Thousand-seed weight(TSW)is a critical target for genetic improvement in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).However,phenotypic selection for this trait remains challenging due to its polygenic regulation by multiple quantita...Thousand-seed weight(TSW)is a critical target for genetic improvement in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).However,phenotypic selection for this trait remains challenging due to its polygenic regulation by multiple quantitative trait loci(QTL).Here,six favorable TSW QTL alleles from two donor parents were introgress into an elite restorer line,621R,using an integrated strategy combining marker-assisted backcrossing and speed breeding protocols.Through six rounds of backcrossing and convergent crossing followed by two generations of selfing strategies,we developed 13 advanced lines with diverse TSW QTL combinations within 24 months.Field evaluations across three environments revealed that all lines exhibited significantly increased TSW in spring conditions(Minle,Gansu)and winter environments(Wuhan and Jiangling,Hubei)except for two lines which only showed increase in the spring environment.Hybridization assays using these lines as male parents crossed with two male-sterile lines(RG430A and 616A)demonstrated transgressive segregation for TSW:For RG430A-derived hybrids,all crosses significantly outperformed the original control(RG430A×621R)in Wuhan,with 8/13 and 9/13 crosses showing significant TSW increases in Minle and Jiangling,respectively.For 616A-derived hybrids,11/13 and 10/13 crosses exhibited significant TSW enhancement in Minle and Jiangling,compared to 3/13 in Wuhan.Notably,two top-performing hybrids achieved 13.0%and 6.8%higher plot yields,respectively.Our results demonstrate that strategic pyramiding of complementary TSW QTL alleles effectively enhances seed weight in rapeseed,and these improved lines represent valuable genetic resources for developing high-yield hybrids.展开更多
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase(LACS),belonging to the AMP-bound superfamily,catalyzes the activation of long-chain fatty acids to their coenzyme A esters.Candidate Gene Association analysis showed that LACS8 was not o...Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase(LACS),belonging to the AMP-bound superfamily,catalyzes the activation of long-chain fatty acids to their coenzyme A esters.Candidate Gene Association analysis showed that LACS8 was not only related to the content of fatty acid,but also,surprisingly,to the content of glucosinolates.Here,we cloned BnaLACS8A03 from rapeseed,and demonstrated its association with the glucosinolates content.We found that BnaLACS8A03 was widely expressed in all tissues and organs,and significantly highly expressed in leaf and flower,which are the sites of glucosinolate synthesis.Bioinformatics predicted that it was located in peroxisome,where theβ-oxidation of fatty acids mainly occurred,indicating that BnaLACS8A03 was involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.Phenotypic studies of RNA interference(RNAi)lines revealed that down-regulation of BnaLACS8A03 in rapeseed significantly reduced the glucosinolates content.In addition,the expression of glucosinolates biosynthesis-related genes and transport-related genes is altered in BnaLACS8A03-RNAi plants,suggesting that a possible crosstalk regulation mechanism exists in the regulation network of glucosinolate mechanism.Our results demonstrate that glucosinolates content can be manipulated by altering the expression of long chain acyl-Coenzyme A synthase gene BnaLACS8A03,which provide an available genetic resource for low glucosinolate breeding practice in rapeseed.展开更多
Leaf morphology constitutes a key component of the ideotype,and optimal leaf rolling contributes to compact plant architecture.Rapeseed(Brassica napus)is an important oilseed crop;however,the genetic mechanisms underl...Leaf morphology constitutes a key component of the ideotype,and optimal leaf rolling contributes to compact plant architecture.Rapeseed(Brassica napus)is an important oilseed crop;however,the genetic mechanisms underlying leaf shape development remain poorly understood,and corresponding germplasm resources for genetic improvement are limited.In this study,we identified a dominant mutant,INSIDE-ROLLING LEAF1(IRL1),which exhibits inward leaf rolling due to defective mesophyll cell development.The mutant also displays drooping siliques and a semi-dwarf phenotype,accompanied by a reduction of one to two effective branches.Through map-based cloning and functional complementation assays,we confirmed BnaC02G0201100ZS as the causal gene IRL1.This gene encodes LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN6(BnaC02.LBD6).The phenotypic alterations in the IRL1 mutant result from elevated expression of BnaC02.LBD6,driven by a single nucleotide substitution within a DNA binding site in its promoter region.Overexpression of Bna C02.LBD6 recapitulated the IRL1 mutant phenotype,confirming its functional role.Haplotype analysis revealed a rare allelic variant in the BnaC02.LBD6 promoter associated with the unique leaf morphology of IRL1.Transcriptomic profiling indicated significant differential expression of genes involved in adaxial–abaxial leaf polarity establishment,secondary metabolic pathways,and hormone signaling networks.Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of leaf morphogenesis in rapeseed and offer valuable genetic resources for optimizing plant architecture in breeding programs.展开更多
The soil-resident pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, infects cruciferous crops, causing obligate parasitic clubroot disease and posing a significant threat to the Brassica vegetable industry in China. To learn more a...The soil-resident pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, infects cruciferous crops, causing obligate parasitic clubroot disease and posing a significant threat to the Brassica vegetable industry in China. To learn more about its pathogenesis, we reported a Nanopore sequencing-derived25.3 Mb high-quality genome sequence of P. brassicae pathotype 4 strain(P.b 4). Comparing the P.b 4 genome with that of the published P.brassicae e3 genome(P.b e3) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variations, and small insertions and deletions. We then carried out RNA-sequencing of root samples from a clubroot-susceptible line at 5, 14, and 28 days after inoculation(DAI), and classified genes into five categories based on their expression patterns. Interestingly, 158 genes were highly expressed at 14 DAI, which were enriched in budding cell isotropic bud growth, ascospore wall assembly, spore wall assembly, spore wall biogenesis, and ascospore wall biogenesis.Subsequently, we bioinformatically predicted 555 secreted effector candidates, among which only 125 were expressed during infection and had amino acid lengths less than 400. The putative effector Pb010018, which was highly expressed at 14 DAI, was validated to have a signal peptide using a yeast secretion system. Luciferase activity and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Pb010018 interacts with serine hydroxymethyltransferase BrSHMT1, and expression analysis showed that SHMT1 was upregulated in both Arabidopsis and B. rapa during infection. Furthermore, after infection, the Arabidopsis shmt1 mutant(atshmt1) showed reduced severity of clubroot disease, together with downregulated expression of Pb010018. Our results offer new insights into plant-pathogen interaction mechanisms, and provide the possibility for improving Brassica resistance to clubroot disease.展开更多
Brassica clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae has been identified as a severe soil-borne disease that poses a significant threat to plants root systems.The disease results in the formation of tumorous enlargeme...Brassica clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae has been identified as a severe soil-borne disease that poses a significant threat to plants root systems.The disease results in the formation of tumorous enlargements in the roots,leading to wilting and eventual plant death.Consequently,crop yield is drastically reduced,causing substantial economic losses in agriculture.The current study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research process on Brassica clubroot,focusing on the biological characteristics,physiological race identification,and pathogenic mechanism of P.brassicae.Furthermore,it covers the latest advancements in the comprehensive prevention and clubroot control.The insights gained from this study are expected to contribute to the future research on clubroot and the development of resistance breeding strategies.展开更多
Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables...Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.展开更多
Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene ha...Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.展开更多
Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide associat...Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide association study identifies BnaC09.FUL,a MADS-box transcription factor,as a promising candidate gene regulating flowering time in B.napus.BnaC09.FUL expression increases sharply in B.napus shoot apices near bolting.BnaC09.FUL overexpression results in early flowering,while BnaFUL mutation causes delayed flowering in B.napus.A zinc finger transcription factor,BnaC06.WIP2,is identified as an interaction partner of BnaC09.FUL,and BnaC06.WIP2 overexpression delays flowering in B.napus,with RNA sequencing revealing its influence on the expression of many flowering-associated genes.We further demonstrate that BnaC06.WIP2 directly represses the expression of BnaA05.SOC1,BnaC03.SOC1,BnaC04.SOC1,BnaC06.FT,BnaA06.LFY,BnaC07.FUL,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL and indirectly inhibits the expression of other flowering time-related genes.Genetic and molecular investigations highlight the antagonistic relationship between BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 in regulating the flowering time in B.napus through direct regulation of the expression of BnaC03.SOC1,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL.Overall,our findings provide a mechanism by which the BnaC09.FUL–BnaC06.WIP2 transcriptional regulatory module controls the flowering time in B.napus.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was condcuted to investigate the formula optimization and nutritional components of Brassica vegetable juice beverage.[Methods]Brassica was selected as the raw material to optimize the formula o...[Objectives]This study was condcuted to investigate the formula optimization and nutritional components of Brassica vegetable juice beverage.[Methods]Brassica was selected as the raw material to optimize the formula of the vegetable juice beverage.The vitamin C content and flavor components were analyzed in both sterilized and non-sterilized samples.[Results]Based on water,the optimal formula for the Brassica vegetable juice beverage was determined as:20%Brassica juice,5%erythritol,and 0.1%citric acid.The highest vitamin C content was observed in unsterilized samples(12.167 mg/100 g sample),followed by samples sterilized at 71℃for 15 s(9.864 mg/100 g sample).The most significant loss of vitamin C occurred under sterilization conditions of 68℃for 30 min.GC-MS analysis detected a total of seven volatile components in the Brassica vegetable juice beverage,including siloxanes,alcohols,aldehydes,and methoxyphenyl oxime.Before sterilization,siloxane compounds(D3,D4,D5)showed the highest content in the Brassica vegetable juice,accounting for 63.606%,followed by methoxyphenyl oxime at 24.802%.After sterilization,siloxane compounds(D3,D4,D5)exhibited the highest content reaching 81.963%,while methoxyphenyl oxime taking the second place decreased to 14.276%.[Conclusions]This study provides new insights and methodologies for the development and utilization of Brassica crops and other agricultural products,offering a theoretical foundation for accelerating the integrated development of Brassica processing and sales.展开更多
Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as...Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as a pivotal repressor of floral transition and functions redundantly with AGL15.In this study,we isolated BjuAGL18-1 from B.juncea and identified two unique transcripts,resulting in two distinct proteins:a full-length protein,BjuAGL18-1L,and a truncated protein,BjuAGL18-1S.Further investigation showed that the two isoforms had similar subcellular localizations but different expression patterns in various plant tissues.Notably,BjuAGL18-1L and BjuAGL18-1S were abundantly induced under short-and long-day photoperiods,respectively.BjuAGL18-1L overexpression in B.juncea and Arabidopsis thaliana(A.thaliana)led to late flowering,whereas BjuAGL18-1S overexpression resulted in early flowering.Yeast two-hybrid,bimolecular fluorescent complementation,and luciferase complementation assays showed that BjuAGL18-1L,but not BjuAGL18-1S(which lacked the EAR motif),interacted with the co-repressor BjuAFR2 and the histone deacetylase BjuHDA9 to form a multiprotein complex.Further analysis indicated that BjuAGL18-1L could also form a complex with BjuAGL15 and bind to the BjuFUL promoter,thus inhibiting its expression.However,BjuAGL18-1S interacted with BjuAGL18-1L to form heterodimers,which attenuated their activities,likely by disrupting their binding to target genes,resulting in accelerated flowering progression.These results suggest that BjuAGL18-1 is involved in photoperiod-induced flowering via different regulatory mechanisms in B.juncea.展开更多
[Objective] Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility （Ogu CMS） is an ideal pollina- tion control system for heterosis utilization in Brassica napus. However, fertility-restor- ing （Rf） gene only exists in radish chromosom...[Objective] Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility （Ogu CMS） is an ideal pollina- tion control system for heterosis utilization in Brassica napus. However, fertility-restor- ing （Rf） gene only exists in radish chromosome and is closely linked with glucosino- late gene, making it hardly to be applied directly in production. Thus, the key to apply Ogu CMS in Brassica napus is to introduce the Rf genes and to break its linkage with glucosinolate gene. [Me^od] To overcome the interspecific reproductive barrier, grafting was conducted by using Raphanobrassica （2n=-58） as donor materi- als of Rf genes. The obtained interspecific hybrids were analyzed from the agronom- ic traits, seed-setting rate and fertility restoration rate for screening fertility-restoring materials. [Results] By elaborative selection, a homozygous Ogu CMS fertility-restor- ing B. napus material named CLR650 was selected out, whose somatic chromosome numbers were found to be 2n=38-40. Some abnormal phenomena like anaphase bridges and lagging chromosomes in meiosis were observed, but the abnormalities did not affect the formation of normal pollens. It can restore the male fertility in both progenies of self-pollination and testcross by 100%. Molecular analysis showed that CLR650 harbors Ogu CMS fertility-restoring gene, which is obviously different from that of Ogu CMS restore line Rl13 and RHH1 by detecting the molecular markers closely linked with radish restorer gene （Rf0）. [Conclusion] The CLR650 could be a new restorer for the Ogu CMS in B. napus.展开更多
Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combinin...Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combining different diploid and allotetraploid crop species.However,early-generation allohexaploids often face challenges like unstable meiosis and low fertility,and the phenotypic performance of these synthetic lines has rarely been assessed.This study analyzes agronomic traits,fertility,and genome stability in ArArBcBcCcCc lines derived from four crosses between B.carinata and B.rapa after 9–11 selfing generations.Our results demonstrate polyploid advantage in vigor and seed traits,considerable phenotypic variation,and high fertility and genome stability.Meanwhile,parental genotypes significantly influence outcomes in advanced allohexaploids.Structural variants,largely resulting from A–C homoeologous exchanges,contribute to genomic variation and influence hexaploid genome stability,with the A sub-genome showing the highest variability.Both positive and negative impacts of SVs on fertility and seed weight are observed.Pseudo-euploids,frequently appearing,do not significantly affect fertility or other agronomic traits compared to euploids,indicating a potential pathway toward a stable allohexaploid species.These findings provide insights into the challenge and potential for developing an adaptable and stable Brassica hexaploid through selection.展开更多
Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affini...Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affinity,plays a key role in enhancing oxygen uptake and metabolic efficiency under low-oxygen conditions.Through genetic transformation,we overexpressed the VHb gene in rapeseed,which resulted in significant im-provements in survival rate,root length,and biomass under submerged conditions.Additionally,we observed that transgenic plants developed adventitious roots in response to submergence stress.These transgenic plants also exhibited increased activities of ethanol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase-enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration.Our findings indicate that VHb enhances flooding tolerance in rapeseed by promoting adventitious root formation and strengthening the plant's capacity for fermentation metabolism under anaerobic conditions.展开更多
The potherb mustard Xuecai(XC)cultivar is a cruciferous vegetable that is popular either fresh or pickled.Due to the deep notches in the edges of leaves in mustard XC,this plant can be said to have multipinnately lobe...The potherb mustard Xuecai(XC)cultivar is a cruciferous vegetable that is popular either fresh or pickled.Due to the deep notches in the edges of leaves in mustard XC,this plant can be said to have multipinnately lobed leaves.The net photosynthesis of lobed leaves is significantly greater than that of simple leaves.However,the molecular mechanism of leaf shape variation has not been determined.Here,we used HiFi and Hi-C data to assemble the XC genome.The genome was 961.72 Mb in size,with a contig N50 value of 6.565 Mb.The XC genome was compared with four previously sequenced mustard genomes,and the genomic collinearity regions,SNPs,and indels were identified.Five BjRCO genes were found on chromosome(Chr.)A10 in potherb mustard XC when the BjRCO gene locus was compared against other sequenced B.juncea genomes.Segmental duplication was found to contribute to the BjRCO gene copy number.The transcript expression of BjRCO genes was greater in multipinnately lobed leaves than in sawtooth-like leaves.Together,these findings indicate that both the greater copy number and the expression level of BjRCO genes regulate leaf shape from simple to complex in B.juncea.Gene editing of the BjRCO gene from XC changed the leaf shape from multipinnately lobed to simple.The high-quality XC genome sequence not only provides new insight into B.juncea leaf-type genomics but also helps in deciphering leaf shape variation.Our study provides insights into the variation and evolution of important traits in Brassica plants through a comparative analysis of the sequenced genomes.展开更多
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,a fungus that causes a devastating fungal disease of rapeseed(Brassica napus),causes significant yield losses globally.Carbon dots(CDs),a class of carbon-based nanomaterials,have emerged as pr...Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,a fungus that causes a devastating fungal disease of rapeseed(Brassica napus),causes significant yield losses globally.Carbon dots(CDs),a class of carbon-based nanomaterials,have emerged as promising agents for plant disease management owing to low toxicity and biocompatibility.This study demonstrates the antifungal potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived CDs in enhancing resistance to S.sclerotiorum in rapeseed.In vitro assays revealed concentration-dependent suppression of fungal growth by CDs.In planta applications triggered multifaceted defense responses evidenced by:(1)increased glucosinolate accumulation and redox homeostasis through ROS modulation and elevated superoxide dismutase/catalase activities;(2)transcriptional activation of ROS-scavenging systems and biosynthesis pathways for defensive metabolites(flavonoids and phenylpropanes);and(3)restoration of pathogen-impaired physiological processes,including photosynthetic recovery via Calvin cycle reactivation,energy metabolism through TCA cycle enhancement,and stress-responsive hormone signaling.Integrated multi-omics analyses further indicated that CDs establish a coordinated defense network by simultaneously optimizing metabolic homeostasis and amplifying disease resistance mechanisms.These findings position CDs as a novel eco-friendly strategy for biotic stress management,providing a sustainable approach to mitigate crop losses caused by fungal pathogens.展开更多
To investigate the function of the zinc finger protein BnZAT12 in Brassica napus,bioinformatics analysis was conducted on BnZAT12.The results showed that the open reading frame of BnZAT12 was 477 bp in length,encoding...To investigate the function of the zinc finger protein BnZAT12 in Brassica napus,bioinformatics analysis was conducted on BnZAT12.The results showed that the open reading frame of BnZAT12 was 477 bp in length,encoding 158 amino acid residues.The deduced protein had a molecular weight of 16864.72 Da and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.68.The phylogenetic tree showed that Brassica napus had the closest relationship with Brassica oleracea belonging to Brassicaceae and the farthest relationship with Oryza sativa.The analysis of the promoter region suggested that BnZAT12 may be regulated by factors such as light,abscisic acid,and methyl jasmonate.Furthermore,the BnZAT12 overexpression vector was constructed by seamless cloning.This study laid a foundation of molecular biology for further elucidating the role of BnZAT12.展开更多
Elucidating crops'physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to low nitrogen environment and promoting nitrogen transfer from senescent leaves to new leaves is crucial in improving Brassica's nitrogen use...Elucidating crops'physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to low nitrogen environment and promoting nitrogen transfer from senescent leaves to new leaves is crucial in improving Brassica's nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).Glutamine synthetase gene(GS)plays a vital role in helping plants reassimilate ammonium released from protein degradation in leaves,and it was the focus of our research on this topic.In this study,we identified high(H141)and low(L65)NUE genotypes of Brassica juncea with different responses to low-nitrogen stress.We found that H141 has a lower nitrate content but higher ammonium and free amino acid contents as well as higher nitrate reductase and GS activities in the shoots.These physiological indicators are responsible for the high NUE of H141.Wholegenome resequencing data revealed that 5,880 genes associated with NUE are polymorphic between H141 and L65.These genes participate in various amino acid,carbohydrate,and energy metabolic pathways.Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes for BjuB05.GS1.4,Hap1 and Hap2,which have multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms or insertions/deletions in the regulatory regions of the 5′and 3′untranslated regions and introns.Furthermore,the shoot NUE of Hap1 is significantly lower than that of Hap2.These two haplotypes of BjuB05.GS1.4 lead to differences in the shoot NUEs of different genetic populations of mustard and are associated with the local soil nitrogen content,suggesting that they might help mustard to adapt to different geographic localities.In conclusion,the results of our study shed light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying different mustard NUE genotypes and demonstrate the enormous potential of NUE breeding in B.juncea.展开更多
Brassica napus L. (B. napus), recognized as a significant cash and oil crop, faces challenges in popularization and application in northern China due to its limited cold resistance. Clarifying the mechanism of cold st...Brassica napus L. (B. napus), recognized as a significant cash and oil crop, faces challenges in popularization and application in northern China due to its limited cold resistance. Clarifying the mechanism of cold stress on gene regulation and signal transduction in B. napus is crucial. To address these issues, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis, along with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway profiling under natural (25℃) and cold (4℃) conditions in cold tolerant 16VHNTS309 and weak cold-resistant Tianyou 2238 B. napus seedlings. Enhanced genomic annotation was achieved through additional sequencing. A total of 6127 and 8531 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in 16VHNTS309 and Tianyou 2238, respectively. The expression patterns of 23 DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), confirming the RNA-Seq results. Under cold stress, 58 pathways in 16VHNTS309 demonstrated significant changes (q-Value < 0.05), compared to 9 pathways in Tianyou 2238 (q-Value < 0.05), highlighting B. napus’ sophisticated regulatory network which aids in managing growth and development challenges. After 48 h of cold stress treatment, genes associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, such as those involved in antioxidant VB6, sulfur metabolism, peroxisomes, and phagosomes, were notably up-regulated in 16VHNTS309, indicating its robust ROS clearance capability. Significant gene expressions within Ca^(2+), MAPK, and transcription factor pathways related to ROS suggest that varieties with strong cold resistance possess a complex signal regulation mechanism. Comprehensive analyses of stomatal cells, physiological parameters of ROS, ABA, and H2S, along with transcriptomic data, revealed that optimal ROS levels interact with ABA and H2S to regulate stomatal closure in B. napus 16VHNTS309 under the influence of antioxidant enzymes.展开更多
The 12-oxophytodienoate reductase(OPR),a flavin mononucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase,regulates plant responses to stress conditions such as heavy metals,drought,saline-alkali,pests,and diseases by participating in ...The 12-oxophytodienoate reductase(OPR),a flavin mononucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase,regulates plant responses to stress conditions such as heavy metals,drought,saline-alkali,pests,and diseases by participating in the synthesis of plant hormones such as jasmonic acid(JA).In this study,homologous cloning was employed to obtain the Brassica napus‘Zhongshuang 11’OPR1 gene(BnOPR1).Bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the deduced protein BnOPR1,and a plant expression vector for BnOPR1 was constructed.The bioinformatics analysis revealed that BnOPR1 was 1125 bp in length,encoding 375 amino acid residues.The deduced protein had a molecular weight of 41.604 kDa,an isoelectric point of 6.05,a molecular formula of C1853H2855N511O550S16,an aliphatic index of 35.47,a lipophilicity index of 74.87,and an instability index of 39.49.It had 49 phosphorylation sites and lacked transmembrane domains and signal peptides.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that BnOPR1 had a close relationship with the OPR1 protein from Brassica rapa since they shared the same clade,while it had a distant relationship with the OPR1 protein from Raphanus sativus.In this paper,the expression vector for BnOPR1 was successfully constructed by seamless cloning and named pBnOPR1.The findings laid a foundation for further studying the roles of BnOPR1 in the response to antimony stress.展开更多
Rapeseed mustard(Brassica juncea L.) is the third most important oilseed crop in the world, but the geneticmechanism underlying its massive phenotypic variation remains largely unexplored. In this study, specific leng...Rapeseed mustard(Brassica juncea L.) is the third most important oilseed crop in the world, but the geneticmechanism underlying its massive phenotypic variation remains largely unexplored. In this study, specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-Seq) was used to resequence a population comprising 197 F8recombinantinbred lines(RILs) derived from a cross between vegetable-type Qichi881 and oilseed-type YufengZC of B. juncea. In total, 438,895 high-quality SLAFs were discovered, 47,644 of which were polymorphic, and 3,887 of the polymorphic markers met the requirements for genetic map construction. The final map included 3,887 markers on 18 linkage groups and was 1,830.23 centiMorgan(cM) in length, with an average distance of 0.47 cM between adjacent markers. Using the newly constructed high-density genetic map, a total of 53 QTLs for erucicacid(EA), oleic acid(OA), and linolenic acid(LNA) were detected and integrated into eight consensus QTLswith two for each of these traits. For each of these three traits, two candidate genes were cloned and sequence analysis indicated colocalization with their respective consensus QTLs. The co-dominant allele-specific markers for Bju.FAD3.A03 and Bju.FAD3.B07 were developed and showed co-localization with their consensus QTLs andco-segregation with LNA content, further supporting the results of QTL mapping and bioinformatic analysis. Theexpression levels of the cloned homologous genes were also determined, and the genes were tightly correlatedwith the EA, OA and LNA contents of different lines. The results of this study will facilitate the improvement offatty acid traits and molecular breeding of B. juncea. Further uses of the high-density genetic map created in this study are also discussed.展开更多
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2022ZD04008)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32201854)。
文摘Thousand-seed weight(TSW)is a critical target for genetic improvement in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.).However,phenotypic selection for this trait remains challenging due to its polygenic regulation by multiple quantitative trait loci(QTL).Here,six favorable TSW QTL alleles from two donor parents were introgress into an elite restorer line,621R,using an integrated strategy combining marker-assisted backcrossing and speed breeding protocols.Through six rounds of backcrossing and convergent crossing followed by two generations of selfing strategies,we developed 13 advanced lines with diverse TSW QTL combinations within 24 months.Field evaluations across three environments revealed that all lines exhibited significantly increased TSW in spring conditions(Minle,Gansu)and winter environments(Wuhan and Jiangling,Hubei)except for two lines which only showed increase in the spring environment.Hybridization assays using these lines as male parents crossed with two male-sterile lines(RG430A and 616A)demonstrated transgressive segregation for TSW:For RG430A-derived hybrids,all crosses significantly outperformed the original control(RG430A×621R)in Wuhan,with 8/13 and 9/13 crosses showing significant TSW increases in Minle and Jiangling,respectively.For 616A-derived hybrids,11/13 and 10/13 crosses exhibited significant TSW enhancement in Minle and Jiangling,compared to 3/13 in Wuhan.Notably,two top-performing hybrids achieved 13.0%and 6.8%higher plot yields,respectively.Our results demonstrate that strategic pyramiding of complementary TSW QTL alleles effectively enhances seed weight in rapeseed,and these improved lines represent valuable genetic resources for developing high-yield hybrids.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0101900 and 2016YFD0100305)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32001582)the General Project of Natural Science Research in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.20KJB210002)。
文摘Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase(LACS),belonging to the AMP-bound superfamily,catalyzes the activation of long-chain fatty acids to their coenzyme A esters.Candidate Gene Association analysis showed that LACS8 was not only related to the content of fatty acid,but also,surprisingly,to the content of glucosinolates.Here,we cloned BnaLACS8A03 from rapeseed,and demonstrated its association with the glucosinolates content.We found that BnaLACS8A03 was widely expressed in all tissues and organs,and significantly highly expressed in leaf and flower,which are the sites of glucosinolate synthesis.Bioinformatics predicted that it was located in peroxisome,where theβ-oxidation of fatty acids mainly occurred,indicating that BnaLACS8A03 was involved in the metabolism of fatty acids.Phenotypic studies of RNA interference(RNAi)lines revealed that down-regulation of BnaLACS8A03 in rapeseed significantly reduced the glucosinolates content.In addition,the expression of glucosinolates biosynthesis-related genes and transport-related genes is altered in BnaLACS8A03-RNAi plants,suggesting that a possible crosstalk regulation mechanism exists in the regulation network of glucosinolate mechanism.Our results demonstrate that glucosinolates content can be manipulated by altering the expression of long chain acyl-Coenzyme A synthase gene BnaLACS8A03,which provide an available genetic resource for low glucosinolate breeding practice in rapeseed.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFF1000100)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2662023PY004)。
文摘Leaf morphology constitutes a key component of the ideotype,and optimal leaf rolling contributes to compact plant architecture.Rapeseed(Brassica napus)is an important oilseed crop;however,the genetic mechanisms underlying leaf shape development remain poorly understood,and corresponding germplasm resources for genetic improvement are limited.In this study,we identified a dominant mutant,INSIDE-ROLLING LEAF1(IRL1),which exhibits inward leaf rolling due to defective mesophyll cell development.The mutant also displays drooping siliques and a semi-dwarf phenotype,accompanied by a reduction of one to two effective branches.Through map-based cloning and functional complementation assays,we confirmed BnaC02G0201100ZS as the causal gene IRL1.This gene encodes LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN6(BnaC02.LBD6).The phenotypic alterations in the IRL1 mutant result from elevated expression of BnaC02.LBD6,driven by a single nucleotide substitution within a DNA binding site in its promoter region.Overexpression of Bna C02.LBD6 recapitulated the IRL1 mutant phenotype,confirming its functional role.Haplotype analysis revealed a rare allelic variant in the BnaC02.LBD6 promoter associated with the unique leaf morphology of IRL1.Transcriptomic profiling indicated significant differential expression of genes involved in adaxial–abaxial leaf polarity establishment,secondary metabolic pathways,and hormone signaling networks.Our findings provide novel insights into the genetic regulation of leaf morphogenesis in rapeseed and offer valuable genetic resources for optimizing plant architecture in breeding programs.
基金supported by the Youth Foundation of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences[Grant No.QNJJ202242]the Excellent Young Scholars of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences[Grant No.YXQN202205]+3 种基金the Beijing Nova Program[Grant No.20220484052]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.31801852]the Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences[Grant No.KJCX201907-2]the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System[Grant No.CARS-23-A-05].
文摘The soil-resident pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, infects cruciferous crops, causing obligate parasitic clubroot disease and posing a significant threat to the Brassica vegetable industry in China. To learn more about its pathogenesis, we reported a Nanopore sequencing-derived25.3 Mb high-quality genome sequence of P. brassicae pathotype 4 strain(P.b 4). Comparing the P.b 4 genome with that of the published P.brassicae e3 genome(P.b e3) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variations, and small insertions and deletions. We then carried out RNA-sequencing of root samples from a clubroot-susceptible line at 5, 14, and 28 days after inoculation(DAI), and classified genes into five categories based on their expression patterns. Interestingly, 158 genes were highly expressed at 14 DAI, which were enriched in budding cell isotropic bud growth, ascospore wall assembly, spore wall assembly, spore wall biogenesis, and ascospore wall biogenesis.Subsequently, we bioinformatically predicted 555 secreted effector candidates, among which only 125 were expressed during infection and had amino acid lengths less than 400. The putative effector Pb010018, which was highly expressed at 14 DAI, was validated to have a signal peptide using a yeast secretion system. Luciferase activity and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Pb010018 interacts with serine hydroxymethyltransferase BrSHMT1, and expression analysis showed that SHMT1 was upregulated in both Arabidopsis and B. rapa during infection. Furthermore, after infection, the Arabidopsis shmt1 mutant(atshmt1) showed reduced severity of clubroot disease, together with downregulated expression of Pb010018. Our results offer new insights into plant-pathogen interaction mechanisms, and provide the possibility for improving Brassica resistance to clubroot disease.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Talent Promotion Project(2023TJ-Z09)Innovation Program(2023RC1077,2023JJ40279)of Hunan Province,China.
文摘Brassica clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae has been identified as a severe soil-borne disease that poses a significant threat to plants root systems.The disease results in the formation of tumorous enlargements in the roots,leading to wilting and eventual plant death.Consequently,crop yield is drastically reduced,causing substantial economic losses in agriculture.The current study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research process on Brassica clubroot,focusing on the biological characteristics,physiological race identification,and pathogenic mechanism of P.brassicae.Furthermore,it covers the latest advancements in the comprehensive prevention and clubroot control.The insights gained from this study are expected to contribute to the future research on clubroot and the development of resistance breeding strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF1000104)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP),Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project(Grant No.Z231100003723009)+4 种基金the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2023PT16)TKI project(Grant No.KV1605-004)support from the China Scholarship Councilthe NPO bursary funding from Wageningen universitythe scholarship from Institute of vegetables and flowers,CAAS.
文摘Polyploidy,or whole-genome duplication,is an important evolutionary process that has shaped the genomes and traits of many plants,including numerous important crops.The Brassica genus,which includes diverse vegetables and oilseeds,is a key model system for studying how polyploidy affects plant diversification and domestication.This review summarizes the current understanding of how multiple rounds of ancient and more recent polyploidization events laid the foundation for the wide diversity seen in Brassica.We discuss the key outcomes through which polyploidy facilitates the accumulation of genetic variation,including genomic buffering that enables mutation retention.Furthermore,we explore the significant roles of interspecies and interploidy introgression in introducing external genetic novelty.We highlight homoeologous exchange(HE)as a critical mechanism unique to allopolyploids,driving substantial genomic rearrangements including presence-absence variations and gene dosage alterations that directly contribute to significant phenotypic innovation and adaptation in Brassica.Together,these polyploidy-associated processes have led to the extensive range of genomic variations that shaped great morphological diversification in the domestication of Brassica.By integrating insights from genomics,genetics,and evolutionary biology,this review shows how polyploidy has been central to Brassica's success and agricultural value.We also suggest future research areas to better understand polyploid evolution and improve crop breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002122,32372805)。
文摘Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1200400)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RSCXTD-69)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2021LLRH-07)a grant from the Yang Ling Seed Industry Innovation Center(K3031122024).
文摘Appropriate flowering time in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.)is vital for preventing losses from weather,diseases,and pests.However,the molecular basis of its regulation remains largely unknown.Here,a genome-wide association study identifies BnaC09.FUL,a MADS-box transcription factor,as a promising candidate gene regulating flowering time in B.napus.BnaC09.FUL expression increases sharply in B.napus shoot apices near bolting.BnaC09.FUL overexpression results in early flowering,while BnaFUL mutation causes delayed flowering in B.napus.A zinc finger transcription factor,BnaC06.WIP2,is identified as an interaction partner of BnaC09.FUL,and BnaC06.WIP2 overexpression delays flowering in B.napus,with RNA sequencing revealing its influence on the expression of many flowering-associated genes.We further demonstrate that BnaC06.WIP2 directly represses the expression of BnaA05.SOC1,BnaC03.SOC1,BnaC04.SOC1,BnaC06.FT,BnaA06.LFY,BnaC07.FUL,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL and indirectly inhibits the expression of other flowering time-related genes.Genetic and molecular investigations highlight the antagonistic relationship between BnaC09.FUL and BnaC06.WIP2 in regulating the flowering time in B.napus through direct regulation of the expression of BnaC03.SOC1,BnaA08.CAL,and BnaC03.CAL.Overall,our findings provide a mechanism by which the BnaC09.FUL–BnaC06.WIP2 transcriptional regulatory module controls the flowering time in B.napus.
基金Supported by 2025 Horizontal Fund Project of Institute of Agricultural Products Processing and Nuclear Agricultural Technology,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences(20120250022).
文摘[Objectives]This study was condcuted to investigate the formula optimization and nutritional components of Brassica vegetable juice beverage.[Methods]Brassica was selected as the raw material to optimize the formula of the vegetable juice beverage.The vitamin C content and flavor components were analyzed in both sterilized and non-sterilized samples.[Results]Based on water,the optimal formula for the Brassica vegetable juice beverage was determined as:20%Brassica juice,5%erythritol,and 0.1%citric acid.The highest vitamin C content was observed in unsterilized samples(12.167 mg/100 g sample),followed by samples sterilized at 71℃for 15 s(9.864 mg/100 g sample).The most significant loss of vitamin C occurred under sterilization conditions of 68℃for 30 min.GC-MS analysis detected a total of seven volatile components in the Brassica vegetable juice beverage,including siloxanes,alcohols,aldehydes,and methoxyphenyl oxime.Before sterilization,siloxane compounds(D3,D4,D5)showed the highest content in the Brassica vegetable juice,accounting for 63.606%,followed by methoxyphenyl oxime at 24.802%.After sterilization,siloxane compounds(D3,D4,D5)exhibited the highest content reaching 81.963%,while methoxyphenyl oxime taking the second place decreased to 14.276%.[Conclusions]This study provides new insights and methodologies for the development and utilization of Brassica crops and other agricultural products,offering a theoretical foundation for accelerating the integrated development of Brassica processing and sales.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172547).
文摘Photoperiod and temperature are crucial factors that trigger flowering in Brassica juncea(B.juncea).However,the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood.The MADS-box transcription factor AGL18 acts as a pivotal repressor of floral transition and functions redundantly with AGL15.In this study,we isolated BjuAGL18-1 from B.juncea and identified two unique transcripts,resulting in two distinct proteins:a full-length protein,BjuAGL18-1L,and a truncated protein,BjuAGL18-1S.Further investigation showed that the two isoforms had similar subcellular localizations but different expression patterns in various plant tissues.Notably,BjuAGL18-1L and BjuAGL18-1S were abundantly induced under short-and long-day photoperiods,respectively.BjuAGL18-1L overexpression in B.juncea and Arabidopsis thaliana(A.thaliana)led to late flowering,whereas BjuAGL18-1S overexpression resulted in early flowering.Yeast two-hybrid,bimolecular fluorescent complementation,and luciferase complementation assays showed that BjuAGL18-1L,but not BjuAGL18-1S(which lacked the EAR motif),interacted with the co-repressor BjuAFR2 and the histone deacetylase BjuHDA9 to form a multiprotein complex.Further analysis indicated that BjuAGL18-1L could also form a complex with BjuAGL15 and bind to the BjuFUL promoter,thus inhibiting its expression.However,BjuAGL18-1S interacted with BjuAGL18-1L to form heterodimers,which attenuated their activities,likely by disrupting their binding to target genes,resulting in accelerated flowering progression.These results suggest that BjuAGL18-1 is involved in photoperiod-induced flowering via different regulatory mechanisms in B.juncea.
基金Supported by Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement (ZK201101)the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(2009AA101105)Supported by the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System (CARS-13)~~
文摘[Objective] Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility （Ogu CMS） is an ideal pollina- tion control system for heterosis utilization in Brassica napus. However, fertility-restor- ing （Rf） gene only exists in radish chromosome and is closely linked with glucosino- late gene, making it hardly to be applied directly in production. Thus, the key to apply Ogu CMS in Brassica napus is to introduce the Rf genes and to break its linkage with glucosinolate gene. [Me^od] To overcome the interspecific reproductive barrier, grafting was conducted by using Raphanobrassica （2n=-58） as donor materi- als of Rf genes. The obtained interspecific hybrids were analyzed from the agronom- ic traits, seed-setting rate and fertility restoration rate for screening fertility-restoring materials. [Results] By elaborative selection, a homozygous Ogu CMS fertility-restor- ing B. napus material named CLR650 was selected out, whose somatic chromosome numbers were found to be 2n=38-40. Some abnormal phenomena like anaphase bridges and lagging chromosomes in meiosis were observed, but the abnormalities did not affect the formation of normal pollens. It can restore the male fertility in both progenies of self-pollination and testcross by 100%. Molecular analysis showed that CLR650 harbors Ogu CMS fertility-restoring gene, which is obviously different from that of Ogu CMS restore line Rl13 and RHH1 by detecting the molecular markers closely linked with radish restorer gene （Rf0）. [Conclusion] The CLR650 could be a new restorer for the Ogu CMS in B. napus.
基金supported by the Sino-German Research Project(GZ 1362)Grains Research and Development Corporation International Visiting Fellowship(UWA2406-010BGX)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32171982)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of the Chinese Government(2662023PY004).
文摘Allopolyploids often exhibit advantages in vigor and adaptability compared to diploids.A long-term goal in the economically important Brassica genus has been to develop a new allohexaploid crop type(AABBCC)by combining different diploid and allotetraploid crop species.However,early-generation allohexaploids often face challenges like unstable meiosis and low fertility,and the phenotypic performance of these synthetic lines has rarely been assessed.This study analyzes agronomic traits,fertility,and genome stability in ArArBcBcCcCc lines derived from four crosses between B.carinata and B.rapa after 9–11 selfing generations.Our results demonstrate polyploid advantage in vigor and seed traits,considerable phenotypic variation,and high fertility and genome stability.Meanwhile,parental genotypes significantly influence outcomes in advanced allohexaploids.Structural variants,largely resulting from A–C homoeologous exchanges,contribute to genomic variation and influence hexaploid genome stability,with the A sub-genome showing the highest variability.Both positive and negative impacts of SVs on fertility and seed weight are observed.Pseudo-euploids,frequently appearing,do not significantly affect fertility or other agronomic traits compared to euploids,indicating a potential pathway toward a stable allohexaploid species.These findings provide insights into the challenge and potential for developing an adaptable and stable Brassica hexaploid through selection.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1201403)The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(2023RC1077)+2 种基金Key Research and Development Projects of Hunan Provincial(2023NK2012)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Talent Promotion Project(2023 TJ-Z09)The Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project(2024CX096).
文摘Flooding can lead to oxygen deprivation in rapeseed,negatively affecting its growth and development and ul-timately reducing yields.Vitreoscilla hemoglobin(VHb),a bacterial hemoglobin with a high oxygen-binding affinity,plays a key role in enhancing oxygen uptake and metabolic efficiency under low-oxygen conditions.Through genetic transformation,we overexpressed the VHb gene in rapeseed,which resulted in significant im-provements in survival rate,root length,and biomass under submerged conditions.Additionally,we observed that transgenic plants developed adventitious roots in response to submergence stress.These transgenic plants also exhibited increased activities of ethanol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase-enzymes associated with anaerobic respiration.Our findings indicate that VHb enhances flooding tolerance in rapeseed by promoting adventitious root formation and strengthening the plant's capacity for fermentation metabolism under anaerobic conditions.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002056)the Science and Technology Research Key Project of Henan Province,China(242102111138)。
文摘The potherb mustard Xuecai(XC)cultivar is a cruciferous vegetable that is popular either fresh or pickled.Due to the deep notches in the edges of leaves in mustard XC,this plant can be said to have multipinnately lobed leaves.The net photosynthesis of lobed leaves is significantly greater than that of simple leaves.However,the molecular mechanism of leaf shape variation has not been determined.Here,we used HiFi and Hi-C data to assemble the XC genome.The genome was 961.72 Mb in size,with a contig N50 value of 6.565 Mb.The XC genome was compared with four previously sequenced mustard genomes,and the genomic collinearity regions,SNPs,and indels were identified.Five BjRCO genes were found on chromosome(Chr.)A10 in potherb mustard XC when the BjRCO gene locus was compared against other sequenced B.juncea genomes.Segmental duplication was found to contribute to the BjRCO gene copy number.The transcript expression of BjRCO genes was greater in multipinnately lobed leaves than in sawtooth-like leaves.Together,these findings indicate that both the greater copy number and the expression level of BjRCO genes regulate leaf shape from simple to complex in B.juncea.Gene editing of the BjRCO gene from XC changed the leaf shape from multipinnately lobed to simple.The high-quality XC genome sequence not only provides new insight into B.juncea leaf-type genomics but also helps in deciphering leaf shape variation.Our study provides insights into the variation and evolution of important traits in Brassica plants through a comparative analysis of the sequenced genomes.
基金funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang(2024TD001)“San Nong Jiu Fang”Sciences and Technologies Cooperation Project of Zhejiang Province(2024SNJF010)General Research Project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education(Special Project for Reforming the Training Mode of Professional Degree Graduate Students)(Y202456263).
文摘Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,a fungus that causes a devastating fungal disease of rapeseed(Brassica napus),causes significant yield losses globally.Carbon dots(CDs),a class of carbon-based nanomaterials,have emerged as promising agents for plant disease management owing to low toxicity and biocompatibility.This study demonstrates the antifungal potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived CDs in enhancing resistance to S.sclerotiorum in rapeseed.In vitro assays revealed concentration-dependent suppression of fungal growth by CDs.In planta applications triggered multifaceted defense responses evidenced by:(1)increased glucosinolate accumulation and redox homeostasis through ROS modulation and elevated superoxide dismutase/catalase activities;(2)transcriptional activation of ROS-scavenging systems and biosynthesis pathways for defensive metabolites(flavonoids and phenylpropanes);and(3)restoration of pathogen-impaired physiological processes,including photosynthetic recovery via Calvin cycle reactivation,energy metabolism through TCA cycle enhancement,and stress-responsive hormone signaling.Integrated multi-omics analyses further indicated that CDs establish a coordinated defense network by simultaneously optimizing metabolic homeostasis and amplifying disease resistance mechanisms.These findings position CDs as a novel eco-friendly strategy for biotic stress management,providing a sustainable approach to mitigate crop losses caused by fungal pathogens.
文摘To investigate the function of the zinc finger protein BnZAT12 in Brassica napus,bioinformatics analysis was conducted on BnZAT12.The results showed that the open reading frame of BnZAT12 was 477 bp in length,encoding 158 amino acid residues.The deduced protein had a molecular weight of 16864.72 Da and a theoretical isoelectric point of 9.68.The phylogenetic tree showed that Brassica napus had the closest relationship with Brassica oleracea belonging to Brassicaceae and the farthest relationship with Oryza sativa.The analysis of the promoter region suggested that BnZAT12 may be regulated by factors such as light,abscisic acid,and methyl jasmonate.Furthermore,the BnZAT12 overexpression vector was constructed by seamless cloning.This study laid a foundation of molecular biology for further elucidating the role of BnZAT12.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20236,32072664)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(2022RC3053,2021JC0001,2021RC3086,2022NK2009)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01-30)the Innovation Foundation for Graduate of Hunan Agricultural University,China(2023XC116)。
文摘Elucidating crops'physiological and molecular mechanisms to adapt to low nitrogen environment and promoting nitrogen transfer from senescent leaves to new leaves is crucial in improving Brassica's nitrogen use efficiency(NUE).Glutamine synthetase gene(GS)plays a vital role in helping plants reassimilate ammonium released from protein degradation in leaves,and it was the focus of our research on this topic.In this study,we identified high(H141)and low(L65)NUE genotypes of Brassica juncea with different responses to low-nitrogen stress.We found that H141 has a lower nitrate content but higher ammonium and free amino acid contents as well as higher nitrate reductase and GS activities in the shoots.These physiological indicators are responsible for the high NUE of H141.Wholegenome resequencing data revealed that 5,880 genes associated with NUE are polymorphic between H141 and L65.These genes participate in various amino acid,carbohydrate,and energy metabolic pathways.Haplotype analysis revealed two haplotypes for BjuB05.GS1.4,Hap1 and Hap2,which have multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms or insertions/deletions in the regulatory regions of the 5′and 3′untranslated regions and introns.Furthermore,the shoot NUE of Hap1 is significantly lower than that of Hap2.These two haplotypes of BjuB05.GS1.4 lead to differences in the shoot NUEs of different genetic populations of mustard and are associated with the local soil nitrogen content,suggesting that they might help mustard to adapt to different geographic localities.In conclusion,the results of our study shed light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying different mustard NUE genotypes and demonstrate the enormous potential of NUE breeding in B.juncea.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation Regional Fund Project(32360455)QingyangCity Joint Research Fund Project—Major Project(QY-STK-2024A-046)+1 种基金Doctoral Foundation of Longdong University(XYBYZK2107)University Teachers Innovation Fund Project of Gansu Province(2025A-198).
文摘Brassica napus L. (B. napus), recognized as a significant cash and oil crop, faces challenges in popularization and application in northern China due to its limited cold resistance. Clarifying the mechanism of cold stress on gene regulation and signal transduction in B. napus is crucial. To address these issues, we conducted transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis, along with gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway profiling under natural (25℃) and cold (4℃) conditions in cold tolerant 16VHNTS309 and weak cold-resistant Tianyou 2238 B. napus seedlings. Enhanced genomic annotation was achieved through additional sequencing. A total of 6127 and 8531 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in 16VHNTS309 and Tianyou 2238, respectively. The expression patterns of 23 DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), confirming the RNA-Seq results. Under cold stress, 58 pathways in 16VHNTS309 demonstrated significant changes (q-Value < 0.05), compared to 9 pathways in Tianyou 2238 (q-Value < 0.05), highlighting B. napus’ sophisticated regulatory network which aids in managing growth and development challenges. After 48 h of cold stress treatment, genes associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance, such as those involved in antioxidant VB6, sulfur metabolism, peroxisomes, and phagosomes, were notably up-regulated in 16VHNTS309, indicating its robust ROS clearance capability. Significant gene expressions within Ca^(2+), MAPK, and transcription factor pathways related to ROS suggest that varieties with strong cold resistance possess a complex signal regulation mechanism. Comprehensive analyses of stomatal cells, physiological parameters of ROS, ABA, and H2S, along with transcriptomic data, revealed that optimal ROS levels interact with ABA and H2S to regulate stomatal closure in B. napus 16VHNTS309 under the influence of antioxidant enzymes.
文摘The 12-oxophytodienoate reductase(OPR),a flavin mononucleotide-dependent oxidoreductase,regulates plant responses to stress conditions such as heavy metals,drought,saline-alkali,pests,and diseases by participating in the synthesis of plant hormones such as jasmonic acid(JA).In this study,homologous cloning was employed to obtain the Brassica napus‘Zhongshuang 11’OPR1 gene(BnOPR1).Bioinformatics analysis was conducted for the deduced protein BnOPR1,and a plant expression vector for BnOPR1 was constructed.The bioinformatics analysis revealed that BnOPR1 was 1125 bp in length,encoding 375 amino acid residues.The deduced protein had a molecular weight of 41.604 kDa,an isoelectric point of 6.05,a molecular formula of C1853H2855N511O550S16,an aliphatic index of 35.47,a lipophilicity index of 74.87,and an instability index of 39.49.It had 49 phosphorylation sites and lacked transmembrane domains and signal peptides.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that BnOPR1 had a close relationship with the OPR1 protein from Brassica rapa since they shared the same clade,while it had a distant relationship with the OPR1 protein from Raphanus sativus.In this paper,the expression vector for BnOPR1 was successfully constructed by seamless cloning and named pBnOPR1.The findings laid a foundation for further studying the roles of BnOPR1 in the response to antimony stress.
基金funded by the Scientific and Technological Key Program of Guizhou Province, China (Qiankehezhicheng [2022] Key 031)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32160483 and 32360497)+2 种基金the Post-Funded Project for the National Natural Science Foundation of China from Guizhou University ([2023]093)the Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding for Grain and Oil Crops in Guizhou Province, China (Qiankehezhongyindi [2023]008)the Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture of Guizhou Provincial Higher Education Institutions, China (Qianjiaoji [2023] 007)。
文摘Rapeseed mustard(Brassica juncea L.) is the third most important oilseed crop in the world, but the geneticmechanism underlying its massive phenotypic variation remains largely unexplored. In this study, specific length amplified fragment sequencing(SLAF-Seq) was used to resequence a population comprising 197 F8recombinantinbred lines(RILs) derived from a cross between vegetable-type Qichi881 and oilseed-type YufengZC of B. juncea. In total, 438,895 high-quality SLAFs were discovered, 47,644 of which were polymorphic, and 3,887 of the polymorphic markers met the requirements for genetic map construction. The final map included 3,887 markers on 18 linkage groups and was 1,830.23 centiMorgan(cM) in length, with an average distance of 0.47 cM between adjacent markers. Using the newly constructed high-density genetic map, a total of 53 QTLs for erucicacid(EA), oleic acid(OA), and linolenic acid(LNA) were detected and integrated into eight consensus QTLswith two for each of these traits. For each of these three traits, two candidate genes were cloned and sequence analysis indicated colocalization with their respective consensus QTLs. The co-dominant allele-specific markers for Bju.FAD3.A03 and Bju.FAD3.B07 were developed and showed co-localization with their consensus QTLs andco-segregation with LNA content, further supporting the results of QTL mapping and bioinformatic analysis. Theexpression levels of the cloned homologous genes were also determined, and the genes were tightly correlatedwith the EA, OA and LNA contents of different lines. The results of this study will facilitate the improvement offatty acid traits and molecular breeding of B. juncea. Further uses of the high-density genetic map created in this study are also discussed.
