The kingdom Animalia encompasses multicellular,eukaryotic organisms known as animals.Currently,there are approximately 1.5 million identified species of living animals,including over 195 distinct breeds of dogs.Each b...The kingdom Animalia encompasses multicellular,eukaryotic organisms known as animals.Currently,there are approximately 1.5 million identified species of living animals,including over 195 distinct breeds of dogs.Each breed possesses unique characteristics that can be challenging to distinguish.Each breed has its own characteristics that are difficult to identify.Various computer-based methods,including machine learning,deep learning,transfer learning,and robotics,are employed to identify dog breeds,focusing mainly on image or voice data.Voice-based techniques often face challenges such as noise,distortion,and changes in frequency or pitch,which can impair the model’s performance.Conversely,image-based methods may fail when dealing with blurred images,which can result from poor camera quality or photos taken from a distance.This research presents a hybrid model combining voice and image data for dog breed identification.The proposed method Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training-Audio Stacked Network(CLIP-ASN)improves robustness,compensating when one data type is compromised by noise or poor quality.By integrating diverse data types,the model can more effectively identify unique breed characteristics,making it superior to methods relying on a single data type.The key steps of the proposed model are data collection,feature extraction based on Contrastive Language Image for image-based feature extraction and Audio stacked-based voice features extraction,co-attention-based classification,and federated learning-based training and distribution.From the experimental evaluation,it has been concluded that the performance of the proposed work in terms of accuracy 89.75%and is far better than the existing benchmark methods.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to breed special pig breeds resistant to diarrhea by using modern biotechnology.[Methods]From Guizhou local breeds,such as Nuogu pigs,Kele pig,Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs,190 sam...[Objectives]This study was conducted to breed special pig breeds resistant to diarrhea by using modern biotechnology.[Methods]From Guizhou local breeds,such as Nuogu pigs,Kele pig,Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs,190 samples were collected for the analysis of anti-diarrhea gene.[Results]The anti-diarrhea genotype frequency of Kele pigs was 70.00%,which was higher than that of Nuogu pigs(67.37%)and Yorkshire pigs(Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs)(50.59%).The favorable anti-diarrhea gene of all Nuogu pigs,Kele pigs,and Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs was G,with gene frequencies of 0.7355,0.8368 and 0.8500,respectively,and the frequencies of allele A were 0.2645,0.1632 and 0.1500,respectively.In the process of generation selection,combination selection of GG♂×GG♀,GG♂×GA♀,GA♂×GG♀and GA♂×GA♀was conducted,and GG individuals were selected while gradually phasing out GA and AA individuals.The anti-diarrhea genotypes of 98 pigs in the offspring were tested,and it was found that the frequency of genotype GG was greatly improved,and the frequencies in Nuogu pigs,Kele pigs,Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs were increased to 73.91%,81.82%,85.25%and 66.67%respectively,thus forming a special anti-diarrhea breed.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for selecting excellent breeding pigs,establishing core populations and screening resistance genes in the core populations and their offspring.展开更多
Nine Chinese yak breeds （Maiwa, Tianzhu White, Qinghai Plateau, Sibu, Zhongdian, Pali, Tibetan High Mountain, Jiulong, and Xinjiang） and Gayal were analyzed by means of 16 microsatellite markers to determine the lev...Nine Chinese yak breeds （Maiwa, Tianzhu White, Qinghai Plateau, Sibu, Zhongdian, Pali, Tibetan High Mountain, Jiulong, and Xinjiang） and Gayal were analyzed by means of 16 microsatellite markers to determine the level of genetic variation within populations, genetic relationship between populations, and population structure for each breed. A total of 206 microsatellite alleles were observed. Mean F-statistics （0.056） for 9 yak breeds indicated that 94.4% of the genetic variation was observed within yak breeds and 5.6% of the genetic variation existed amongst breeds. The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Nei＇s standard genetic distances and two clusters were obtained. The Gayal separated from the yaks far away and formed one cluster and 9 yak breeds were grouped together. The analysis of population structure for 9 yak breeds and the Gayal showed that they resulted in four clusters; one cluster includes yaks from Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, one cluster combines Zhongdian, Maiwa, and Tianzhu White, and Jiulong and Xinjiang come into the third cluster. Pali was mainly in the first cluster （90%）, Jiulong was mainly in the second cluster （87.1%）, Zhongdian was primarily in the third cluster （83%）, and the other yak breeds were distributed in two to three clusters. The Gayal was positively left in the fourth cluster （99.3%）.展开更多
Background: Colostrum is the first secretion produced by mammary glands during the hours immediately preceding and succeeding parturition. This secretion differs from milk and represents an essential vehicle of passiv...Background: Colostrum is the first secretion produced by mammary glands during the hours immediately preceding and succeeding parturition. This secretion differs from milk and represents an essential vehicle of passive immunity,prebiotic compounds and growth factors involved in intestinal development. Most of the literature concerning colostrum composition refers mainly to human and cow; and little is known about pig colostrum metabolome and how it varies between pig breeds and different farrowing parity. Thus, the aim of the present research is to provide new information about pig colostrum composition and the associations between metabolites, the sows' breed and the survival and growth rates of their litters.Results: Colostrum samples were gathered from 58 parturitions of sows belonging to three different breeds chosen for their importance in Italian heavy pig production: 31 Large White, 15 Landrace and 12 Duroc respectively. The defatted and ultrafiltered colostrum samples were analysed using1 H–NMR spectroscopy. Principal Components Analysis(PCA) was assessed on the obtained spectra. In addition, using a Stepwise Regression and a Linear Regression analyses the metabolites named after the signals assignment were tested for their associations with piglets' performances.Twenty-five metabolites were identified, comprehending monosaccharides, disaccharides(such as lactose), organic acids(lactate, citrate, acetate and formate), nitrogenous organic acids(such as creatine) and other compounds,including nucleotides. PCA results evidence a clustering due to breed and season effects. Lactose was the main compound determining the assignment of the samples into different clusters according to the sow breed. Furthermore, some metabolites showed to be associated with piglets' performance and survival traits: acetate and taurine were positively related to litter weight gain and piglets' survival rate, respectively, while dimethylamine and cis-aconitate were linked to new-borns' impaired ability to survive.Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that colostrum composition is affected by breed, which, together with environmental conditions, may cause changes in colostrum metabolites content with possible consequences on piglets' performances. Among the identified metabolites, acetate, taurine, dimethylamine and cis-aconitate showed consistent associations with piglets' survival rate and litter weight gain, implying that these compounds may affect new-borns' ability to survive.展开更多
[ Objective] The research aimed to explore effects of an immunological stress on immune response in different breeds of piglets （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. [Method] All the 12 weaning pigs （Lulai pig...[ Objective] The research aimed to explore effects of an immunological stress on immune response in different breeds of piglets （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. [Method] All the 12 weaning pigs （Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig） weighing （12.6 ±0.5） kg were used in a 2 x3 factorial design. The main factors consisted of immunological challenge （ LPS or saline） and breeds （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. On Day 1, six piglets of each breed were injected with LPS at the usage of 200 μg/kg BW or an equivalent amount of sterile saline, and in jected classical swine fever vaccine at the same time. Blood sample were collected on Day 2, 7 and 14 post injection to analyze the blood lympho cyte proliferation. The levels of antibodies against classical swine fever were tested on Day 1 prior to injection and on Day 7 and 14 post injection. [ Result] On Day 2 after injection, the lymphocyte transformation rate of piglets injected with LPS were significantly （P〈O. 01 ） increased compared with piglets injected with saline. The lymphocyte transformation rate of Laiwu piglets was significant higher than that of Yorkshire piglets （ P 〈 0.05）. Effects of immunological stress on the level of antibodies against classical swine fever were not significantly different among different breeds of pig lets. [ Conclusion] LPS can effectively stimulate cellular immunity response in different breeds of piglets, and the immune response ability is different among various breeds of piglets.展开更多
Background The genomes of worldwide poultry breeds divergently selected for performance and other phenotypic traits may also be affected by,and formed due to,past and current admixture events.Adaptation to diverse env...Background The genomes of worldwide poultry breeds divergently selected for performance and other phenotypic traits may also be affected by,and formed due to,past and current admixture events.Adaptation to diverse environments,including acclimation to harsh climatic conditions,has also left selection footprints in breed genomes.Results Using the Chicken 50K_CobbCons SNP chip,we genotyped four divergently selected breeds:two aboriginal,cold tolerant Ushanka and Orloff Mille Fleur,one egg-type Russian White subjected to artificial selection for cold tolerance,and one meat-type White Cornish.Signals of selective sweeps were determined in the studied breeds using three methods:(1)assessment of runs of homozygosity islands,(2)F_(ST) based population differential analysis,and(3)haplotype differentiation analysis.Genomic regions of true selection signatures were identified by two or more methods or in two or more breeds.In these regions,we detected 540 prioritized candidate genes supplemented them with those that occurred in one breed using one statistic and were suggested in other studies.Amongst them,SOX5,ME3,ZNF536,WWP1,RIPK2,OSGIN2,DECR1,TPO,PPARGC1A,BDNF,MSTN,and beta-keratin genes can be especially mentioned as candidates for cold adaptation.Epigenetic factors may be involved in regulating some of these important genes(e.g.,TPO and BDNF).Conclusion Based on a genome-wide scan,our findings can help dissect the genetic architecture underlying various phenotypic traits in chicken breeds.These include genes representing the sine qua non for adaptation to harsh environments.Cold tolerance in acclimated chicken breeds may be developed following one of few specific gene expression mechanisms or more than one overlapping response known in cold-exposed individuals,and this warrants further investigation.展开更多
Background:Oligosaccharides(OS)are indigestible carbohydrates naturally found in milk.The composition of porcine colostrum OS may influence the growth and the health of the neonate and consuming optimal concentrations...Background:Oligosaccharides(OS)are indigestible carbohydrates naturally found in milk.The composition of porcine colostrum OS may influence the growth and the health of the neonate and consuming optimal concentrations of OS may reduce piglet susceptibility to illness.In this manner,targeted supplementation of animal feed with OS is being explored as a health management tool in the livestock industry.The variation in OS composition between different breeds of pig and its association with the litter performance is currently unknown.The aim of this study was to characterize the colostrum OS composition from sows of different breed and parity and correlate this data with sow maternal traits.Methods:Eighty-three colostrum samples from parities 1 to 8 were gathered from 3 different breeds of sow:44 Large White sows,27 Landrace sows and 12 Duroc sows.Samples were taken between the birth of the first and the last piglet from sows that were not pharmacologically induced to farrow.OS were purified from the samples and analysed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry(21 OS compositions detected).The farrowing season and the maternal data were recorded for each sow,including the number of live piglets and the litter body weight at birth,at day(d)3 and at weaning.Results:Five OS compositions,including isomers of the bifidogenic Sialyllactose,Lacto-N-Tetraose and Lacto-NHexaose series,were detected in all the samples.Twelve other OS were identified in at least 50%of samples,and their abundances were affected by breed(P<0.05;6 of 12),marginally affected by season(P<0.10;3 of 12)and never by parity number.The abundances of each OS component were standardized by Z-score scaling(μ=0 and SD=1),transformed by principal component analysis,and four similarity clusters were generated.Cluster membership was associated with litter weight gain within 3 days(P=0.063)and at weaning(P<0.05),but not with piglet mortality within 3 days.Conclusions:OS composition of colostrum may partially explain the variability in maternal performance within and between different breeds of sow.The obtained OS data can provide useful information for the development of novel prebiotic food supplements for suckling and weaning pigs.展开更多
MUC13 is a major gene that controls the susceptibility or resistance to diarrhea caused by ETEC F4 ac in piglets.In this study,the MUC13 resistant allele and performance traits of 3 successive generations of a nucleus...MUC13 is a major gene that controls the susceptibility or resistance to diarrhea caused by ETEC F4 ac in piglets.In this study,the MUC13 resistant allele and performance traits of 3 successive generations of a nucleus Duroc breeding population,a total of 250 pigs,were determined using molecular and conventional breeding techniques to screen out the Duroc population homozygous for MUC13 resistant allele.Under the same feeding and management conditions,the occurrence of diarrhea in same-litter pre-weaned piglets from the 20 litters of breeding sows and 20 litters of propagating sows were 8.7% and 18.4%,respectively（P〈 0.01）.However,there was no significant difference in survival rate of same-litter weaned piglets from breeding sows and propagating sows（P 〈0.05）.The determination results showed there was no significant difference in days of age required by 1stgeneration and 3rd generation to grow to 100 kg of body weight.However,compared to that of the 1st generation,the live backfat thickness of the 3rdgeneration was reduced by 1.46 mm（P 〉0.05）.However,no significant differences in growth rate and live backfat thickness were found among the MUC13 genotypes from all the 3generations（P 0.05）.In conclusion,the homozygosis for the MUC13 resistant allele not only can control the occurrence of diarrhea in piglet but also can reduce significantly live backfat thickness.However,the homozygosis for the MUC13 resistant allele has no significant effects on growth and development of piglets.展开更多
Several studies have shown a major development in height and cannon bone circumference in foals from birth to weaning and from different breeds. However, in Brazil, there is little information about foal development. ...Several studies have shown a major development in height and cannon bone circumference in foals from birth to weaning and from different breeds. However, in Brazil, there is little information about foal development. For this reason, this study has used data on foals from seven different farms in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, where horses have a major economic importance. The aim of this study was to compare foal’s development from four breeds and to develop a regression formula in order to estimate such development. It was used data from 210 suckling foals (Arabians n = 18, Campolina n = 86, Mangalarga Marchador n = 42 and Quarter Horses n = 64), raised in similar management practices. Their height at withers, heart girth, and cannon bone girth were measured monthly from birth to weaning. Data we reanalyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test, with P established in 5%. The highest mean of height at withers was observed in the Arabian foals, and it was similar to Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador foals. The last breed presented a higher percentage of gain in height (~36%) and higher heart girth. On the other hand, Campolina foals had the highest mean of cannon bone girth. There was a significant interaction between breed and development phase in heart and cannon bone girths. All regression for mulas obtained from this data was very significant, and it was showed that they can predict height at withers in the four breeds studied. Heart and cannon bone girths showed medium value of R2 and large significance. It is important to highlight that fetal programing produces significant impact on foal development, even after weaning. So, this study would have observed some more changes if its scope had been extended beyond this phase.展开更多
The Nei's improved genetic distance(DA)and gene flow(Nm)were measured using sixteen microsatellite markers.Dendograms based on DA genetic distance using the neighbor-joining(NJ)method and STRUCTURE program were co...The Nei's improved genetic distance(DA)and gene flow(Nm)were measured using sixteen microsatellite markers.Dendograms based on DA genetic distance using the neighbor-joining(NJ)method and STRUCTURE program were constructed to analyze the genetic structure and relationship among 10 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds.The results showed that dendograms of DA genetic distance using the NJ method divided the 10 chicken breeds into two main clusters;one consisted of breeds of low weight body(CHA,TTB,XIA,GUS and BAI),the other contained heavier breeds(LAN,DAG,YOU,XIS and LUY).In the lighter breeds,TIB and CHA clustered together,as did XIA and GUS.In the heavier breeds,XIS and LUY was clustered together in one branch,but LAN,DAG and YOU clustered in independent branches.The results were consistent with Nm estimates among the 10 indigenous chicken breeds.The STRUCTURE program properly inferred the presence of genetic structure despite not pre-defining the origin of individuals.The genetic cluster inferred by STRUCTURE was basically the same as that from the DA distance clustering method.An advantage of the STRUCTURE program was its ability to identify the migrants and admixed individuals in the 10 chicken populations;this could not be achieved by use of the DA distance clustering method.展开更多
The study objects includes seven swine breeds： Minzhu, Sanjiangbaizhu, Yorkshire, Landrace, Junmuyihao, Duroc and Double muscle Yorkshire. According to the sequences of MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 of swine in GenBank, sevent...The study objects includes seven swine breeds： Minzhu, Sanjiangbaizhu, Yorkshire, Landrace, Junmuyihao, Duroc and Double muscle Yorkshire. According to the sequences of MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 of swine in GenBank, seventeen pairs of primers for MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 were designed. PCR-SSCP technology was applied to detect SNPs of the exons of the three genes. The results showed that no polymorphism was in MyoG and MyoD, and some SNPs were in three exons of Myf5. There was one mutant site in the first exon of Myf5 （G → C）, three mutant sites in the second exon of Myf5 （C → A, A → G and G → A）; in the third exon of Myf5, there was one base A deficiency at 3 387 bp, three bases T deficiency at 3417 bp, one mutant site at 3443 bp （T → C）. This study obtained a tendency conclusion that gene frequency of allele M of Myf5 on the one hand is positively correlated with lean meat percentage, on the other hand is correlated with the orientation of selective breeding; it also deduced that allele F is possibly correlated with high lean meat percentage. Through statistical analysis, allele A, B, C of Myf5 have no obvious correlation with lean meat percentage of different swine breeds. In addition, the high polymorphism of Myf5 showed that seven swine breeds are rich in genetic variation, and have high selective competency.展开更多
In this paper,based on the survey data on farmers in 14 provinces and cities nationwide provided by China Rabbit Research System,we analyze the farmers' rabbit breeds selection,purchase channels and the demand for...In this paper,based on the survey data on farmers in 14 provinces and cities nationwide provided by China Rabbit Research System,we analyze the farmers' rabbit breeds selection,purchase channels and the demand for new varieties of rabbits as well as the problems in the course of rabbit usage. We make an empirical analysis of the factors influencing farmers' rabbit demand,and put forth the recommendations for farmers' rabbit breeds usage and to improve the promotion of new varieties of rabbits.展开更多
China is the world’s largest consumer market for eyeglasses,with the total market volume reaching 80billion yuan.Accordingly,the market has a group of 800 million consumers demanding eyeglasses.The consumers are from...China is the world’s largest consumer market for eyeglasses,with the total market volume reaching 80billion yuan.Accordingly,the market has a group of 800 million consumers demanding eyeglasses.The consumers are from different ages。展开更多
RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed us...RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed using twenty RAPD primers. Ten out of the twenty primers had clear bands, which used to investigate the genetic variations among breeds. One of the ten primers is monomorphism. A total of 109 bands were scored, of which 46 bands （46.56%） were polymorphic and 18 of polymorphic band were unique bands. For all breeds, Nei＇s gene diversity, Shannon index, percentage of polymorphic loci and unique bands are respectively in the range of 0.32 to 0.50, 0.44 to 0.69, 31.81 to 100, and 2 to 8. Using UPGMA （unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average） dendrogram, the three clusters, the 1st cluster branch consisted of the Karadi sheep breed, the 2nd cluster was include both of the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds and the 3rd one included Awassi sheep breed. These results indicated that the Karadi sheep is most genetically distant from the Awassi sheep （0.916）. The Jaff and Hamdani sheep in the 2nd cluster indicate a close relationship between them and the results indicated that the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds were closer to Awassi sheep breed than to the Karadi sheep breed. The dendrograms show that there are high genetic distances among sheep breeds, and were ranged from 0.223 between Hamdani and Jaff sheep breeds to 0.916 between Karadi and Awassi sheep breeds. Based on the high degree of genetic distance among the four sheep breeds it is concluded that the four sheep breeds arc independent and isolated breeds.展开更多
This mini review aimed to discuss and compare the findings of a genotypic study done by Gor-nas et al., 2011 and some environmental and social factors discussed previously in Sudan. The main conclusion was the agreeme...This mini review aimed to discuss and compare the findings of a genotypic study done by Gor-nas et al., 2011 and some environmental and social factors discussed previously in Sudan. The main conclusion was the agreement of the genotypic analysis with the previous observations done on the phenotypic part. The important recommendation was to support the nomadic system so as to preserve the biodiversity of livestock in Sudan.展开更多
Three arbitrary chosen enzymes were examined by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate physiological and genetic variations among five different goat breeds inhabiting Saudi Arabia. The goat breeds w...Three arbitrary chosen enzymes were examined by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate physiological and genetic variations among five different goat breeds inhabiting Saudi Arabia. The goat breeds were Pakistani, Tihami, Syrian, Masri and Aardi while the investigated enzymes were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic enzyme (ME). Six polymorphic loci with six monomeric alleles have been recorded in all studied breeds. The second locus of ME was characteristic of Syrian breed where it showed dimeric alleles. The similarity matrix that has been calculated according to the number of sharing bands indicated that these breeds have been divided into two groups: Pakistani and Tihami as one group while the other three breeds clustered in another group. The activity of the metabolic enzymes (Mdh and ME) showed concordance with the constructed relationship where the percentage amounts of these enzymes showed significant variations between the two groups more than that occurred within each group. Mdh was expressed in the second group more than in the first while ME showed, nearly, equal expression in the different breeds. Both genetic and physiological results agreed in clustering the studied breeds into Pakistani and Tihami in one group and the other three breeds in another group. This division was based on a few gene loci and a few sampling size and it needs to be supported by collecting more genetic data and more sampling size in a further molecular study.展开更多
By adopting the method based on colchicine-hypotonic-air drying technique with bone marrow cells, the paper presents the chromosome of four egg-type fowl breeds. The diploid chromosome 2n=78, chromosomal morphology ar...By adopting the method based on colchicine-hypotonic-air drying technique with bone marrow cells, the paper presents the chromosome of four egg-type fowl breeds. The diploid chromosome 2n=78, chromosomal morphology are very similar and sex chromosome type are ZZ (♂) and ZW(♀) in four egg-type fowl breeds. According to standard of Leven in 1964, the euchromosome and sex chromosome of four breeds are measured and compared in relative length arm ratio and centromere index of each chromosome including all the microchromosome. The morphology of these chromosome is described as follows: pair1, 2, 8 and ZW are metacentric, pair 4 and 6 are submetacentric, and the rest is telocentric.展开更多
The method of PCR RFLP was used to analyze the effects of ESR and FSH β genotypes on the litter size,especially the corresponding changes with the difference of genotype distributions in the Min,Sanjiang and Junmu I...The method of PCR RFLP was used to analyze the effects of ESR and FSH β genotypes on the litter size,especially the corresponding changes with the difference of genotype distributions in the Min,Sanjiang and Junmu I pigs.The results show that the ESR and FSH β genes are the major genes of litter size;the heterozygous genotype for ESR as well as for FSH β locus has a more litter size than others.However,the combined genotype ABDD means a more litter size than other genotypes,the frequencies of the heterozygous genotypes in Sanjiang and Junmu I are lower than in Min which maybe one of the most important reasons for the little litter sizes of those two breeds.展开更多
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and breed of cattle on carcass and meat characteristics in Ethiopia. A total of 39 (Arsi 11, Boran 14 and Harar 14) cattle breeds with age categories of &...The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and breed of cattle on carcass and meat characteristics in Ethiopia. A total of 39 (Arsi 11, Boran 14 and Harar 14) cattle breeds with age categories of <3, 4 - 6, and 7 - 9 years were used for the study. The bulls were purchased from their respective production system of mixed crop livestock system (Arsi and Harar) and Ranch (Boran). Parameters such as live and carcass weight, meat yield percent, fat characteristics, and primal beef cuts were evaluated. Complete randomized design was used for the study. The live weight of bulls at <3, 4 - 6 and 7 - 9 years ranged 135 - 183, 167 - 181, and 155 - 433 kg, respectively. The carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat yield percent, forequarter, hindquarter, rib eye area, and fat thickness ranged 57 - 209.73 kg, 41.8% - 51.6%, 32% - 58%, 11.7 - 56.42 kg, 14.04 - 45.34 kg, 4.78 - 10.25 square inches and 0.18 - 0.38 inches, respectively. At an early age category (<3 years) meat yield percentage of Arsi, Boran and Harar breeds were 50.86, 30 and 18.72, respectively, and as age category shifted from one age category to the next Harar increased by 13× and Boran by 2.9× and Arsi decreased by -0.93×. The mean rib percentage of Arsi, Boran and Harar were in the range of 7.98 - 9.57, 8.62 - 10.44 and 7.08 - 8.83, respectively. Breed and age of bulls had significantly affected primal meat cuts. Meat yield was predicted from live and hot carcass weight with coefficient determination (R2) of 70.66% and 74.75%, respectively. From the study, it was concluded that age and breeds of cattle had significantly influence on carcass and meat characteristics. Therefore, to determine whether variations were due to genetic or environmental cause’s evaluation of the three breeds under similar feeding condition was recommended.展开更多
Background:A large number of pig breeds are distributed around the world,their features and characteristics vary among breeds,and they are valuable resources.Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that explai...Background:A large number of pig breeds are distributed around the world,their features and characteristics vary among breeds,and they are valuable resources.Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that explain across-breed variation can help breeders develop improved pig breeds.Results:In this study,we performed GWAS using a standard mixed linear model with three types of genome variants(SNP,InDel,and CNV)that were identified from public,whole-genome,sequencing data sets.We used 469 pigs of 57 breeds,and we identified and analyzed approximately 19 million SNPs,1.8 million InDels,and 18,016 CNVs.We defined six biological phenotypes by the characteristics of breed features to identify the associated genome variants and candidate genes,which included coat color,ear shape,gradient zone,body weight,body length,and body height.A total of 37 candidate genes was identified,which included 27 that were reported previously(e.g.,PLAG1 for body weight),but the other 10 were newly detected candidate genes(e.g.,ADAMTS9 for coat color).Conclusion:Our study indicated that using GWAS across a modest number of breeds with high density genome variants provided efficient mapping of complex traits.展开更多
基金King Saud University,Saudi Arabia for funding this work through Ongoing Research Funding Program(ORF-2025-953),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The kingdom Animalia encompasses multicellular,eukaryotic organisms known as animals.Currently,there are approximately 1.5 million identified species of living animals,including over 195 distinct breeds of dogs.Each breed possesses unique characteristics that can be challenging to distinguish.Each breed has its own characteristics that are difficult to identify.Various computer-based methods,including machine learning,deep learning,transfer learning,and robotics,are employed to identify dog breeds,focusing mainly on image or voice data.Voice-based techniques often face challenges such as noise,distortion,and changes in frequency or pitch,which can impair the model’s performance.Conversely,image-based methods may fail when dealing with blurred images,which can result from poor camera quality or photos taken from a distance.This research presents a hybrid model combining voice and image data for dog breed identification.The proposed method Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training-Audio Stacked Network(CLIP-ASN)improves robustness,compensating when one data type is compromised by noise or poor quality.By integrating diverse data types,the model can more effectively identify unique breed characteristics,making it superior to methods relying on a single data type.The key steps of the proposed model are data collection,feature extraction based on Contrastive Language Image for image-based feature extraction and Audio stacked-based voice features extraction,co-attention-based classification,and federated learning-based training and distribution.From the experimental evaluation,it has been concluded that the performance of the proposed work in terms of accuracy 89.75%and is far better than the existing benchmark methods.
基金Supported by Guizhou Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Project(QNYZZZ[2017]No.12)2024 Quality Supervision and Sampling Project of Normal Temperature Semen for Breeding Pigs.
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to breed special pig breeds resistant to diarrhea by using modern biotechnology.[Methods]From Guizhou local breeds,such as Nuogu pigs,Kele pig,Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs,190 samples were collected for the analysis of anti-diarrhea gene.[Results]The anti-diarrhea genotype frequency of Kele pigs was 70.00%,which was higher than that of Nuogu pigs(67.37%)and Yorkshire pigs(Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs)(50.59%).The favorable anti-diarrhea gene of all Nuogu pigs,Kele pigs,and Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs was G,with gene frequencies of 0.7355,0.8368 and 0.8500,respectively,and the frequencies of allele A were 0.2645,0.1632 and 0.1500,respectively.In the process of generation selection,combination selection of GG♂×GG♀,GG♂×GA♀,GA♂×GG♀and GA♂×GA♀was conducted,and GG individuals were selected while gradually phasing out GA and AA individuals.The anti-diarrhea genotypes of 98 pigs in the offspring were tested,and it was found that the frequency of genotype GG was greatly improved,and the frequencies in Nuogu pigs,Kele pigs,Yorkshire pigs and Duroc pigs were increased to 73.91%,81.82%,85.25%and 66.67%respectively,thus forming a special anti-diarrhea breed.[Conclusions]This study provides a basis for selecting excellent breeding pigs,establishing core populations and screening resistance genes in the core populations and their offspring.
文摘Nine Chinese yak breeds （Maiwa, Tianzhu White, Qinghai Plateau, Sibu, Zhongdian, Pali, Tibetan High Mountain, Jiulong, and Xinjiang） and Gayal were analyzed by means of 16 microsatellite markers to determine the level of genetic variation within populations, genetic relationship between populations, and population structure for each breed. A total of 206 microsatellite alleles were observed. Mean F-statistics （0.056） for 9 yak breeds indicated that 94.4% of the genetic variation was observed within yak breeds and 5.6% of the genetic variation existed amongst breeds. The Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Nei＇s standard genetic distances and two clusters were obtained. The Gayal separated from the yaks far away and formed one cluster and 9 yak breeds were grouped together. The analysis of population structure for 9 yak breeds and the Gayal showed that they resulted in four clusters; one cluster includes yaks from Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, one cluster combines Zhongdian, Maiwa, and Tianzhu White, and Jiulong and Xinjiang come into the third cluster. Pali was mainly in the first cluster （90%）, Jiulong was mainly in the second cluster （87.1%）, Zhongdian was primarily in the third cluster （83%）, and the other yak breeds were distributed in two to three clusters. The Gayal was positively left in the fourth cluster （99.3%）.
文摘Background: Colostrum is the first secretion produced by mammary glands during the hours immediately preceding and succeeding parturition. This secretion differs from milk and represents an essential vehicle of passive immunity,prebiotic compounds and growth factors involved in intestinal development. Most of the literature concerning colostrum composition refers mainly to human and cow; and little is known about pig colostrum metabolome and how it varies between pig breeds and different farrowing parity. Thus, the aim of the present research is to provide new information about pig colostrum composition and the associations between metabolites, the sows' breed and the survival and growth rates of their litters.Results: Colostrum samples were gathered from 58 parturitions of sows belonging to three different breeds chosen for their importance in Italian heavy pig production: 31 Large White, 15 Landrace and 12 Duroc respectively. The defatted and ultrafiltered colostrum samples were analysed using1 H–NMR spectroscopy. Principal Components Analysis(PCA) was assessed on the obtained spectra. In addition, using a Stepwise Regression and a Linear Regression analyses the metabolites named after the signals assignment were tested for their associations with piglets' performances.Twenty-five metabolites were identified, comprehending monosaccharides, disaccharides(such as lactose), organic acids(lactate, citrate, acetate and formate), nitrogenous organic acids(such as creatine) and other compounds,including nucleotides. PCA results evidence a clustering due to breed and season effects. Lactose was the main compound determining the assignment of the samples into different clusters according to the sow breed. Furthermore, some metabolites showed to be associated with piglets' performance and survival traits: acetate and taurine were positively related to litter weight gain and piglets' survival rate, respectively, while dimethylamine and cis-aconitate were linked to new-borns' impaired ability to survive.Conclusions: The results obtained suggest that colostrum composition is affected by breed, which, together with environmental conditions, may cause changes in colostrum metabolites content with possible consequences on piglets' performances. Among the identified metabolites, acetate, taurine, dimethylamine and cis-aconitate showed consistent associations with piglets' survival rate and litter weight gain, implying that these compounds may affect new-borns' ability to survive.
文摘[ Objective] The research aimed to explore effects of an immunological stress on immune response in different breeds of piglets （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. [Method] All the 12 weaning pigs （Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig） weighing （12.6 ±0.5） kg were used in a 2 x3 factorial design. The main factors consisted of immunological challenge （ LPS or saline） and breeds （ Lulai pig, Laiwu pig and Yorkshire pig）. On Day 1, six piglets of each breed were injected with LPS at the usage of 200 μg/kg BW or an equivalent amount of sterile saline, and in jected classical swine fever vaccine at the same time. Blood sample were collected on Day 2, 7 and 14 post injection to analyze the blood lympho cyte proliferation. The levels of antibodies against classical swine fever were tested on Day 1 prior to injection and on Day 7 and 14 post injection. [ Result] On Day 2 after injection, the lymphocyte transformation rate of piglets injected with LPS were significantly （P〈O. 01 ） increased compared with piglets injected with saline. The lymphocyte transformation rate of Laiwu piglets was significant higher than that of Yorkshire piglets （ P 〈 0.05）. Effects of immunological stress on the level of antibodies against classical swine fever were not significantly different among different breeds of pig lets. [ Conclusion] LPS can effectively stimulate cellular immunity response in different breeds of piglets, and the immune response ability is different among various breeds of piglets.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation within the Project No.21-66-00007support of the Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education。
文摘Background The genomes of worldwide poultry breeds divergently selected for performance and other phenotypic traits may also be affected by,and formed due to,past and current admixture events.Adaptation to diverse environments,including acclimation to harsh climatic conditions,has also left selection footprints in breed genomes.Results Using the Chicken 50K_CobbCons SNP chip,we genotyped four divergently selected breeds:two aboriginal,cold tolerant Ushanka and Orloff Mille Fleur,one egg-type Russian White subjected to artificial selection for cold tolerance,and one meat-type White Cornish.Signals of selective sweeps were determined in the studied breeds using three methods:(1)assessment of runs of homozygosity islands,(2)F_(ST) based population differential analysis,and(3)haplotype differentiation analysis.Genomic regions of true selection signatures were identified by two or more methods or in two or more breeds.In these regions,we detected 540 prioritized candidate genes supplemented them with those that occurred in one breed using one statistic and were suggested in other studies.Amongst them,SOX5,ME3,ZNF536,WWP1,RIPK2,OSGIN2,DECR1,TPO,PPARGC1A,BDNF,MSTN,and beta-keratin genes can be especially mentioned as candidates for cold adaptation.Epigenetic factors may be involved in regulating some of these important genes(e.g.,TPO and BDNF).Conclusion Based on a genome-wide scan,our findings can help dissect the genetic architecture underlying various phenotypic traits in chicken breeds.These include genes representing the sine qua non for adaptation to harsh environments.Cold tolerance in acclimated chicken breeds may be developed following one of few specific gene expression mechanisms or more than one overlapping response known in cold-exposed individuals,and this warrants further investigation.
基金This research was in part supported by the National Institutes of Health awards R01AT008759supported in part by funding from the National Institutes of Health awards R01AT008759 and USDA:NIFA CA-D-FST-2187-H.
文摘Background:Oligosaccharides(OS)are indigestible carbohydrates naturally found in milk.The composition of porcine colostrum OS may influence the growth and the health of the neonate and consuming optimal concentrations of OS may reduce piglet susceptibility to illness.In this manner,targeted supplementation of animal feed with OS is being explored as a health management tool in the livestock industry.The variation in OS composition between different breeds of pig and its association with the litter performance is currently unknown.The aim of this study was to characterize the colostrum OS composition from sows of different breed and parity and correlate this data with sow maternal traits.Methods:Eighty-three colostrum samples from parities 1 to 8 were gathered from 3 different breeds of sow:44 Large White sows,27 Landrace sows and 12 Duroc sows.Samples were taken between the birth of the first and the last piglet from sows that were not pharmacologically induced to farrow.OS were purified from the samples and analysed by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry(21 OS compositions detected).The farrowing season and the maternal data were recorded for each sow,including the number of live piglets and the litter body weight at birth,at day(d)3 and at weaning.Results:Five OS compositions,including isomers of the bifidogenic Sialyllactose,Lacto-N-Tetraose and Lacto-NHexaose series,were detected in all the samples.Twelve other OS were identified in at least 50%of samples,and their abundances were affected by breed(P<0.05;6 of 12),marginally affected by season(P<0.10;3 of 12)and never by parity number.The abundances of each OS component were standardized by Z-score scaling(μ=0 and SD=1),transformed by principal component analysis,and four similarity clusters were generated.Cluster membership was associated with litter weight gain within 3 days(P=0.063)and at weaning(P<0.05),but not with piglet mortality within 3 days.Conclusions:OS composition of colostrum may partially explain the variability in maternal performance within and between different breeds of sow.The obtained OS data can provide useful information for the development of novel prebiotic food supplements for suckling and weaning pigs.
基金Supported by Key Project of Science and Technology Plan of Fujian Province(2010N0012)Agricultural Science and Technology Spanning Plan in Fujian Province(2013KY05)~~
文摘MUC13 is a major gene that controls the susceptibility or resistance to diarrhea caused by ETEC F4 ac in piglets.In this study,the MUC13 resistant allele and performance traits of 3 successive generations of a nucleus Duroc breeding population,a total of 250 pigs,were determined using molecular and conventional breeding techniques to screen out the Duroc population homozygous for MUC13 resistant allele.Under the same feeding and management conditions,the occurrence of diarrhea in same-litter pre-weaned piglets from the 20 litters of breeding sows and 20 litters of propagating sows were 8.7% and 18.4%,respectively（P〈 0.01）.However,there was no significant difference in survival rate of same-litter weaned piglets from breeding sows and propagating sows（P 〈0.05）.The determination results showed there was no significant difference in days of age required by 1stgeneration and 3rd generation to grow to 100 kg of body weight.However,compared to that of the 1st generation,the live backfat thickness of the 3rdgeneration was reduced by 1.46 mm（P 〉0.05）.However,no significant differences in growth rate and live backfat thickness were found among the MUC13 genotypes from all the 3generations（P 0.05）.In conclusion,the homozygosis for the MUC13 resistant allele not only can control the occurrence of diarrhea in piglet but also can reduce significantly live backfat thickness.However,the homozygosis for the MUC13 resistant allele has no significant effects on growth and development of piglets.
文摘Several studies have shown a major development in height and cannon bone circumference in foals from birth to weaning and from different breeds. However, in Brazil, there is little information about foal development. For this reason, this study has used data on foals from seven different farms in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, where horses have a major economic importance. The aim of this study was to compare foal’s development from four breeds and to develop a regression formula in order to estimate such development. It was used data from 210 suckling foals (Arabians n = 18, Campolina n = 86, Mangalarga Marchador n = 42 and Quarter Horses n = 64), raised in similar management practices. Their height at withers, heart girth, and cannon bone girth were measured monthly from birth to weaning. Data we reanalyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test, with P established in 5%. The highest mean of height at withers was observed in the Arabian foals, and it was similar to Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador foals. The last breed presented a higher percentage of gain in height (~36%) and higher heart girth. On the other hand, Campolina foals had the highest mean of cannon bone girth. There was a significant interaction between breed and development phase in heart and cannon bone girths. All regression for mulas obtained from this data was very significant, and it was showed that they can predict height at withers in the four breeds studied. Heart and cannon bone girths showed medium value of R2 and large significance. It is important to highlight that fetal programing produces significant impact on foal development, even after weaning. So, this study would have observed some more changes if its scope had been extended beyond this phase.
基金supported by the Program of National Technological Basis from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2005DKA21101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30700572)
文摘The Nei's improved genetic distance(DA)and gene flow(Nm)were measured using sixteen microsatellite markers.Dendograms based on DA genetic distance using the neighbor-joining(NJ)method and STRUCTURE program were constructed to analyze the genetic structure and relationship among 10 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds.The results showed that dendograms of DA genetic distance using the NJ method divided the 10 chicken breeds into two main clusters;one consisted of breeds of low weight body(CHA,TTB,XIA,GUS and BAI),the other contained heavier breeds(LAN,DAG,YOU,XIS and LUY).In the lighter breeds,TIB and CHA clustered together,as did XIA and GUS.In the heavier breeds,XIS and LUY was clustered together in one branch,but LAN,DAG and YOU clustered in independent branches.The results were consistent with Nm estimates among the 10 indigenous chicken breeds.The STRUCTURE program properly inferred the presence of genetic structure despite not pre-defining the origin of individuals.The genetic cluster inferred by STRUCTURE was basically the same as that from the DA distance clustering method.An advantage of the STRUCTURE program was its ability to identify the migrants and admixed individuals in the 10 chicken populations;this could not be achieved by use of the DA distance clustering method.
文摘The study objects includes seven swine breeds： Minzhu, Sanjiangbaizhu, Yorkshire, Landrace, Junmuyihao, Duroc and Double muscle Yorkshire. According to the sequences of MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 of swine in GenBank, seventeen pairs of primers for MyoG, MyoD and Myf5 were designed. PCR-SSCP technology was applied to detect SNPs of the exons of the three genes. The results showed that no polymorphism was in MyoG and MyoD, and some SNPs were in three exons of Myf5. There was one mutant site in the first exon of Myf5 （G → C）, three mutant sites in the second exon of Myf5 （C → A, A → G and G → A）; in the third exon of Myf5, there was one base A deficiency at 3 387 bp, three bases T deficiency at 3417 bp, one mutant site at 3443 bp （T → C）. This study obtained a tendency conclusion that gene frequency of allele M of Myf5 on the one hand is positively correlated with lean meat percentage, on the other hand is correlated with the orientation of selective breeding; it also deduced that allele F is possibly correlated with high lean meat percentage. Through statistical analysis, allele A, B, C of Myf5 have no obvious correlation with lean meat percentage of different swine breeds. In addition, the high polymorphism of Myf5 showed that seven swine breeds are rich in genetic variation, and have high selective competency.
基金based on the survey by China Rabbit Research System(No.CARS-44-D-05),which is funded by Ministry of Agriculture of China and Ministry of Finance of China
文摘In this paper,based on the survey data on farmers in 14 provinces and cities nationwide provided by China Rabbit Research System,we analyze the farmers' rabbit breeds selection,purchase channels and the demand for new varieties of rabbits as well as the problems in the course of rabbit usage. We make an empirical analysis of the factors influencing farmers' rabbit demand,and put forth the recommendations for farmers' rabbit breeds usage and to improve the promotion of new varieties of rabbits.
文摘China is the world’s largest consumer market for eyeglasses,with the total market volume reaching 80billion yuan.Accordingly,the market has a group of 800 million consumers demanding eyeglasses.The consumers are from different ages。
文摘RAPD （Random amplified polymorphic DNA） markers were used to study genetic diversity among three Kurdish sheep breeds （the Karadi, Hamdani and Jaff） with the Awassi sheep breed. A total of 40 samples were typed using twenty RAPD primers. Ten out of the twenty primers had clear bands, which used to investigate the genetic variations among breeds. One of the ten primers is monomorphism. A total of 109 bands were scored, of which 46 bands （46.56%） were polymorphic and 18 of polymorphic band were unique bands. For all breeds, Nei＇s gene diversity, Shannon index, percentage of polymorphic loci and unique bands are respectively in the range of 0.32 to 0.50, 0.44 to 0.69, 31.81 to 100, and 2 to 8. Using UPGMA （unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average） dendrogram, the three clusters, the 1st cluster branch consisted of the Karadi sheep breed, the 2nd cluster was include both of the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds and the 3rd one included Awassi sheep breed. These results indicated that the Karadi sheep is most genetically distant from the Awassi sheep （0.916）. The Jaff and Hamdani sheep in the 2nd cluster indicate a close relationship between them and the results indicated that the Jaff and Hamdani sheep breeds were closer to Awassi sheep breed than to the Karadi sheep breed. The dendrograms show that there are high genetic distances among sheep breeds, and were ranged from 0.223 between Hamdani and Jaff sheep breeds to 0.916 between Karadi and Awassi sheep breeds. Based on the high degree of genetic distance among the four sheep breeds it is concluded that the four sheep breeds arc independent and isolated breeds.
文摘This mini review aimed to discuss and compare the findings of a genotypic study done by Gor-nas et al., 2011 and some environmental and social factors discussed previously in Sudan. The main conclusion was the agreement of the genotypic analysis with the previous observations done on the phenotypic part. The important recommendation was to support the nomadic system so as to preserve the biodiversity of livestock in Sudan.
文摘Three arbitrary chosen enzymes were examined by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate physiological and genetic variations among five different goat breeds inhabiting Saudi Arabia. The goat breeds were Pakistani, Tihami, Syrian, Masri and Aardi while the investigated enzymes were alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) and malic enzyme (ME). Six polymorphic loci with six monomeric alleles have been recorded in all studied breeds. The second locus of ME was characteristic of Syrian breed where it showed dimeric alleles. The similarity matrix that has been calculated according to the number of sharing bands indicated that these breeds have been divided into two groups: Pakistani and Tihami as one group while the other three breeds clustered in another group. The activity of the metabolic enzymes (Mdh and ME) showed concordance with the constructed relationship where the percentage amounts of these enzymes showed significant variations between the two groups more than that occurred within each group. Mdh was expressed in the second group more than in the first while ME showed, nearly, equal expression in the different breeds. Both genetic and physiological results agreed in clustering the studied breeds into Pakistani and Tihami in one group and the other three breeds in another group. This division was based on a few gene loci and a few sampling size and it needs to be supported by collecting more genetic data and more sampling size in a further molecular study.
文摘By adopting the method based on colchicine-hypotonic-air drying technique with bone marrow cells, the paper presents the chromosome of four egg-type fowl breeds. The diploid chromosome 2n=78, chromosomal morphology are very similar and sex chromosome type are ZZ (♂) and ZW(♀) in four egg-type fowl breeds. According to standard of Leven in 1964, the euchromosome and sex chromosome of four breeds are measured and compared in relative length arm ratio and centromere index of each chromosome including all the microchromosome. The morphology of these chromosome is described as follows: pair1, 2, 8 and ZW are metacentric, pair 4 and 6 are submetacentric, and the rest is telocentric.
文摘The method of PCR RFLP was used to analyze the effects of ESR and FSH β genotypes on the litter size,especially the corresponding changes with the difference of genotype distributions in the Min,Sanjiang and Junmu I pigs.The results show that the ESR and FSH β genes are the major genes of litter size;the heterozygous genotype for ESR as well as for FSH β locus has a more litter size than others.However,the combined genotype ABDD means a more litter size than other genotypes,the frequencies of the heterozygous genotypes in Sanjiang and Junmu I are lower than in Min which maybe one of the most important reasons for the little litter sizes of those two breeds.
文摘The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age and breed of cattle on carcass and meat characteristics in Ethiopia. A total of 39 (Arsi 11, Boran 14 and Harar 14) cattle breeds with age categories of <3, 4 - 6, and 7 - 9 years were used for the study. The bulls were purchased from their respective production system of mixed crop livestock system (Arsi and Harar) and Ranch (Boran). Parameters such as live and carcass weight, meat yield percent, fat characteristics, and primal beef cuts were evaluated. Complete randomized design was used for the study. The live weight of bulls at <3, 4 - 6 and 7 - 9 years ranged 135 - 183, 167 - 181, and 155 - 433 kg, respectively. The carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat yield percent, forequarter, hindquarter, rib eye area, and fat thickness ranged 57 - 209.73 kg, 41.8% - 51.6%, 32% - 58%, 11.7 - 56.42 kg, 14.04 - 45.34 kg, 4.78 - 10.25 square inches and 0.18 - 0.38 inches, respectively. At an early age category (<3 years) meat yield percentage of Arsi, Boran and Harar breeds were 50.86, 30 and 18.72, respectively, and as age category shifted from one age category to the next Harar increased by 13× and Boran by 2.9× and Arsi decreased by -0.93×. The mean rib percentage of Arsi, Boran and Harar were in the range of 7.98 - 9.57, 8.62 - 10.44 and 7.08 - 8.83, respectively. Breed and age of bulls had significantly affected primal meat cuts. Meat yield was predicted from live and hot carcass weight with coefficient determination (R2) of 70.66% and 74.75%, respectively. From the study, it was concluded that age and breeds of cattle had significantly influence on carcass and meat characteristics. Therefore, to determine whether variations were due to genetic or environmental cause’s evaluation of the three breeds under similar feeding condition was recommended.
基金supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31790414)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702087,31902156,31730089)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662020DKPY007,2662017QD016)the National Swine Industry Technology System(CARS-35).
文摘Background:A large number of pig breeds are distributed around the world,their features and characteristics vary among breeds,and they are valuable resources.Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that explain across-breed variation can help breeders develop improved pig breeds.Results:In this study,we performed GWAS using a standard mixed linear model with three types of genome variants(SNP,InDel,and CNV)that were identified from public,whole-genome,sequencing data sets.We used 469 pigs of 57 breeds,and we identified and analyzed approximately 19 million SNPs,1.8 million InDels,and 18,016 CNVs.We defined six biological phenotypes by the characteristics of breed features to identify the associated genome variants and candidate genes,which included coat color,ear shape,gradient zone,body weight,body length,and body height.A total of 37 candidate genes was identified,which included 27 that were reported previously(e.g.,PLAG1 for body weight),but the other 10 were newly detected candidate genes(e.g.,ADAMTS9 for coat color).Conclusion:Our study indicated that using GWAS across a modest number of breeds with high density genome variants provided efficient mapping of complex traits.
