Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant chal...Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant challenges in privacy-sensitive and distributed settings,often neglecting label dependencies and suffering from low computational efficiency.To address these issues,we introduce a novel framework,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO—federated MFS via dual-layer hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm with manifold and sparsity regularization(DHBCPSO-MSR).Leveraging the federated learning paradigm,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO allows clients to perform local feature selection(FS)using DHBCPSO-MSR.Locally selected feature subsets are encrypted with differential privacy(DP)and transmitted to a central server,where they are securely aggregated and refined through secure multi-party computation(SMPC)until global convergence is achieved.Within each client,DHBCPSO-MSR employs a dual-layer FS strategy.The inner layer constructs sample and label similarity graphs,generates Laplacian matrices to capture the manifold structure between samples and labels,and applies L2,1-norm regularization to sparsify the feature subset,yielding an optimized feature weight matrix.The outer layer uses a hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm to further refine the feature weight matrix and identify the optimal feature subset.The updated weight matrix is then fed back to the inner layer for further optimization.Comprehensive experiments on multiple real-world multi-label datasets demonstrate that Fed-MFSDHBCPSO consistently outperforms both centralized and federated baseline methods across several key evaluation metrics.展开更多
The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This...The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.展开更多
Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models...Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.展开更多
Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing populati...Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.展开更多
This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the ni...This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the nitrogen nutrient balance method.We investigate nitrogen supply and demand and livestock carrying capacity in northeast China by comparing emissions from 2000-2022 over the past several decades.The poultry and livestock industry in northeast China has changed significantly over the past two decades:pigs are now the most bred animal and poultry production has increased dramatically.Regional livestock nitrogen emissions are influenced primarily by the size of the local livestock industry chain.Due to regional differences,each region has unique breeding structures.We also predict the anticipated situation in 2050 using the business-as usual scenario.High-risk livestock carrying capacity areas will be concentrated in the northeast and southeast regions,with significantly increased risk indices,compared with those of 2022,particularly in Shenyang,Fushun,and Tieling.Therefore,promoting farming and breeding,improving livestock manure utilization,and returning manure to nearby farmlands are crucial for meeting agricultural green development goals.展开更多
Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in...Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.展开更多
Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus...Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, spatial and temporal coupling technology of ＂planting rice in one season and breeding red swamp crawfish in three seasons＂, green fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, control technology of water level, and throwing technology of bait in Lixiahe region of Jiangsu Province were introduced successively, which can provide technical support for the development of ecological planting and breeding patterns and realization of green production in paddy fields.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increase...Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increased the demand for soybeans,emphasizing the urgency of developing high-yield,stresstolerant,and nutritionally superior cultivars.The extensive collection of soybean germplasm resources—including wild relatives,landraces,and cultivars—represents a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity critical for breeding advancements.Recent breakthroughs in genomic technologies,particularly highthroughput sequencing and multi-omics approaches,have revolutionized the identification of key genes associated with essential agronomic traits within these resources.These innovations enable precise and strategic utilization of genetic diversity,empowering breeders to integrate traits that improve yield potential,resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses,and nutritional quality.This review highlights the critical role of genetic resources and omics-driven innovations in soybean breeding.It also offers insights into strategies for accelerating the development of elite soybean cultivars to meet the growing demands of global soybean production.展开更多
Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis unde...Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying complex agronomic traits is essential for unlocking the potential of sorghum in addressing food and feed security and utilizing marginal lands.In this context,we provide an overview of the major trends in genomic resource studies focusing on key agronomic traits over the past decade,accompanied by a summary of functional genomic platforms.We also delve into the molecular functions and regulatory networks of impactful genes for important agricultural traits.Lastly,we discuss and synthesize the current challenges and prospects for advancing molecular design breeding by gene-editing and polymerization of the excellent alleles,with the aim of accelerating the development of desired sorghum varieties.展开更多
Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental ch...Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.展开更多
The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize reg...The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region of China in 2021 caused yield losses exceeding 50%in some plots,and this disease has been included in the List of Key Crop Pests and Diseases.This paper systematically reviews the molecular resistance mechanisms of maize to southern rust,focusing on the immune mechanisms mediated by NLR family genes and the characteristics of the Bin 10.01 resistance gene cluster;it summarizes the advances in research of molecular breeding technologies such as gene marker development,map-based cloning,and gene editing;combined with the disease characteristics of the spring-sown maize region in Southwest China and the summer-sown maize region in Huang-Huai-Hai,it elaborates on regionally adapted prevention and control strategies;integrating breeding practices of Dunhuang Seed Industry Group(e.g.,Dunyu 810 and Dunyan 616),it proposes a full-chain solution of"precision gene pyramiding-heterotic group utilization-regional promotion".It is expected to provide theoretical and technical references for molecular breeding of maize resistance to southern rust.展开更多
Extensive transcriptomic reprogramming is triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses in plants,with coordinated regulation mediated through multiple transcription factor families,such as WRKY,MYB,NAC,and BBX proteins.Am...Extensive transcriptomic reprogramming is triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses in plants,with coordinated regulation mediated through multiple transcription factor families,such as WRKY,MYB,NAC,and BBX proteins.Among these,B-box(BBX)proteins represent a distinct class of zinc finger transcription factors characterized by the presence of conserved B-box domains.They serve as central regulators in plant photomorphogenesis and developmental processes.Accumulating genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrates that BBX family members orchestrate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses through multifaceted molecular mechanisms,including the regulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis,and modulation of hormonal signaling pathways.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the identification of BBX family genes in different plant species.Furthermore,their emerging roles in mediating plant stress responses are elucidated,with molecularmechanisms being comprehensively analyzed at both transcriptional and post-translational levels.However,to fully harness the potential of BBX genes in crop improvement,a deeper understanding of their functional mechanisms including BBX-mediated hormonal crosstalk networks,growth-defense trade-offs,and more extensive field performance data remains essential.These insights provide a theoretical foundation for developing climate-resilient crop varieties through targeted genetic improvement strategies.展开更多
The identification of haploid induction genes has promoted the advancement of several breeding technologies.Haploid induction genes in wheat,coupled with visual marker,have led to the establishment of a novel in vivo ...The identification of haploid induction genes has promoted the advancement of several breeding technologies.Haploid induction genes in wheat,coupled with visual marker,have led to the establishment of a novel in vivo doubled-haploid(DH)technology.When combined with dominant male sterile genes,this innovative DH method presents a promising avenue for high-throughput production of DH lines.Furthermore,the application of haploid induction genes has facilitated the establishment of other innovative breeding technologies,such as HI-Edit and cyto-swapping in creating cytoplasmic male sterility lines,as well as synthetic apomixis.This review summarizes the progress of DH technology in wheat and presents examples of application of haploid induction genes in accelerating breeding practices,aiming to promote the development of these innovative technologies in wheat and enhancing wheat breeding efficiency.展开更多
A predictive model of meiotic crossover engineering would increase precision in crop breeding.We review the biological principles underlying crossover formation and chromosomal distribution,hierarchical control mechan...A predictive model of meiotic crossover engineering would increase precision in crop breeding.We review the biological principles underlying crossover formation and chromosomal distribution,hierarchical control mechanisms enforcing crossover assurance,and an emerging phase-separation model determining crossover interference patterning.展开更多
Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Develop...Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,have developed GEAIR(Genome Editing with Artificial-Intelligence-based Robots),an AI-robotic system that pollinates gene-edited plants 24/7.展开更多
Fine-grained dog breed classification presents significant challenges due to subtle inter-class differences,pose variations,and intra-class diversity.To address these complexities and limitations of traditional handcr...Fine-grained dog breed classification presents significant challenges due to subtle inter-class differences,pose variations,and intra-class diversity.To address these complexities and limitations of traditional handcrafted approaches,a novel and efficient two-stageDeep Learning(DL)framework tailored for robust fine-grained classification is proposed.In the first stage,a lightweight object detector,YOLO v8N(You Only Look Once Version 8 Nano),is finetuned to localize both the head and full body of the dog from each image.In the second stage,a dual-stream Vision Transformer(ViT)architecture independently processes the detected head and body regions,enabling the extraction of region-specific,complementary features.This dual-path approach improves feature discriminability by capturing localized cues that are vital for distinguishing visually similar breeds.The proposed framework introduces several key innovations:(1)a modular and lightweight head–body detection pipeline that balances accuracy with computational efficiency,(2)a region-awareViT model that leverages spatial attention for enhanced fine-grained recognition,and(3)a training scheme incorporating advanced augmentations and structured supervision to maximize generalization.These contributions collectively enhancemodel performancewhilemaintaining deployment efficiency.Extensive experiments conducted on the Tsinghua Dogs dataset validate the effectiveness of the approach.The model achieves an accuracy of 90.04%,outperforming existing State-of-the-Art(SOTA)methods across all key evaluation metrics.Furthermore,statistical significance testing confirms the robustness of the observed improvements over multiple baselines.The proposed method presents an effective solution for breed recognition tasks and shows strong potential for broader applications,including pet surveillance,veterinary diagnostics,and cross-species classification.Notably,it achieved an accuracy of 96.85% on the Oxford-IIIT Pet dataset,demonstrating its robustness across different species and breeds.展开更多
Crop disease is best combated with host resistance,this approach rests on an understanding of pathogen-host interaction mechanisms and the availability of resistance genes and breeding materials.This special issue col...Crop disease is best combated with host resistance,this approach rests on an understanding of pathogen-host interaction mechanisms and the availability of resistance genes and breeding materials.This special issue collects 12 articles reporting recent progress in crop disease-resistance research.展开更多
Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints stil...Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.展开更多
The transformation of natural habitats into human-modified landscapes has far-reaching consequences for species distribution and abundance.As species adapt to these changing environments,shifts in distribution pattern...The transformation of natural habitats into human-modified landscapes has far-reaching consequences for species distribution and abundance.As species adapt to these changing environments,shifts in distribution patterns,niche dynamics,and interspecies interactions may occur,impacting biodiversity at multiple levels and potentially leading to ecosystem imbalances.This study aims to assess the impact of variations in vegetation composition and human disturbance on the distribution of sympatric breeding birds and to determine the extent of niche overlap or differentiation among these species.We conducted field surveys and collected data on bird distribution,vegetation composition,and level of human disturbance in eastern Inner Mongolian grasslands.We focused on the six most frequently co-occurring breeding birds,representing a mix of sparrows,larks,and corvids.Generalized Additive Models revealed varying responses of species occurrence along habitat gradients.Species like the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis),Mongolian Lark(Melanocorypha mongolica),and Asian Shorttoed Lark(Calandrella cheleensis),increased in larger and more connected habitats,while others,like the Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica),and Barn Swallow(Hirundo rustica),adapted to more fragmented habitats.Niche analysis indicated habitat generalists tended to occupy larger niches than grassland specialists.Substantial niche overlap was also found among the six co-occurring bird species.Conservation efforts should consider the specific needs of specialist species and strive to maintain or restore critical grassland habitats.Additionally,promoting sustainable agricultural practices that balance the needs of birds and human activities can contribute to the coexistence of generalist and specialist bird species in modified landscapes.展开更多
Faba bean,with its high protein yield and low nitrogen inputs,is a promising crop,but it suffers from low yield stability due to poor heat and drought adaptation.To improve yield performance,faba beans can be produced...Faba bean,with its high protein yield and low nitrogen inputs,is a promising crop,but it suffers from low yield stability due to poor heat and drought adaptation.To improve yield performance,faba beans can be produced as synthetic cultivars,where multiple lines are advanced through open pollination resulting in offsprings,which are a mixture of F_(1)-hybrids and self-pollinated offsprings.This leads to an enhanced performance due to per se performance of the components and heterotic effects of F_(1)-hybrids.While distinct genetic pools have shown high heterotic effects in hybrid breeding programs,they have not been systematically established in faba bean breeding.To promote establishment of heterotic pools,we employed a cost-effective chain-crossing scheme accompanied with only 58 genome-wide KASP-markers and generated diverse genetically distinct pools within one generation.However,artificial crossing methods in faba bean result in low crossing efficiency and seed set.To overcome this,we introduced bumblebee-assisted intercrossing in greenhouse chambers,achieving an increased seed set and further enhancing genetic distance between gene pools.Genotyping was conducted with an Illumina 10K SNP-chip,which enabled the identification of F_(1)×F_(1) double-cross combinations and F2 self-pollinated offsprings from open pollinated offsprings with a custom pipeline.In contrast to standard crossing and recombinant inbred line(RIL)production in faba bean,which results in small families with limited recombination,the chain-crossing scheme and within-pool open pollination allows us to rapidly generate large and diverse base populations for future breeding,genetic studies and with that to increase genetic gain in faba bean.展开更多
文摘Multi-label feature selection(MFS)is a crucial dimensionality reduction technique aimed at identifying informative features associated with multiple labels.However,traditional centralized methods face significant challenges in privacy-sensitive and distributed settings,often neglecting label dependencies and suffering from low computational efficiency.To address these issues,we introduce a novel framework,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO—federated MFS via dual-layer hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm with manifold and sparsity regularization(DHBCPSO-MSR).Leveraging the federated learning paradigm,Fed-MFSDHBCPSO allows clients to perform local feature selection(FS)using DHBCPSO-MSR.Locally selected feature subsets are encrypted with differential privacy(DP)and transmitted to a central server,where they are securely aggregated and refined through secure multi-party computation(SMPC)until global convergence is achieved.Within each client,DHBCPSO-MSR employs a dual-layer FS strategy.The inner layer constructs sample and label similarity graphs,generates Laplacian matrices to capture the manifold structure between samples and labels,and applies L2,1-norm regularization to sparsify the feature subset,yielding an optimized feature weight matrix.The outer layer uses a hybrid breeding cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm to further refine the feature weight matrix and identify the optimal feature subset.The updated weight matrix is then fed back to the inner layer for further optimization.Comprehensive experiments on multiple real-world multi-label datasets demonstrate that Fed-MFSDHBCPSO consistently outperforms both centralized and federated baseline methods across several key evaluation metrics.
基金partially supported by the Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20240406)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ24037)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330075)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02 and CARS-54)。
文摘The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0407501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31861143003)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.
文摘Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Youth Project“Research on the Environmental-economic Synergistic Mechanism and Promotion Strategy of Farming and Breeding Circular Pattern in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China”[Grant No.72303087].
文摘This study uses prefecture-level city statistical data from China from 2000-2022 to measure the supply and demand of livestock manure nitrogen nutrients and calculates farmland livestock carrying capacity using the nitrogen nutrient balance method.We investigate nitrogen supply and demand and livestock carrying capacity in northeast China by comparing emissions from 2000-2022 over the past several decades.The poultry and livestock industry in northeast China has changed significantly over the past two decades:pigs are now the most bred animal and poultry production has increased dramatically.Regional livestock nitrogen emissions are influenced primarily by the size of the local livestock industry chain.Due to regional differences,each region has unique breeding structures.We also predict the anticipated situation in 2050 using the business-as usual scenario.High-risk livestock carrying capacity areas will be concentrated in the northeast and southeast regions,with significantly increased risk indices,compared with those of 2022,particularly in Shenyang,Fushun,and Tieling.Therefore,promoting farming and breeding,improving livestock manure utilization,and returning manure to nearby farmlands are crucial for meeting agricultural green development goals.
基金funded by the United Arab Emirates UniversityResearch Officegrant number 12F041 to KM。
文摘Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.
基金Supported by Gaoyou Demonstration and Extension Base of Modern Agricultural(Rice and Wheat)Industrial Technology System in Jiangsu(SXGC[2017]168)Funds for Independent Innovation of Jiangsu Province(CX17(2007),KF(17)1022)+1 种基金Key Research and Development Plan Project(BE2017332)Agricultural Standardization Pilot Project of Jiangsu Province([2017]46)~~
文摘Three big field projects, independent irrigation and drainage facilities, and a blocking net, which are auxiliary projects of a green planting and breeding pattern composed of rice and red swamp crawfish （Procambarus clarkii）, spatial and temporal coupling technology of ＂planting rice in one season and breeding red swamp crawfish in three seasons＂, green fertilization technology, green prevention and control technology, control technology of water level, and throwing technology of bait in Lixiahe region of Jiangsu Province were introduced successively, which can provide technical support for the development of ecological planting and breeding patterns and realization of green production in paddy fields.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003301,2023YFF1000101,2022YFE0130200)the Taishan Scholars Program。
文摘Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increased the demand for soybeans,emphasizing the urgency of developing high-yield,stresstolerant,and nutritionally superior cultivars.The extensive collection of soybean germplasm resources—including wild relatives,landraces,and cultivars—represents a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity critical for breeding advancements.Recent breakthroughs in genomic technologies,particularly highthroughput sequencing and multi-omics approaches,have revolutionized the identification of key genes associated with essential agronomic traits within these resources.These innovations enable precise and strategic utilization of genetic diversity,empowering breeders to integrate traits that improve yield potential,resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses,and nutritional quality.This review highlights the critical role of genetic resources and omics-driven innovations in soybean breeding.It also offers insights into strategies for accelerating the development of elite soybean cultivars to meet the growing demands of global soybean production.
基金the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(32201780)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(77000–12240011)+2 种基金Shenzhen Postdoctoral Funding Project(szbo202410)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241045 and 32241038)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500503,2023YFD1200700,and 2023YFD1200704).
文摘Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying complex agronomic traits is essential for unlocking the potential of sorghum in addressing food and feed security and utilizing marginal lands.In this context,we provide an overview of the major trends in genomic resource studies focusing on key agronomic traits over the past decade,accompanied by a summary of functional genomic platforms.We also delve into the molecular functions and regulatory networks of impactful genes for important agricultural traits.Lastly,we discuss and synthesize the current challenges and prospects for advancing molecular design breeding by gene-editing and polymerization of the excellent alleles,with the aim of accelerating the development of desired sorghum varieties.
文摘Numerous hypotheses predict associations between phenotype-associated breeder traits and reproductive success.In secondary cavity-nesting passerine birds,which have been investigated most,up to more than 90parental characteristics have been linked to at least one field measure of breeding performance.However,within study populations,different parental traits,such as clutch size,first-egg date,egg size,nest architecture,plumage colour,adult morphometry,or song performance,are often weakly correlated across female and/or male breeders.Furthermore,many of these studies have been conducted outside the theoretical framework of the'Individual Optimisation Hypothesis' of clutch size(IOH).IOH predicts that:(i) females with larger clutches will have larger broods at hatching and fledging compared to those with smaller clutches;and(ii) clutch size,which is adaptively adjusted to the parents' ability to rear nestlings,should always maximize the percentage of eggs producing fledglings so that variation in clutch size becomes disconnected from variation in breeding success.In this paper,we present the first detailed review of implications of IOH for parental characters other than clutch size.Our review covered 188 non-experimental studies and 1074 statistical results that examined how parental traits influence breeding success in Western Palearctic Great Tits(Parus major),Blue Tits(Cyanistes spp.),and flycatchers(Ficedula spp.).Clutch size explained one third of the variation in brood size at hatching and fledging within study populations.However,most parental characteristics associated weakly with the number of hatchlings or fledglings,likely because they did not correlate with clutch size.Overall,parental traits were poorly correlated with the proportion of hatchlings and fledglings per egg.We discuss why intraspecific variation in phenotype-associated breeder traits is often disconnected from interindividual differences in breeding success,and highlight the importance of underexplored research problems in avian breeding biology.
基金Supported by Central Government Funds for Guiding Local Scientific and Technological Development(24ZYQF002)Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(24ZDNF001)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program"Exploration and Utilization of Disease-and Pest-Resistant and High-Yield Gene Resources in Maize"(2022YDF1201800)Key Laboratory of Mechanized Maize Variety Creation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
文摘The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region of China in 2021 caused yield losses exceeding 50%in some plots,and this disease has been included in the List of Key Crop Pests and Diseases.This paper systematically reviews the molecular resistance mechanisms of maize to southern rust,focusing on the immune mechanisms mediated by NLR family genes and the characteristics of the Bin 10.01 resistance gene cluster;it summarizes the advances in research of molecular breeding technologies such as gene marker development,map-based cloning,and gene editing;combined with the disease characteristics of the spring-sown maize region in Southwest China and the summer-sown maize region in Huang-Huai-Hai,it elaborates on regionally adapted prevention and control strategies;integrating breeding practices of Dunhuang Seed Industry Group(e.g.,Dunyu 810 and Dunyan 616),it proposes a full-chain solution of"precision gene pyramiding-heterotic group utilization-regional promotion".It is expected to provide theoretical and technical references for molecular breeding of maize resistance to southern rust.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.32301870 and 32572302 to Chen Lin)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(grant No.BK20230568 to Chen Lin)+3 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund(grant No.CX(24)3124 to Chen Lin)Outstanding Ph.D.Program in Yangzhou(grant No.YZLYJFJH2022YXBS147 to Chen Lin)the General Project of Basic Scientific Research to colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province(grant No.22KJB210019 to Chen Lin)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions is greatly acknowledged.
文摘Extensive transcriptomic reprogramming is triggered by biotic and abiotic stresses in plants,with coordinated regulation mediated through multiple transcription factor families,such as WRKY,MYB,NAC,and BBX proteins.Among these,B-box(BBX)proteins represent a distinct class of zinc finger transcription factors characterized by the presence of conserved B-box domains.They serve as central regulators in plant photomorphogenesis and developmental processes.Accumulating genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrates that BBX family members orchestrate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses through multifaceted molecular mechanisms,including the regulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis,enhancement of anthocyanin biosynthesis,and modulation of hormonal signaling pathways.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the identification of BBX family genes in different plant species.Furthermore,their emerging roles in mediating plant stress responses are elucidated,with molecularmechanisms being comprehensively analyzed at both transcriptional and post-translational levels.However,to fully harness the potential of BBX genes in crop improvement,a deeper understanding of their functional mechanisms including BBX-mediated hormonal crosstalk networks,growth-defense trade-offs,and more extensive field performance data remains essential.These insights provide a theoretical foundation for developing climate-resilient crop varieties through targeted genetic improvement strategies.
基金financially supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Key R&D Program(Modern Agriculture)(BE2023313)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901535)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-03).
文摘The identification of haploid induction genes has promoted the advancement of several breeding technologies.Haploid induction genes in wheat,coupled with visual marker,have led to the establishment of a novel in vivo doubled-haploid(DH)technology.When combined with dominant male sterile genes,this innovative DH method presents a promising avenue for high-throughput production of DH lines.Furthermore,the application of haploid induction genes has facilitated the establishment of other innovative breeding technologies,such as HI-Edit and cyto-swapping in creating cytoplasmic male sterility lines,as well as synthetic apomixis.This review summarizes the progress of DH technology in wheat and presents examples of application of haploid induction genes in accelerating breeding practices,aiming to promote the development of these innovative technologies in wheat and enhancing wheat breeding efficiency.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2102219 and 32370901)the Project of Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory(ZSBBL-KY2023-06-3).
文摘A predictive model of meiotic crossover engineering would increase precision in crop breeding.We review the biological principles underlying crossover formation and chromosomal distribution,hierarchical control mechanisms enforcing crossover assurance,and an emerging phase-separation model determining crossover interference patterning.
文摘Traditional hybrid crop breeding faces inefficiencies due to labor-intensive manual pollination-especially for crops like tomatoes and soybeans with complex flowers.Researchers at the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,have developed GEAIR(Genome Editing with Artificial-Intelligence-based Robots),an AI-robotic system that pollinates gene-edited plants 24/7.
基金supported by the faculty research fund of Sejong University in 2023,the National Research Foundation ofKorea(NRF)grant funded by theKorea government(MSIT)(RS-2025-00518960)Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)under the metaverse support program to nurture the best talents(IITP-2025-RS-2023-00254529)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT).
文摘Fine-grained dog breed classification presents significant challenges due to subtle inter-class differences,pose variations,and intra-class diversity.To address these complexities and limitations of traditional handcrafted approaches,a novel and efficient two-stageDeep Learning(DL)framework tailored for robust fine-grained classification is proposed.In the first stage,a lightweight object detector,YOLO v8N(You Only Look Once Version 8 Nano),is finetuned to localize both the head and full body of the dog from each image.In the second stage,a dual-stream Vision Transformer(ViT)architecture independently processes the detected head and body regions,enabling the extraction of region-specific,complementary features.This dual-path approach improves feature discriminability by capturing localized cues that are vital for distinguishing visually similar breeds.The proposed framework introduces several key innovations:(1)a modular and lightweight head–body detection pipeline that balances accuracy with computational efficiency,(2)a region-awareViT model that leverages spatial attention for enhanced fine-grained recognition,and(3)a training scheme incorporating advanced augmentations and structured supervision to maximize generalization.These contributions collectively enhancemodel performancewhilemaintaining deployment efficiency.Extensive experiments conducted on the Tsinghua Dogs dataset validate the effectiveness of the approach.The model achieves an accuracy of 90.04%,outperforming existing State-of-the-Art(SOTA)methods across all key evaluation metrics.Furthermore,statistical significance testing confirms the robustness of the observed improvements over multiple baselines.The proposed method presents an effective solution for breed recognition tasks and shows strong potential for broader applications,including pet surveillance,veterinary diagnostics,and cross-species classification.Notably,it achieved an accuracy of 96.85% on the Oxford-IIIT Pet dataset,demonstrating its robustness across different species and breeds.
文摘Crop disease is best combated with host resistance,this approach rests on an understanding of pathogen-host interaction mechanisms and the availability of resistance genes and breeding materials.This special issue collects 12 articles reporting recent progress in crop disease-resistance research.
文摘Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32201304)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2412022QD026)。
文摘The transformation of natural habitats into human-modified landscapes has far-reaching consequences for species distribution and abundance.As species adapt to these changing environments,shifts in distribution patterns,niche dynamics,and interspecies interactions may occur,impacting biodiversity at multiple levels and potentially leading to ecosystem imbalances.This study aims to assess the impact of variations in vegetation composition and human disturbance on the distribution of sympatric breeding birds and to determine the extent of niche overlap or differentiation among these species.We conducted field surveys and collected data on bird distribution,vegetation composition,and level of human disturbance in eastern Inner Mongolian grasslands.We focused on the six most frequently co-occurring breeding birds,representing a mix of sparrows,larks,and corvids.Generalized Additive Models revealed varying responses of species occurrence along habitat gradients.Species like the Eurasian Skylark(Alauda arvensis),Mongolian Lark(Melanocorypha mongolica),and Asian Shorttoed Lark(Calandrella cheleensis),increased in larger and more connected habitats,while others,like the Tree Sparrow(Passer montanus),Eurasian Magpie(Pica pica),and Barn Swallow(Hirundo rustica),adapted to more fragmented habitats.Niche analysis indicated habitat generalists tended to occupy larger niches than grassland specialists.Substantial niche overlap was also found among the six co-occurring bird species.Conservation efforts should consider the specific needs of specialist species and strive to maintain or restore critical grassland habitats.Additionally,promoting sustainable agricultural practices that balance the needs of birds and human activities can contribute to the coexistence of generalist and specialist bird species in modified landscapes.
基金funded by grant 469336000 to Rod J.Snowdon from the German Research Society(DFG)for the International Research Training Group 2843“Accelerating crop Genetic Gain”.
文摘Faba bean,with its high protein yield and low nitrogen inputs,is a promising crop,but it suffers from low yield stability due to poor heat and drought adaptation.To improve yield performance,faba beans can be produced as synthetic cultivars,where multiple lines are advanced through open pollination resulting in offsprings,which are a mixture of F_(1)-hybrids and self-pollinated offsprings.This leads to an enhanced performance due to per se performance of the components and heterotic effects of F_(1)-hybrids.While distinct genetic pools have shown high heterotic effects in hybrid breeding programs,they have not been systematically established in faba bean breeding.To promote establishment of heterotic pools,we employed a cost-effective chain-crossing scheme accompanied with only 58 genome-wide KASP-markers and generated diverse genetically distinct pools within one generation.However,artificial crossing methods in faba bean result in low crossing efficiency and seed set.To overcome this,we introduced bumblebee-assisted intercrossing in greenhouse chambers,achieving an increased seed set and further enhancing genetic distance between gene pools.Genotyping was conducted with an Illumina 10K SNP-chip,which enabled the identification of F_(1)×F_(1) double-cross combinations and F2 self-pollinated offsprings from open pollinated offsprings with a custom pipeline.In contrast to standard crossing and recombinant inbred line(RIL)production in faba bean,which results in small families with limited recombination,the chain-crossing scheme and within-pool open pollination allows us to rapidly generate large and diverse base populations for future breeding,genetic studies and with that to increase genetic gain in faba bean.
