revealed that the resulting Li_(4)SiO_(4)-based adsorbent exhibits outstanding performance:a high CO_(2) capture capacity(27.9%(mass)),excellent cycling stability,and remarkable thermal energy storage capability(876.4 kJ·kg^(-1)).These superior properties position it as one of the most promising high-temperature adsorbents for simultaneous CO_(2) capture and thermal energy storage(TES)from fossil fuel flue gase.Moreover,the adsorbent maintained excellent stability under fluctuating temper-ature and CO_(2) concentration.Even at 20%(vol)CO_(2) and 500℃,it achieved a high capacity of 25.7%(mass),reaching equilibrium within 15 min.This CO_(2) capture performance is truly impressive.展开更多
The Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded silicon carbide(SiC)bricks in the sloped zone of dry quenching coke ovens support the weight of upper refractory materials and equipment.These bricks endure frequent temperature fluctuations and...The Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded silicon carbide(SiC)bricks in the sloped zone of dry quenching coke ovens support the weight of upper refractory materials and equipment.These bricks endure frequent temperature fluctuations and intense abrasion from coke dust,demanding extremely high performance.After three years of service,an analysis of the Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks revealed that oxidation,which reduces thermal shock resistance,is the primary cause of degradation.In the unused Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks,short columnar β-Si_(3)N_(4) forms an interwoven network around SiC particles and contains a small amount of plate-like Si_(2)N_(2)O.Under the complex N_(2)(84.42 vol.%)-CO_(2)(10.44 vol.%)-CO(4.43 vol.%)-H_(2)(0.56 vol.%)-O_(2)(0.15 vol.%)atmosphere in the dry quenching coke oven,O_(2)(0.15 vol.%)exhibits a stronger oxidizing effect than CO_(2)(10.44 vol.%)and CO(4.43 vol.%),making it the primary oxidizing agent.The short columnarβ-Si_(3)N_(4) is more susceptible to oxidation than the particulate SiC.Based on thermodynamic and kinetic analyses,the chemical stability of the phases in Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks ranks from strongest to weakest as follows:Si_(2)N_(2)O,SiC,Si_(3)N_(4).Future development of Si_(2)N_(2)O-bonded SiC bricks could improve the longevity of refractory materials in the sloped zone of dry quenching coke ovens.展开更多
When Goldman Sachs created the acronym BRIC in 2001,neither the economists nor the rest of the world imagined that Brazil,Russia,India and China would finally sit together to build up a substantial platform one day.
The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen...The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N_(2)into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N_(2)through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N_(2)at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.展开更多
The aim of this study is to enhance the value of local earth materials used in the construction of certain homes in the Republic of Guinea. Thus, a trial study to improve the quality of mud bricks using paper fibers o...The aim of this study is to enhance the value of local earth materials used in the construction of certain homes in the Republic of Guinea. Thus, a trial study to improve the quality of mud bricks using paper fibers obtained by grinding and soaking in water and then drying were used as a stabilizer in the manufacture of these mud bricks from the sample of two sites Dounkiwal (DK) (in Mamou and the sample from the urban commune of Kouroussa). To do this, certain methods and means of identification were carried out, namely: geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical analyses. Sample DK from Mamou has a silty-clay geotechnical characteristic with a plasticity index Ip of 12.75%. However, mineralogical and chemical studies showed that sample Dounkiwal (DK) (Mamou) contains a high proportion of silica and iron oxides (79.63%) and Fe2O3 (11.85%), associated with other alkaline earth oxides and ions: CaO;MgO;SO32−;Cl−, i.e. 3.96%;0.96%;0.28% and 0.039% respectively. Its loss on ignition (LOI) and insoluble residues are 15.40% and 56.36%. The evaluation of the number of huts in Upper and Middle Guinea showed that the populations of these areas have been using mud bricks for several decades in the construction of dwellings. The average value found for the compressive strength of these bricks (from samples I, II and III from Kouroussa) is 0.16 MPa. This value is appreciable in the construction of mud houses.展开更多
Senvagė Park,located in the old town of Panevėžys,Lithuania,underwent a major renovation(翻新)in 2022,transforming it into one of the citys key landmarks.The red brick loop(环形)path around the pond has become the mos...Senvagė Park,located in the old town of Panevėžys,Lithuania,underwent a major renovation(翻新)in 2022,transforming it into one of the citys key landmarks.The red brick loop(环形)path around the pond has become the most popular spot for recreational walks,while new piers,bridges and wooden steps allow visitors to get closer to the water.While Senvagė Park was always a scenic spot,decades of neglect had left it with deteriorating infrastructure(基础设施)and limited appeal.Accessibility was also a challenge due to height differences and numerous stairs.展开更多
This study investigated the therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome(MetS)and the impact on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of Fu brick tea aqueous extracts(FTE)on MetS in rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)...This study investigated the therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome(MetS)and the impact on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of Fu brick tea aqueous extracts(FTE)on MetS in rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD).Here,the results showed that FTE supplement significantly reduced HFD-induced weight gain,adiposity,dyslipidemia,fasting blood glucose(FBG)increment,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Moreover,FTE supplement resulted in a decline in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)level and attenuation of colonic inflammation and oxidative stress to protect the intestinal barrier function.FTE supplement also maintained the intestinal barrier integrity by improving histological appearance and promoting ZO-1,Occludin,and Claudin-1 protein expression levels.Meanwhile,FTE supplement alleviated the gut microbiota dysbiosis by enhancing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes(F/B)ratio and stimulating the colonization of probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia,Lactobacillus,Adlercreutzia,and Bacteroides.These findings collectively suggest that Fu brick tea could alleviate MetS and MetS-associated traits with the mechanism relevant to the protection of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota regulation.展开更多
This study was part of the framework that contributed not only to the improvement of thermal comfort in housing but also to the decarbonization of the construction and building materials industry. For this purpose, te...This study was part of the framework that contributed not only to the improvement of thermal comfort in housing but also to the decarbonization of the construction and building materials industry. For this purpose, terracotta brick seems to meet these needs. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of coal fly ash from a thermal power plant on the physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks from grey clay in the Thicky area of Senegal. The coal fly ash was incorporated into the raw clay material in proportions of 0, 5, 10, and 15 % by weight. These two raw materials were first characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The XRF analyses showed that the most abundant oxides in clay were SiO2 (55.034%) and Fe2O3 (10.155%). In coal fly ash, SiO2 (38.574%) is predominant. The ash also contained Al2O3 (7.717%) and alicano-earthy melting oxides such as CaO (9.271%) and MgO (7.298%) etc. These melting oxides were necessary to facilitate the formation of the liquid phase when baking platelets. The latter, when burned at a temperature of 880°C, were characterized by determining the number of physico-mechanical parameters, such as linear shrinkage during cooking, water absorption, fire loss and compressive strength. A Hierarchical Ascending Classification of these different parameters was performed and three classes were obtained. Class 1 with better compressive strength (6.358 MPa), was in sample A (5%). Class 2 consisted of sample D (reference) and had a higher plasticity index (28.51%) and water absorption rate (11.19%). Finally, class 3, which included samples B (10%) and C (15%), had very high shrinkage and fire losses compared to other platelets. These results highlighted the possibility of using up to 5% of the coal fly ash in the production of new fired bricks with good performance.展开更多
This study evaluates the influence of sand content on the mechanical behavior and water resistance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs)manufactured from Lendi clay(Douala,Cameroon).Twenty-seven specimens(prismatic and cub...This study evaluates the influence of sand content on the mechanical behavior and water resistance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs)manufactured from Lendi clay(Douala,Cameroon).Twenty-seven specimens(prismatic and cubic)were produced with three formulations:0%,30%and 60%sand substitution by dry mass,compacted at 2.5 MPa and cured for 7,14 and 28 days.Raw material characterization included particle size distribution,sand equivalent,Atterberg limits,bulk density and Proctor compaction.The clay displayed a liquid limit of 44.07%,plastic limit of 35.23%and plasticity index of 8.84%;optimum moisture content was 15.9%and maximum dry density 1.24 g·cm^(-3).Mechanical testing showed that pure-clay bricks achieved the highest compressive and flexural strengths at all ages(up to≈1.98 MPa and 0.56 MPa respectively).Although the 30%sand mix exhibited marginally higher early compressive strength(7 days),strength decreased substantially by 28 days.Capillary absorption tests revealed an important distinction:while 0%sand bricks exhibited continuous water uptake,they retained cohesion during immersion;conversely,30%and 60%sand bricks disintegrated into a slurry within seconds of immersion,evidencing severe loss of internal bonding.These findings indicate that,for this highly plastic tropical clay,sand acts primarily as a microstructural diluent that undermines long-term cohesion and durability despite short-term packing benefits.The study underscores the need for locally tailored formulations or stabilizers when designing durable CEBs for humid tropical climates.展开更多
In order to improve the efficient and high-value recycling utilization rate of waste red bricks from construction waste,this study crushed and ground the waste red bricks to produce recycled brick powder(RBP)with diff...In order to improve the efficient and high-value recycling utilization rate of waste red bricks from construction waste,this study crushed and ground the waste red bricks to produce recycled brick powder(RBP)with different fineness,used the Andreasen model to explore the influence of RBP on the compact filling effect of cementitious material system based on the basic characteristics of RBP.The influence of grinding time(10,20,30 min)and content(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)of RBP on the macroscopic mechanical properties of cementitious materials was investigated.We analyzed the significant impact of RBP particle characteristics on the compressive strength of the specimen with the aid of grey entropy theory,and revealed the influence mechanism of RBP on the microstructure of cementitious materials by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The results show that the fineness of RBP after grinding is smaller than that of cement.The fineness of recycled brick powder increases gradually with the extension of grinding time,which is manifested as the increase of<3μm particles and the decrease of>18μm particles.Compared with the unitary cement cementitious material system,the particle gradation of the RBP-cement binary cementitious material system is closer to the closest packing state.With the increase of RBP content and grinding time,the compactness of the binary cementitious system gradually decreases,indicating that the incorporation of RBP reduces the mechanical strength of the specimen.The results of grey entropy show that the specific surface area D(0.1)and<45μm particles are the significant factors affecting the mechanical properties of cementitious materials mixed with RBP.RBP mainly affects the macroscopic properties of cementitious materials by affecting the internal compactness,the number of hydration products and the pore structure.The results of SEM show that when the RBP content is less than 15%,the content of C-S-H in cement paste increase,and the content of Ca(OH)2 decreases,and the content of C-S-H decreases and the content of Ca(OH)2 increases when the RBP content is more than 15%.The NMR results show that with the extension of grinding time,the pore size of micropore increases gradually,that of middle-small pores decreases gradually,and that of large pores remains unchanged.With the increase of RBP content,the micropores first decrease and then increase,and the middle-small pores and large pores gradually decrease.In summary,the compactness of cementitious material system can be improved by adjusting the fineness of RBP.Considering the performance of cementitious materials and the utilization rate of RBP,it is recommended that the grinding time of RBP is 20 min and the content is 10%-15%.展开更多
In order to study the effects of the contents of used mortar recycled aggregate(OMRA)and brick recycled aggregate(BRA)on the deformation properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),under uniaxial compression condit...In order to study the effects of the contents of used mortar recycled aggregate(OMRA)and brick recycled aggregate(BRA)on the deformation properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),under uniaxial compression conditions,The RAC of OMRA(0%,5%,10%,and 15%)and BRA(0%,3%,6%,9%,12%,and 15%)were studied.The experimental results show that,under uniaxial compression,the interfacial relationships of RAC containing OMRA and BRA between different materials are more complex,and the failure mechanism is also more complex.The content of OMRA and BRA had significant influence on the deformation behavior of RAC.When the content of OMRA and BRA is high,it is difficult for existing formulas and models to accurately represent the actual value.In this study,the influence of OMRA and BRA content is taken into account,and the existing formulas for calculating concrete deformation are modified,so that these formulas can more accurately calculate the elastic modulus,peak strain and ultimate strain of recycled concrete.The stress-strain formula of Guo concrete fits the stress-strain curve of concrete very well.We modified the formula on the basis of Guo formula to make the formula more suitable for the stress-strain curve of recycled concrete containing old mortar and brick,and the theoretical model proposed has better fitting accuracy.The study provides a valuable reference for nonlinear analysis of recycled aggregate concrete structures under different proportions of OMRA and BRA.展开更多
Scientists have been searching for possible new particles beyond the standard model(SM),the theory that has predicted the building bricks that have constituted the known matter world today,including the Higgs-“the l...Scientists have been searching for possible new particles beyond the standard model(SM),the theory that has predicted the building bricks that have constituted the known matter world today,including the Higgs-“the last”SM particle.展开更多
In order to study the axial compression characteristics of brick masonry historical buildings, and to better protect and repair traditional mortar-brick masonry historical buildings, axial compression tests were carri...In order to study the axial compression characteristics of brick masonry historical buildings, and to better protect and repair traditional mortar-brick masonry historical buildings, axial compression tests were carried out on three kinds of restored mortar (pure mud mortar, pure mortar, and mud mortar) brick masonry with restored mortar brick masonry as the object of study. The damage modes, axial compression chemical indexes (compressive strength and elastic modulus), load-displacement curves and stress-strain curves of the three kinds of restored mortar brick masonry were obtained. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of mud mortar brick masonry of 1.676 MPa is better than that of pure mud 1.530 MPa and pure mortar 1.471 MPa brick masonry, which is due to the difference in the bond effect between the restored mortar material and the brick block. According to the test results, the compressive strength formula of the restored mortar brick masonry was modified, and the reasons for the difference between the experimental value of the modulus of elasticity of the restored mortar brick masonry and that of the traditional formula and the measured value were compared and analyzed by a factor of 6.73–7.1. Referring to the axial-pressure ontological relationship of the conventional brick masonry, the 4-parameter segmental function expression was proposed for the characterization of the stress-strain relationship of the restored mortar brick masonry with the use of the stress-strain normalization process. The research results provide theoretical support for the inheritance and development of traditional mortar brick masonry historical architecture.展开更多
With brick-wall solar greenhouses in Changli area as the research object,using temperature dynamic monitoring and statistical methods,the greenhouse structure suitable for promoting early cultivation of local peach tr...With brick-wall solar greenhouses in Changli area as the research object,using temperature dynamic monitoring and statistical methods,the greenhouse structure suitable for promoting early cultivation of local peach trees was selected by studying the temperature data of the solar greenhouses during the winter solstice,and a prediction model for daily average temperature was constructed.The results showed that greenhouse Ⅰ had reasonable structural parameters and good daylight during the day.However,due to the low wall thickness and poor insulation material,the minimum temperature was significantly lower than other greenhouses.The thermal insulation performance of greenhouse Ⅱ and Ⅲ was better than that of greenhouse Ⅰ,but the depth-span ratio and the front roof lighting angle were smaller.During the winter solstice,the average temperature of the three greenhouses was between 10 and 15℃,which was suitable for early cultivation of peach trees.The prediction model of daily average temperature was obtained:Daily average temperature=1.02+0.69×Daily average temperature of the previous day+0.02×Maximum temperature of the previous day-0.01×Minimum temperature of the previous day.To sum up,the structural parameters of brick-wall solar greenhouses suitable for early cultivation of peach trees in Changli area were as follows:span 6.5-8.5 m,depth-span ratio 0.47,front roof lighting angle 30°and wall thickness greater than 55 cm.展开更多
This study explores the novel application of Triumfetta pentandra(TP,“Nkui”)fibers,a tropical plant that is abundant yet underutilized in civil engineering,to enhance the performance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs)...This study explores the novel application of Triumfetta pentandra(TP,“Nkui”)fibers,a tropical plant that is abundant yet underutilized in civil engineering,to enhance the performance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs).The main objective is to assess how incorporating these vegetal fibers can improve the mechanical properties of CEBs while maintaining durability.TP fibers were extracted,characterized,and integrated into the soil used for brick specimens.A rigorous experimental protocol was implemented,featuring a unique fiber pre-treatment,the use of a single,homogeneous clayey soil type,and controlled 28-day curing under standard humidity and temperature,which distinguishes this study from previous works.Physical measurements(moisture content,bulk density,water absorption)and mechanical tests(fiber tensile strength,compressive and flexural strength of CEBs)were conducted following French standards.The results indicate that 4%TP fiber content yields optimal mechanical performance,with compressive strength reaching 6.61 MPa and flexural strength 1.49 MPa at 28 days,compared to 5.16 MPa and 0.51 MPa for unreinforced samples.This demonstrates the potential of TP fibers to reinforce earth-based materials,providing a sustainable,locally sourced,and cost-effective construction solution.However,higher fiber content increases porosity and capillary water absorption(up to 16.75 g at 6%fibers),highlighting the importance of optimized fiber dosing and potential complementary treatments for long-term durability.展开更多
The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining material...The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining materials in this process,SiC-Si_(3)N_(4)-C composite refractories were prepared by heat-treating at 800-1400℃ for 3 h,using fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks(1-0.5 and<0.5 mm),silicon carbide(2-1,1-0.5,and<0.5 mm),silicon nitride(<0.045 mm),and graphite as raw materials.The fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks were used to replace silicon nitride with the same particle size.The effects of the spent iron ladle brick fine particles additions(0,12.12%,26.25%,36.38%and 48.5%,by mass)and the heat treatment temperatures(800,1000,1200 and 1400℃)on the properties of the composite refractories were studied.The results show that:(1)with the<1 mm spent iron ladle brick fine particles addition increasing,the bulk density of the samples changes slightly,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,the cold modulus of rupture(CMOR)increases,and the cold compressive strength(CCS)first decreases,then increases and finally decreases slightly;(2)with the heat treatment temperature rising,the bulk density of the samples first increases and then decreases,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,and the CCS and the CMOR increase;(3)when the temperature is 1400℃ and the spent iron ladle brick fine particles completely replace the silicon nitride fine particles with the same particle size,the sample exhibits the best comprehensive performance,with the bulk density of 2.37 g·cm^(-3),apparent porosity of 14.3%,CCS of 31.6 MPa,and CMOR of 9.0 MPa,and it has a good resistance to the corrosion of crushed spent lithium-ion battery materials at 1000℃.展开更多
文摘We develop and implement a Stochastic Discrete Event Simulation(SDES)algorithm to model the housing re-covery trajectory after an extreme event.The algorithm models discrete events and their underlying uncertainties in each construction phase.Specifically,the algorithm is developed for the Government Assisted Owner Driven(GAOD)reconstruction system to simulate long-term recovery trajectory.SDES,as a flexible modeling approach,can simulate any housing recovery scenario that follows phased reconstruction.The 2015 M 7.8 Gorkha earthquake sequence in Nepal is considered the extreme event,with 796,245 buildings requiring reconstruction.We present some recovery trajectories from severely hit,crisis hit,and earthquake hit parishes,comparing them with the actual reconstruction progress.We also assess quality and improvement of reconstructed buildings using seismic fragility functions,compared to pre-earthquake constructions.Housing recovery uncertainties are dissected in relation to reconstruction pace.We conclude that the vast majority of the reconstructed buildings followed the Build Back Better(BBB)approach and missed the opportunity to pursue the Build Back Resilient(BBR)approach due to multifaceted challenges ranging from unclear policies to economic constraints.We critically assess the GAOD vs Owner Driven(OD)recovery framework and conclude that insurance-supported and technically assisted OD approach could be the most suitable model for post extreme event housing recovery.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(5240101142)Yunnan Province basic research project(202401CF070252)+1 种基金the Key R&D plan of Yunnan Province(202303AC100008)the Scientific Researching Fund Projects of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2025J0077),which funded this study。
文摘The utilization of solid wastes to prepare Li_(4)SiO_(4) based CO_(2) adsorbents and thermochemical energy storage(TES)materials has recently garnered significant interest.Considering practical application conditions,the influence of CO_(2) concentration and temperature fluctuations on adsorbent performance remains a key research focus.Among various waste materials,waste clay bricks are particularly suitable for Li_(4)SiO_(4) synthesis due to their high SiO_(2) content(60% to 70%),while enabling waste valorization.Furthermore,it has been demonstrated that heteroatoms present in the waste materials positively in-fluence the CO_(2) adsorption performance of Li_(4)SiO_(4)-based adsorbents.In this study,Li_(4)SiO_(4) was syn thesized for the first time directly from waste clay bricks without pretreatment.Comprehensive characterization revealed that the resulting Li_(4)SiO_(4)-based adsorbent exhibits outstanding performance:a high CO_(2) capture capacity(27.9%(mass)),excellent cycling stability,and remarkable thermal energy storage capability(876.4 kJ·kg^(-1)).These superior properties position it as one of the most promising high-temperature adsorbents for simultaneous CO_(2) capture and thermal energy storage(TES)from fossil fuel flue gase.Moreover,the adsorbent maintained excellent stability under fluctuating temper-ature and CO_(2) concentration.Even at 20%(vol)CO_(2) and 500℃,it achieved a high capacity of 25.7%(mass),reaching equilibrium within 15 min.This CO_(2) capture performance is truly impressive.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172023 and 52302027).
文摘The Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded silicon carbide(SiC)bricks in the sloped zone of dry quenching coke ovens support the weight of upper refractory materials and equipment.These bricks endure frequent temperature fluctuations and intense abrasion from coke dust,demanding extremely high performance.After three years of service,an analysis of the Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks revealed that oxidation,which reduces thermal shock resistance,is the primary cause of degradation.In the unused Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks,short columnar β-Si_(3)N_(4) forms an interwoven network around SiC particles and contains a small amount of plate-like Si_(2)N_(2)O.Under the complex N_(2)(84.42 vol.%)-CO_(2)(10.44 vol.%)-CO(4.43 vol.%)-H_(2)(0.56 vol.%)-O_(2)(0.15 vol.%)atmosphere in the dry quenching coke oven,O_(2)(0.15 vol.%)exhibits a stronger oxidizing effect than CO_(2)(10.44 vol.%)and CO(4.43 vol.%),making it the primary oxidizing agent.The short columnarβ-Si_(3)N_(4) is more susceptible to oxidation than the particulate SiC.Based on thermodynamic and kinetic analyses,the chemical stability of the phases in Si_(3)N_(4)-bonded SiC bricks ranks from strongest to weakest as follows:Si_(2)N_(2)O,SiC,Si_(3)N_(4).Future development of Si_(2)N_(2)O-bonded SiC bricks could improve the longevity of refractory materials in the sloped zone of dry quenching coke ovens.
文摘When Goldman Sachs created the acronym BRIC in 2001,neither the economists nor the rest of the world imagined that Brazil,Russia,India and China would finally sit together to build up a substantial platform one day.
文摘The triple bond in N_(2)has an extremely high bond energy and is thus difficult to break.N_(2)is commonly converted into NH3 artificially via the Haber-Bosch process,and NH_(3)can be utilized to produce other nitrogen-containing chemicals.Here,we developed an electron catalyzed method to directly fix N_(2)into azos,by pushing and pulling the electron into and from the aromatic halide with the cyclic voltammetry method.The round-trip journey of electron can successfully weaken the triple bond in N_(2)through the electron pushing-induced aryl radical via a“brick trowel”transition state,and then produce the diazonium ions by pulling the electron out from the diazo radical intermediate.Different azos can be synthesized with this developed electron catalyzed approach.This approach provides a novel concept and practical route for the fixation of N_(2)at atmospheric pressure into chemical products valuable for industrial and commercial applications.
文摘The aim of this study is to enhance the value of local earth materials used in the construction of certain homes in the Republic of Guinea. Thus, a trial study to improve the quality of mud bricks using paper fibers obtained by grinding and soaking in water and then drying were used as a stabilizer in the manufacture of these mud bricks from the sample of two sites Dounkiwal (DK) (in Mamou and the sample from the urban commune of Kouroussa). To do this, certain methods and means of identification were carried out, namely: geotechnical, mineralogical and chemical analyses. Sample DK from Mamou has a silty-clay geotechnical characteristic with a plasticity index Ip of 12.75%. However, mineralogical and chemical studies showed that sample Dounkiwal (DK) (Mamou) contains a high proportion of silica and iron oxides (79.63%) and Fe2O3 (11.85%), associated with other alkaline earth oxides and ions: CaO;MgO;SO32−;Cl−, i.e. 3.96%;0.96%;0.28% and 0.039% respectively. Its loss on ignition (LOI) and insoluble residues are 15.40% and 56.36%. The evaluation of the number of huts in Upper and Middle Guinea showed that the populations of these areas have been using mud bricks for several decades in the construction of dwellings. The average value found for the compressive strength of these bricks (from samples I, II and III from Kouroussa) is 0.16 MPa. This value is appreciable in the construction of mud houses.
文摘Senvagė Park,located in the old town of Panevėžys,Lithuania,underwent a major renovation(翻新)in 2022,transforming it into one of the citys key landmarks.The red brick loop(环形)path around the pond has become the most popular spot for recreational walks,while new piers,bridges and wooden steps allow visitors to get closer to the water.While Senvagė Park was always a scenic spot,decades of neglect had left it with deteriorating infrastructure(基础设施)and limited appeal.Accessibility was also a challenge due to height differences and numerous stairs.
基金supported by the Earmarked Fund for the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS19),Research on Quality Chemical Characteristics and Healthy Function of Xianyang Brick Tea(2021kjc-js231)Research on Metabolite Alteration and Mechanism in Fu Brick Tea under the Action of Eurotium cristatum(31471706).
文摘This study investigated the therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome(MetS)and the impact on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota of Fu brick tea aqueous extracts(FTE)on MetS in rats fed with a high-fat diet(HFD).Here,the results showed that FTE supplement significantly reduced HFD-induced weight gain,adiposity,dyslipidemia,fasting blood glucose(FBG)increment,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Moreover,FTE supplement resulted in a decline in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)level and attenuation of colonic inflammation and oxidative stress to protect the intestinal barrier function.FTE supplement also maintained the intestinal barrier integrity by improving histological appearance and promoting ZO-1,Occludin,and Claudin-1 protein expression levels.Meanwhile,FTE supplement alleviated the gut microbiota dysbiosis by enhancing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes(F/B)ratio and stimulating the colonization of probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia,Lactobacillus,Adlercreutzia,and Bacteroides.These findings collectively suggest that Fu brick tea could alleviate MetS and MetS-associated traits with the mechanism relevant to the protection of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota regulation.
文摘This study was part of the framework that contributed not only to the improvement of thermal comfort in housing but also to the decarbonization of the construction and building materials industry. For this purpose, terracotta brick seems to meet these needs. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of coal fly ash from a thermal power plant on the physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks from grey clay in the Thicky area of Senegal. The coal fly ash was incorporated into the raw clay material in proportions of 0, 5, 10, and 15 % by weight. These two raw materials were first characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The XRF analyses showed that the most abundant oxides in clay were SiO2 (55.034%) and Fe2O3 (10.155%). In coal fly ash, SiO2 (38.574%) is predominant. The ash also contained Al2O3 (7.717%) and alicano-earthy melting oxides such as CaO (9.271%) and MgO (7.298%) etc. These melting oxides were necessary to facilitate the formation of the liquid phase when baking platelets. The latter, when burned at a temperature of 880°C, were characterized by determining the number of physico-mechanical parameters, such as linear shrinkage during cooking, water absorption, fire loss and compressive strength. A Hierarchical Ascending Classification of these different parameters was performed and three classes were obtained. Class 1 with better compressive strength (6.358 MPa), was in sample A (5%). Class 2 consisted of sample D (reference) and had a higher plasticity index (28.51%) and water absorption rate (11.19%). Finally, class 3, which included samples B (10%) and C (15%), had very high shrinkage and fire losses compared to other platelets. These results highlighted the possibility of using up to 5% of the coal fly ash in the production of new fired bricks with good performance.
文摘This study evaluates the influence of sand content on the mechanical behavior and water resistance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs)manufactured from Lendi clay(Douala,Cameroon).Twenty-seven specimens(prismatic and cubic)were produced with three formulations:0%,30%and 60%sand substitution by dry mass,compacted at 2.5 MPa and cured for 7,14 and 28 days.Raw material characterization included particle size distribution,sand equivalent,Atterberg limits,bulk density and Proctor compaction.The clay displayed a liquid limit of 44.07%,plastic limit of 35.23%and plasticity index of 8.84%;optimum moisture content was 15.9%and maximum dry density 1.24 g·cm^(-3).Mechanical testing showed that pure-clay bricks achieved the highest compressive and flexural strengths at all ages(up to≈1.98 MPa and 0.56 MPa respectively).Although the 30%sand mix exhibited marginally higher early compressive strength(7 days),strength decreased substantially by 28 days.Capillary absorption tests revealed an important distinction:while 0%sand bricks exhibited continuous water uptake,they retained cohesion during immersion;conversely,30%and 60%sand bricks disintegrated into a slurry within seconds of immersion,evidencing severe loss of internal bonding.These findings indicate that,for this highly plastic tropical clay,sand acts primarily as a microstructural diluent that undermines long-term cohesion and durability despite short-term packing benefits.The study underscores the need for locally tailored formulations or stabilizers when designing durable CEBs for humid tropical climates.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52108219)Lanzhou University of Technology Hongliu Outstanding Young Talent Program,China(No.062407)The High Quality of Green Machine-made Aggregate and the Evolution Mechanism of Concrete Life Cycle Performance in the Harsh Environment of Northwest China(No.U21A20150)。
文摘In order to improve the efficient and high-value recycling utilization rate of waste red bricks from construction waste,this study crushed and ground the waste red bricks to produce recycled brick powder(RBP)with different fineness,used the Andreasen model to explore the influence of RBP on the compact filling effect of cementitious material system based on the basic characteristics of RBP.The influence of grinding time(10,20,30 min)and content(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)of RBP on the macroscopic mechanical properties of cementitious materials was investigated.We analyzed the significant impact of RBP particle characteristics on the compressive strength of the specimen with the aid of grey entropy theory,and revealed the influence mechanism of RBP on the microstructure of cementitious materials by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The results show that the fineness of RBP after grinding is smaller than that of cement.The fineness of recycled brick powder increases gradually with the extension of grinding time,which is manifested as the increase of<3μm particles and the decrease of>18μm particles.Compared with the unitary cement cementitious material system,the particle gradation of the RBP-cement binary cementitious material system is closer to the closest packing state.With the increase of RBP content and grinding time,the compactness of the binary cementitious system gradually decreases,indicating that the incorporation of RBP reduces the mechanical strength of the specimen.The results of grey entropy show that the specific surface area D(0.1)and<45μm particles are the significant factors affecting the mechanical properties of cementitious materials mixed with RBP.RBP mainly affects the macroscopic properties of cementitious materials by affecting the internal compactness,the number of hydration products and the pore structure.The results of SEM show that when the RBP content is less than 15%,the content of C-S-H in cement paste increase,and the content of Ca(OH)2 decreases,and the content of C-S-H decreases and the content of Ca(OH)2 increases when the RBP content is more than 15%.The NMR results show that with the extension of grinding time,the pore size of micropore increases gradually,that of middle-small pores decreases gradually,and that of large pores remains unchanged.With the increase of RBP content,the micropores first decrease and then increase,and the middle-small pores and large pores gradually decrease.In summary,the compactness of cementitious material system can be improved by adjusting the fineness of RBP.Considering the performance of cementitious materials and the utilization rate of RBP,it is recommended that the grinding time of RBP is 20 min and the content is 10%-15%.
基金Funded by the Project of National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1906202)。
文摘In order to study the effects of the contents of used mortar recycled aggregate(OMRA)and brick recycled aggregate(BRA)on the deformation properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC),under uniaxial compression conditions,The RAC of OMRA(0%,5%,10%,and 15%)and BRA(0%,3%,6%,9%,12%,and 15%)were studied.The experimental results show that,under uniaxial compression,the interfacial relationships of RAC containing OMRA and BRA between different materials are more complex,and the failure mechanism is also more complex.The content of OMRA and BRA had significant influence on the deformation behavior of RAC.When the content of OMRA and BRA is high,it is difficult for existing formulas and models to accurately represent the actual value.In this study,the influence of OMRA and BRA content is taken into account,and the existing formulas for calculating concrete deformation are modified,so that these formulas can more accurately calculate the elastic modulus,peak strain and ultimate strain of recycled concrete.The stress-strain formula of Guo concrete fits the stress-strain curve of concrete very well.We modified the formula on the basis of Guo formula to make the formula more suitable for the stress-strain curve of recycled concrete containing old mortar and brick,and the theoretical model proposed has better fitting accuracy.The study provides a valuable reference for nonlinear analysis of recycled aggregate concrete structures under different proportions of OMRA and BRA.
文摘Scientists have been searching for possible new particles beyond the standard model(SM),the theory that has predicted the building bricks that have constituted the known matter world today,including the Higgs-“the last”SM particle.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFC3803500).
文摘In order to study the axial compression characteristics of brick masonry historical buildings, and to better protect and repair traditional mortar-brick masonry historical buildings, axial compression tests were carried out on three kinds of restored mortar (pure mud mortar, pure mortar, and mud mortar) brick masonry with restored mortar brick masonry as the object of study. The damage modes, axial compression chemical indexes (compressive strength and elastic modulus), load-displacement curves and stress-strain curves of the three kinds of restored mortar brick masonry were obtained. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of mud mortar brick masonry of 1.676 MPa is better than that of pure mud 1.530 MPa and pure mortar 1.471 MPa brick masonry, which is due to the difference in the bond effect between the restored mortar material and the brick block. According to the test results, the compressive strength formula of the restored mortar brick masonry was modified, and the reasons for the difference between the experimental value of the modulus of elasticity of the restored mortar brick masonry and that of the traditional formula and the measured value were compared and analyzed by a factor of 6.73–7.1. Referring to the axial-pressure ontological relationship of the conventional brick masonry, the 4-parameter segmental function expression was proposed for the characterization of the stress-strain relationship of the restored mortar brick masonry with the use of the stress-strain normalization process. The research results provide theoretical support for the inheritance and development of traditional mortar brick masonry historical architecture.
基金Supported by Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team Construction in Hebei Province(HBCT2023130404).
文摘With brick-wall solar greenhouses in Changli area as the research object,using temperature dynamic monitoring and statistical methods,the greenhouse structure suitable for promoting early cultivation of local peach trees was selected by studying the temperature data of the solar greenhouses during the winter solstice,and a prediction model for daily average temperature was constructed.The results showed that greenhouse Ⅰ had reasonable structural parameters and good daylight during the day.However,due to the low wall thickness and poor insulation material,the minimum temperature was significantly lower than other greenhouses.The thermal insulation performance of greenhouse Ⅱ and Ⅲ was better than that of greenhouse Ⅰ,but the depth-span ratio and the front roof lighting angle were smaller.During the winter solstice,the average temperature of the three greenhouses was between 10 and 15℃,which was suitable for early cultivation of peach trees.The prediction model of daily average temperature was obtained:Daily average temperature=1.02+0.69×Daily average temperature of the previous day+0.02×Maximum temperature of the previous day-0.01×Minimum temperature of the previous day.To sum up,the structural parameters of brick-wall solar greenhouses suitable for early cultivation of peach trees in Changli area were as follows:span 6.5-8.5 m,depth-span ratio 0.47,front roof lighting angle 30°and wall thickness greater than 55 cm.
文摘This study explores the novel application of Triumfetta pentandra(TP,“Nkui”)fibers,a tropical plant that is abundant yet underutilized in civil engineering,to enhance the performance of compressed earth bricks(CEBs).The main objective is to assess how incorporating these vegetal fibers can improve the mechanical properties of CEBs while maintaining durability.TP fibers were extracted,characterized,and integrated into the soil used for brick specimens.A rigorous experimental protocol was implemented,featuring a unique fiber pre-treatment,the use of a single,homogeneous clayey soil type,and controlled 28-day curing under standard humidity and temperature,which distinguishes this study from previous works.Physical measurements(moisture content,bulk density,water absorption)and mechanical tests(fiber tensile strength,compressive and flexural strength of CEBs)were conducted following French standards.The results indicate that 4%TP fiber content yields optimal mechanical performance,with compressive strength reaching 6.61 MPa and flexural strength 1.49 MPa at 28 days,compared to 5.16 MPa and 0.51 MPa for unreinforced samples.This demonstrates the potential of TP fibers to reinforce earth-based materials,providing a sustainable,locally sourced,and cost-effective construction solution.However,higher fiber content increases porosity and capillary water absorption(up to 16.75 g at 6%fibers),highlighting the importance of optimized fiber dosing and potential complementary treatments for long-term durability.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund Project(52002371 and 52204425)National Key Research and Development Program Solid Waste Resource Utilization Project(2018YFC1901504).
文摘The pyrometallurgy combined with hydrometallurgy process is commonly used for recovering valuable elements from spent lithium-ion batteries.To improve the corrosion resistance of heat treatment furnace lining materials in this process,SiC-Si_(3)N_(4)-C composite refractories were prepared by heat-treating at 800-1400℃ for 3 h,using fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks(1-0.5 and<0.5 mm),silicon carbide(2-1,1-0.5,and<0.5 mm),silicon nitride(<0.045 mm),and graphite as raw materials.The fine particles of spent iron ladle bricks were used to replace silicon nitride with the same particle size.The effects of the spent iron ladle brick fine particles additions(0,12.12%,26.25%,36.38%and 48.5%,by mass)and the heat treatment temperatures(800,1000,1200 and 1400℃)on the properties of the composite refractories were studied.The results show that:(1)with the<1 mm spent iron ladle brick fine particles addition increasing,the bulk density of the samples changes slightly,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,the cold modulus of rupture(CMOR)increases,and the cold compressive strength(CCS)first decreases,then increases and finally decreases slightly;(2)with the heat treatment temperature rising,the bulk density of the samples first increases and then decreases,the apparent porosity gradually decreases,and the CCS and the CMOR increase;(3)when the temperature is 1400℃ and the spent iron ladle brick fine particles completely replace the silicon nitride fine particles with the same particle size,the sample exhibits the best comprehensive performance,with the bulk density of 2.37 g·cm^(-3),apparent porosity of 14.3%,CCS of 31.6 MPa,and CMOR of 9.0 MPa,and it has a good resistance to the corrosion of crushed spent lithium-ion battery materials at 1000℃.
