THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered i...THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。展开更多
The versatile plastic bottle blowing machine, developed and produced by the Anhui Tongda Science and Technology Development Corp. under the Sino-foreign joint venture Guobao Group, has been exported to Britain, Icelan...The versatile plastic bottle blowing machine, developed and produced by the Anhui Tongda Science and Technology Development Corp. under the Sino-foreign joint venture Guobao Group, has been exported to Britain, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Independent States. At an展开更多
Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA...Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.展开更多
Advances in technology make full use of recyclable material as possible, so the efficient recovery of Recyclable material can avoid a lot of energy waste. This paper takes the PET plastic bottles and waste battery as ...Advances in technology make full use of recyclable material as possible, so the efficient recovery of Recyclable material can avoid a lot of energy waste. This paper takes the PET plastic bottles and waste battery as an example, simple analyses the current situation of China＇ s processing Recyclable substance and development trend, and compared with the foreign outstanding cases, finally proposes the solution展开更多
China＇s cultural sector will gradually grow to become a pillar industry by 2015, according to the Outline of China＇s Cultural Reform and Development in the 12th Five Year Plan Period （2011-15）. Cultural industries...China＇s cultural sector will gradually grow to become a pillar industry by 2015, according to the Outline of China＇s Cultural Reform and Development in the 12th Five Year Plan Period （2011-15）. Cultural industries are not only energy efficient, but also promote consumption and boost many other related industries. From this issue on, ChinAfrica will introduce the latest development of the country＇s cultural sector in traditional industries such as film and publishing, as well as up- and-coming industries, like animation, digital publishing and mobile multimedia.展开更多
NO matter how weary he is after a long business trip, Abou Kalley will readily drive out to Pinotage Restaurant for some authentic South Afri- can cuisine each time he arrives in Beijing.
The recycling of glass bottles can reduce the consumption of resources and contribute to environmental protection.At present,the classification of recycled glass bottles is difficult due to the many differences in spe...The recycling of glass bottles can reduce the consumption of resources and contribute to environmental protection.At present,the classification of recycled glass bottles is difficult due to the many differences in specifications and models.This paper proposes a classification algorithm for glass bottles that is divided into two stages,namely the extraction of candidate regions and the classification of classifiers.In the candidate region extraction stage,aiming at the problem of the large time overhead caused by the use of the SIFT(scale-invariant feature transform)descriptor in SS(selective search),an improved feature of HLSN(Haar-like based on SPP-Net)is proposed.An integral graph is introduced to accelerate the process of forming an HBSN vector,which overcomes the problem of repeated texture feature calculation in overlapping regions by SS.In the classification stage,the improved SS algorithm is used to extract target regions.The target regions are merged using a non-maximum suppression algorithm according to the classification scores of the respective regions,and the merged regions are classified using the trained classifier.Experiments demonstrate that,compared with the original SS,the improved SS algorithm increases the calculation speed by 13.8%,and its classification accuracy is 89.4%.Additionally,the classification algorithm for glass bottles has a certain resistance to noise.展开更多
Introduction: The use of repeated thermal therapy for improving the symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF) has been recently demonstrated. Usually, thermal therapy requires an infrared dry sauna. However, it is diffi...Introduction: The use of repeated thermal therapy for improving the symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF) has been recently demonstrated. Usually, thermal therapy requires an infrared dry sauna. However, it is difficult for small clinics to acquire such an expensive and extensive system. The author assessed the efficacy of its substitution with hot water bottles. Moreover, there are no prior studies demonstrating the efficacy of thermal therapy in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure. Methods: The author evaluated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in 98 hemodialysis patients in a clinic. A total of nine patients whose BNP levels were more than 500 pg/mL agreed to be enrolled in this study and received thermal therapy using hot water bottles. Results: Plasma BNP levels, a potential marker for CHF, tended to decrease (891 ± 448 pg/mL to 680 ± 339 pg/mL), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.0845). The oral temperature changed from 36.44℃± 0.45℃ to 37.04℃ ± 0.48℃ (+0.597℃, P < 0.0001). No side effects were experienced during the therapy. Moreover, most patients had an improvement in their symptoms and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Conclusion: Thermal therapy using hot water bottles is very safe and tends to reduce plasma BNP levels in hemodialysis patients with CHF.展开更多
In this study, Ultra High Performance Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry （UHPLC-ESI-1T-TOF MS） method is used to screen the polymer additives in drinking water that is stored in Polyet...In this study, Ultra High Performance Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry （UHPLC-ESI-1T-TOF MS） method is used to screen the polymer additives in drinking water that is stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate （PET） bottles. After directly analyzing the commercially available water samples, 3 polymer additives （chimassorb 81, irgafos 168 and oleamide） were detected. However, after exposure to sunshine for 8 days, two additional polymer additives （antioxidant 2246 and Butylated Hydroxytoluene （BHT）） were detected besides the former three additives.展开更多
In this article, the mathematical foundations of the so called Criterion of Optimization by Compensation for designing commercial bottles with a straight section along its silhouette and with lateral surfaces of revol...In this article, the mathematical foundations of the so called Criterion of Optimization by Compensation for designing commercial bottles with a straight section along its silhouette and with lateral surfaces of revolution is presented. Such mathematical model uses as main tools, Lagrange polynomial interpolation and Newton’s Method for Nonlinear Systems being first necessary to formulate and demonstrate a theorem. It was redesigned and manufactured a bottle of a half-liter of Fanta soda of the well-known Coca Cola Company, which uses 18.86% more material that such criterion establishes. It was expected that the redesigned bottle use 4.91% more of material with respect to what is established by the Criterion of Optimization by Compensation. However, it was reported a 13% of mistake due to important limitations that must be overcome.展开更多
Absorbing particles have attracted wide interest in multifarious fields due to their strong light absorption characteristics,which can be trapped by optical bottles(OBs),three-dimensional dark regions surrounded by li...Absorbing particles have attracted wide interest in multifarious fields due to their strong light absorption characteristics,which can be trapped by optical bottles(OBs),three-dimensional dark regions surrounded by light.Existing OB-based particle manipulation is typically limited to a single functionality,such as the stationary volume or the single manipulated object.This severely limits the versatility and selectivity of micro-manipulation,particularly in the multi-particle system.In this paper,we address these challenges by introducing a dynamic OBs generation method.By modulating optical vortices and multi-parabolic trajectory phases,a series of OBs with targeted positions,numbers,and states is encoded as a battery of holograms,which are imported into the spatial light modulator(SLM).Experimentally,by dynamically reconfiguring the corresponding holograms in the SLM,we validate selectively switching and moving OBs for dynamic particle manipulation.Consequently,a specific fraction of targeted particles can be selectively released,transported 7.2 mm away while the others remain trapped in place,or merged from two 3.5-mm-spaced OBs into a larger single entity.Our results deepen the applications of OB beams and may herald a new avenue for dynamic particle manipulation.展开更多
Objective:To identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods:Ten AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were...Objective:To identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods:Ten AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were given a sinus rinse system and instructed on its proper use,cleaning,and storage.Two squeeze bottles (bottle A and bottle B) were given to each patient for twice-a-day rinsing.Bottle A was used in the morning and analyzed after four weeks.Bottle B was used in the evening and analyzed after 8 weeks of use.Microbial contaminants were cultured from the nose pieces and the inner surface of the bottles obtained from patients.Results:Seventeen sinus rinse devices (17/20) from all individuals in this study grew bacteria commonly in the nozzles.Twenty-four bacterial isolates consisting of 14 different species were cultured and identified with most common organisms being bacilli and staphylococcus.In addition,no correlation was apparent between the length of bottle use and the degree of contamination (r =0.13,p =0.76).During the study period,no patient developed acute sinus infections.Conclusion:Microbial contamination of the sinus rinse system occurs commonly,even in uninfected AR patients;however no evidence exists linking this to clinically relevant sinus infections.展开更多
Pearlescent coatings become highly popular to the modern generation of color rendering materials due to their unique color effect. However, it is quite challenging to evaluate its color appearance by traditional color...Pearlescent coatings become highly popular to the modern generation of color rendering materials due to their unique color effect. However, it is quite challenging to evaluate its color appearance by traditional color measurement. A low-cost camera is a highly efficient device for multi-geometry color appearance estimation for pearlescent bottles, which has been achieved through the camera characterization, sample image capturing, and then mathematical transforming from RGB （red, green, and blue） values to color appearance attributes based on the color appearance model of CIECAM02. A tele-spectroradiometer for physical measurement together with visual assessment is applied for comparison with the camera method to evaluate the accuracy of camera predictions and discuss the applicability of CIECAM02. The experimental results indicate that the camera data have strong correlation with the physical measurement and also fit well with visual data except for a slight slope shift existing in lightness due to a divinable psychophysical magnitude variation for spatial-dependent color samples. Hence it is feasible to estimate the color appearance of pearlescent bottles using a digital camera.展开更多
THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has lo...THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has long since disappeared, Chinese snuff bottles have become precious collector’s items because of their exquisite artistry. The snuff bottle was especially popular in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) during the展开更多
This communication looks at the photo-oxidation of polythene and polypropylene plastic bottle tops that are placed on soil in a hot arid environment. The degree of oxidation of the plastic is monitored by FT-IR spectr...This communication looks at the photo-oxidation of polythene and polypropylene plastic bottle tops that are placed on soil in a hot arid environment. The degree of oxidation of the plastic is monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is noted that while different bottle top types photo-oxidize at different rates, all show an appreciable level of oxidation after half a year of exposure to the environment. The oxidation leads to brittleness of the plastic, which leads to fissure formation in bottle tops of little thickness. This leads to fragmentation of the material upon impact, making plastic bottle tops an appreciable source of microplastics.展开更多
Background:Previously,a chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)model has been widely-adopted for assessing depressive-like behaviors in animals.However,there is still room for improvement in the CSDS model to safeguard stu...Background:Previously,a chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)model has been widely-adopted for assessing depressive-like behaviors in animals.However,there is still room for improvement in the CSDS model to safeguard study accuracy and the wel-fare of lab rodents.Our study team developed a novel,standardized apparatus to induce CSDS in rodents and assessed the model's practical adaptability.Methods:An innovative CSDS cage apparatus and water bottle was designed.To evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed tools,a variety of animal models,including the tail suspension test(TST),sucrose preference test,forced swimming test(FST),novelty-suppressed feeding test,female urine sniffing test,and open field test(OFT),were adopted to assess depressive-like behaviors in mice.Fluoxetine treat-ment was also administered to observe the reversal effect,as part of the validation.Results:The CSDS cage apparatus resulted in the manifestation of depressive-like behaviors in the model mice.Significant reductions in sucrose preference and urine sniffing time were observed,while the OFT revealed decreased central zone total distance,residence time,and frequency of entry.Moreover,increased immobility was found in the FST and TST.Fluoxetine treatment was found to successfully reverse the modeling effect.Conclusion:The CSDS cage apparatus was validated for enhanced usability and ad-dressed the previous challenges of water bottle leakage and lab rodent welfare is-sues.The consistent results from multiple behavioral tests also supported real-world application of the apparatus,offering researchers a promising alternative to conven-tional rodent cages.展开更多
The term“nipple confusion”accurately describes the confusion newborns experience between their mother’s nipple and an artificial nipple during feeding.Specifically,it refers to the feeding habits infants develop ba...The term“nipple confusion”accurately describes the confusion newborns experience between their mother’s nipple and an artificial nipple during feeding.Specifically,it refers to the feeding habits infants develop based on their initial feeding experiences after birth.Infants accustomed to the maternal nipple often resist bottle-feeding;conversely,those accustomed to bottle-feeding may reject the maternal nipple.This confusion is particularly common among infants receiving mixed feeding.展开更多
文摘THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。
文摘The versatile plastic bottle blowing machine, developed and produced by the Anhui Tongda Science and Technology Development Corp. under the Sino-foreign joint venture Guobao Group, has been exported to Britain, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Independent States. At an
文摘Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.
文摘Advances in technology make full use of recyclable material as possible, so the efficient recovery of Recyclable material can avoid a lot of energy waste. This paper takes the PET plastic bottles and waste battery as an example, simple analyses the current situation of China＇ s processing Recyclable substance and development trend, and compared with the foreign outstanding cases, finally proposes the solution
文摘China＇s cultural sector will gradually grow to become a pillar industry by 2015, according to the Outline of China＇s Cultural Reform and Development in the 12th Five Year Plan Period （2011-15）. Cultural industries are not only energy efficient, but also promote consumption and boost many other related industries. From this issue on, ChinAfrica will introduce the latest development of the country＇s cultural sector in traditional industries such as film and publishing, as well as up- and-coming industries, like animation, digital publishing and mobile multimedia.
文摘NO matter how weary he is after a long business trip, Abou Kalley will readily drive out to Pinotage Restaurant for some authentic South Afri- can cuisine each time he arrives in Beijing.
基金Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Jilin Province(JJKN20190710KJ)Science and Technology Innovation Development Plan Project of Jilin city(20190302202).
文摘The recycling of glass bottles can reduce the consumption of resources and contribute to environmental protection.At present,the classification of recycled glass bottles is difficult due to the many differences in specifications and models.This paper proposes a classification algorithm for glass bottles that is divided into two stages,namely the extraction of candidate regions and the classification of classifiers.In the candidate region extraction stage,aiming at the problem of the large time overhead caused by the use of the SIFT(scale-invariant feature transform)descriptor in SS(selective search),an improved feature of HLSN(Haar-like based on SPP-Net)is proposed.An integral graph is introduced to accelerate the process of forming an HBSN vector,which overcomes the problem of repeated texture feature calculation in overlapping regions by SS.In the classification stage,the improved SS algorithm is used to extract target regions.The target regions are merged using a non-maximum suppression algorithm according to the classification scores of the respective regions,and the merged regions are classified using the trained classifier.Experiments demonstrate that,compared with the original SS,the improved SS algorithm increases the calculation speed by 13.8%,and its classification accuracy is 89.4%.Additionally,the classification algorithm for glass bottles has a certain resistance to noise.
文摘Introduction: The use of repeated thermal therapy for improving the symptoms of chronic heart failure (CHF) has been recently demonstrated. Usually, thermal therapy requires an infrared dry sauna. However, it is difficult for small clinics to acquire such an expensive and extensive system. The author assessed the efficacy of its substitution with hot water bottles. Moreover, there are no prior studies demonstrating the efficacy of thermal therapy in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure. Methods: The author evaluated plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in 98 hemodialysis patients in a clinic. A total of nine patients whose BNP levels were more than 500 pg/mL agreed to be enrolled in this study and received thermal therapy using hot water bottles. Results: Plasma BNP levels, a potential marker for CHF, tended to decrease (891 ± 448 pg/mL to 680 ± 339 pg/mL), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.0845). The oral temperature changed from 36.44℃± 0.45℃ to 37.04℃ ± 0.48℃ (+0.597℃, P < 0.0001). No side effects were experienced during the therapy. Moreover, most patients had an improvement in their symptoms and the ability to perform activities of daily living. Conclusion: Thermal therapy using hot water bottles is very safe and tends to reduce plasma BNP levels in hemodialysis patients with CHF.
文摘In this study, Ultra High Performance Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry （UHPLC-ESI-1T-TOF MS） method is used to screen the polymer additives in drinking water that is stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate （PET） bottles. After directly analyzing the commercially available water samples, 3 polymer additives （chimassorb 81, irgafos 168 and oleamide） were detected. However, after exposure to sunshine for 8 days, two additional polymer additives （antioxidant 2246 and Butylated Hydroxytoluene （BHT）） were detected besides the former three additives.
文摘In this article, the mathematical foundations of the so called Criterion of Optimization by Compensation for designing commercial bottles with a straight section along its silhouette and with lateral surfaces of revolution is presented. Such mathematical model uses as main tools, Lagrange polynomial interpolation and Newton’s Method for Nonlinear Systems being first necessary to formulate and demonstrate a theorem. It was redesigned and manufactured a bottle of a half-liter of Fanta soda of the well-known Coca Cola Company, which uses 18.86% more material that such criterion establishes. It was expected that the redesigned bottle use 4.91% more of material with respect to what is established by the Criterion of Optimization by Compensation. However, it was reported a 13% of mistake due to important limitations that must be overcome.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12174122)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515011482,2024A1515010556)+2 种基金National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(20241057432014)Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students’Scientific and Technological Innovation(“Climbing Program”Special Funds)(pdjh2024b124)Extracurricular Scientific Program of School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering,South China Normal University(24GDKB03).
文摘Absorbing particles have attracted wide interest in multifarious fields due to their strong light absorption characteristics,which can be trapped by optical bottles(OBs),three-dimensional dark regions surrounded by light.Existing OB-based particle manipulation is typically limited to a single functionality,such as the stationary volume or the single manipulated object.This severely limits the versatility and selectivity of micro-manipulation,particularly in the multi-particle system.In this paper,we address these challenges by introducing a dynamic OBs generation method.By modulating optical vortices and multi-parabolic trajectory phases,a series of OBs with targeted positions,numbers,and states is encoded as a battery of holograms,which are imported into the spatial light modulator(SLM).Experimentally,by dynamically reconfiguring the corresponding holograms in the SLM,we validate selectively switching and moving OBs for dynamic particle manipulation.Consequently,a specific fraction of targeted particles can be selectively released,transported 7.2 mm away while the others remain trapped in place,or merged from two 3.5-mm-spaced OBs into a larger single entity.Our results deepen the applications of OB beams and may herald a new avenue for dynamic particle manipulation.
文摘Objective:To identify whether irrigation devices become contaminated when used by patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).Methods:Ten AR patients with no clinical or endoscopic evidence of active sinonasal infection were given a sinus rinse system and instructed on its proper use,cleaning,and storage.Two squeeze bottles (bottle A and bottle B) were given to each patient for twice-a-day rinsing.Bottle A was used in the morning and analyzed after four weeks.Bottle B was used in the evening and analyzed after 8 weeks of use.Microbial contaminants were cultured from the nose pieces and the inner surface of the bottles obtained from patients.Results:Seventeen sinus rinse devices (17/20) from all individuals in this study grew bacteria commonly in the nozzles.Twenty-four bacterial isolates consisting of 14 different species were cultured and identified with most common organisms being bacilli and staphylococcus.In addition,no correlation was apparent between the length of bottle use and the degree of contamination (r =0.13,p =0.76).During the study period,no patient developed acute sinus infections.Conclusion:Microbial contamination of the sinus rinse system occurs commonly,even in uninfected AR patients;however no evidence exists linking this to clinically relevant sinus infections.
文摘Pearlescent coatings become highly popular to the modern generation of color rendering materials due to their unique color effect. However, it is quite challenging to evaluate its color appearance by traditional color measurement. A low-cost camera is a highly efficient device for multi-geometry color appearance estimation for pearlescent bottles, which has been achieved through the camera characterization, sample image capturing, and then mathematical transforming from RGB （red, green, and blue） values to color appearance attributes based on the color appearance model of CIECAM02. A tele-spectroradiometer for physical measurement together with visual assessment is applied for comparison with the camera method to evaluate the accuracy of camera predictions and discuss the applicability of CIECAM02. The experimental results indicate that the camera data have strong correlation with the physical measurement and also fit well with visual data except for a slight slope shift existing in lightness due to a divinable psychophysical magnitude variation for spatial-dependent color samples. Hence it is feasible to estimate the color appearance of pearlescent bottles using a digital camera.
文摘THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has long since disappeared, Chinese snuff bottles have become precious collector’s items because of their exquisite artistry. The snuff bottle was especially popular in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) during the
文摘This communication looks at the photo-oxidation of polythene and polypropylene plastic bottle tops that are placed on soil in a hot arid environment. The degree of oxidation of the plastic is monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is noted that while different bottle top types photo-oxidize at different rates, all show an appreciable level of oxidation after half a year of exposure to the environment. The oxidation leads to brittleness of the plastic, which leads to fissure formation in bottle tops of little thickness. This leads to fragmentation of the material upon impact, making plastic bottle tops an appreciable source of microplastics.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82204958 and 82305065Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:ZR2020ZD17+2 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine Emotional Disease and Brain Steady State Regulation Innovation Team,Grant/Award Number:2023KJ191Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:202105010467Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Project of Shandong Province,Grant/Award Number:Q-2022059。
文摘Background:Previously,a chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)model has been widely-adopted for assessing depressive-like behaviors in animals.However,there is still room for improvement in the CSDS model to safeguard study accuracy and the wel-fare of lab rodents.Our study team developed a novel,standardized apparatus to induce CSDS in rodents and assessed the model's practical adaptability.Methods:An innovative CSDS cage apparatus and water bottle was designed.To evaluate the effectiveness of the newly developed tools,a variety of animal models,including the tail suspension test(TST),sucrose preference test,forced swimming test(FST),novelty-suppressed feeding test,female urine sniffing test,and open field test(OFT),were adopted to assess depressive-like behaviors in mice.Fluoxetine treat-ment was also administered to observe the reversal effect,as part of the validation.Results:The CSDS cage apparatus resulted in the manifestation of depressive-like behaviors in the model mice.Significant reductions in sucrose preference and urine sniffing time were observed,while the OFT revealed decreased central zone total distance,residence time,and frequency of entry.Moreover,increased immobility was found in the FST and TST.Fluoxetine treatment was found to successfully reverse the modeling effect.Conclusion:The CSDS cage apparatus was validated for enhanced usability and ad-dressed the previous challenges of water bottle leakage and lab rodent welfare is-sues.The consistent results from multiple behavioral tests also supported real-world application of the apparatus,offering researchers a promising alternative to conven-tional rodent cages.
文摘The term“nipple confusion”accurately describes the confusion newborns experience between their mother’s nipple and an artificial nipple during feeding.Specifically,it refers to the feeding habits infants develop based on their initial feeding experiences after birth.Infants accustomed to the maternal nipple often resist bottle-feeding;conversely,those accustomed to bottle-feeding may reject the maternal nipple.This confusion is particularly common among infants receiving mixed feeding.
