Postharvest rot of blueberry fruits caused by Botrytis cinerea led to huge economic losses in storage and transportation.In this study,Metschnikowia pulcherrima T-2 was isolated from the surface of blueberry fruits an...Postharvest rot of blueberry fruits caused by Botrytis cinerea led to huge economic losses in storage and transportation.In this study,Metschnikowia pulcherrima T-2 was isolated from the surface of blueberry fruits and significantly reduced postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.The weight loss rate of T-2 soaked blueberry fruits was decreased;the contents of total soluble solids,titratable acidity and vitamin C of T-2 treated blueberry fruits were increased at a humidity of 85% and 25℃.T-2 also enhanced the control of gray mold in blueberry fruits,but could not directly inhibit the growth of B.cinerea in vitro.The volatile organic compounds(VOCs)produced by T-2 could inhibit the growth of B.cinerea,and significantly reduced the postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.According to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis and antibacterial analysis,the benzyl alcohol,phenylethyl alcohol,benzaldehyde,2-ethyl-1-hexanol,acetic acid,octanoic acid,3-hydroxy-2-butanone,2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine and isoamyl acetate were selected.The influence of the above 9 volatiles on B.cinerea growth was assessed by treating B.cinerea in vitro with various concentrations of volatile.The lowest effective amounts of 9 volatiles were established to reduce the postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.These results shed light on the roles of T-2 VOCs in the control of postharvest blueberry fruits to B.cinerea,and provided a new method of postharvest storage.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to avoid and delay the generation of resis- tance in Botrytis cinerea to boscalid. [Method] The sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to boscalid was tested by the mycelial growth rate method. T...[Objective] This study aimed to avoid and delay the generation of resis- tance in Botrytis cinerea to boscalid. [Method] The sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to boscalid was tested by the mycelial growth rate method. The distribution of sensitivity variation of B. cinerea to boscalid in different regions was cleared, and the sen- sitivity baseline of B. cinerea from Liaoning Province to boscalid was established. [Result] The ECso values of B. cinerea strains from Liaoning Province ranged from 0.080 0 to 7.787 2μg/ml, and the highest ECho value was 97.34 times higher than the minimum. The average EC50 value （1.973μg/ml） of the 158 strains was treated as the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea from Liaoning Province to boscalid. [Conclu- sion] It is essential to conduct a risk assessment of drug resistance in B. cinerea to boscalid.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the effect of tomato＇s resistance to Botrytis cinerea induced by exogenous Chitosan.[Method] The leaf spraying method was used to determine the induced resistance effect of Chitosan...[Objective] The aim was to explore the effect of tomato＇s resistance to Botrytis cinerea induced by exogenous Chitosan.[Method] The leaf spraying method was used to determine the induced resistance effect of Chitosan to tomato B.cinerea and the chlorophyll content,soluble protein,soluble sugar,proline influence,the activities of peroxidase（POD）,malondialdehyde（MDA）and the Proline content in leaves of tomato.[Result] The induced resistance of Chitosan reached 58.26% at 14th d after treatment;Compared with the B.cinerea stress group,the chlorophyll content in leaves of tomato seedlings of B.cinerea stress ＋ Chitosan group had increased by 34.63%,while that of soluble protein content,soluble sugar content,Pro content and POD activity was 5.30%,10.83%,16.21% and 16.88%,respectively（except for the MDA content,which was decreased by 16.54%）.[Conclusion] Exogenous Chitosan could improve photosynthetic efficiency and protect enzymes activity to improve the resistance of tomato seedlings to B.cinerea.展开更多
The drug-containing culture medium method for the test of toxicity was adopted to compare inhibitive effects of original nano-Cu2O drug and nano-Cu2O suspension, and nano-Cu2O drug has better inhibitive effects on sna...The drug-containing culture medium method for the test of toxicity was adopted to compare inhibitive effects of original nano-Cu2O drug and nano-Cu2O suspension, and nano-Cu2O drug has better inhibitive effects on snake melon Botry- tis cinerea than original nano-Cu2O drug with the same mass concentration, and inhibitory effects are positively correlated with concentration. Correlation coefficients of the toxicity regression equation are 0.892 2 and 0.996 1, effective concentration EC50 of original nano-Cu2O drug and that of nano-Cu2O suspension are 3 948.9 and 167.9 mg/kg. Original nano-Cu2O drug has an inhibitive effect on snake melon Botrytis cinerea, but the inhibition of nano-Cu2O suspension is more obvious.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of chitosan and organosilicon on tomato resistance against Botrytis cinerea. [Method] With leaf spraying method adopted, four groups were set in the test, including control g...[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of chitosan and organosilicon on tomato resistance against Botrytis cinerea. [Method] With leaf spraying method adopted, four groups were set in the test, including control group, groups treated with Botrytis cinerea, with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea, and with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea, in order to study on effects of chitosan and organosilicon on antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato. [Result] Antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings were improved in groups with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea and with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea compared with the group treated with Botrytis cinerea. On the 6th d, activities of PAL, SOD, POD, PPO and CAT in groups with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea, and with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea increased by 27.36%, 52.07%, 43.55%, 82.02% and 71.82%, and 18.91%, 30.22%, 57.14%, 38.09% and 53.64%, respectively. [Conclusion] Antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings could be improved by chitosan and organosilicon.展开更多
[Objective] The antifungal activity of the extracts from,Atractylodes macracephal Koidz and Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel,against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani were studied under the condition of laborator...[Objective] The antifungal activity of the extracts from,Atractylodes macracephal Koidz and Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel,against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani were studied under the condition of laboratory,in order to develop and utilize these two plants.[Method] The mycelium growth rate test was applied to measure the antifungal activities of extracts against fungi.[Result] the extracts of all the two plants showed strong antifungal activity against the target pathogenic fungi,especially the antifungal activity of the extract from Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel was stronger and more stable.The inhibition rate to the mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea was 80.25%.At the same concentration,the extract from Atractylodes macracephal Koidz showed little inhibition to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani.The petrolelum ether extract of Atractylodes macracephal Koidz showed stronger antifungal activities and the EC50 was 5.31 mg/ml,and the n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel showed stronger antifungal activities and the EC50 was 2.93 mg/ml.[Conclusion] The extracts from Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel showed the stronger antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani.展开更多
[ Objective ] The study systematically studied the biological characteristics of ginseng Botrytis cinerea Pers. [ Method ] The pure pathogenic fungus was isolated from ginseng B. cinerea collected in the field by tiss...[ Objective ] The study systematically studied the biological characteristics of ginseng Botrytis cinerea Pers. [ Method ] The pure pathogenic fungus was isolated from ginseng B. cinerea collected in the field by tissue segregation and purification cultivation. Subsequently, using PDA medium plate culture method, the effect of various culture conditions on mycelium growth and sporulation of ginseng B. cinerea was detected. [ Result] The optimum temperature for mycelium growth and sporulation of B. cinerea was 25 ℃. The appropriate temperature for conidia germination ranged from 20 to 25 ℃. And the optimum pH value for mycelium growth and conidia germination was 6.0. The optimum carbon source was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose. The optimum nitrogen source was peptone, fol- lowed by beef extract, yeast extract, alanine and ammonium nitrate. Among the media, the growth of mycelium cultured on PDA medium was the fastest with the production of gray mycelium and dense colonies. Lethal temperatures for sclerotia, mycelium and conidia were 60, 55 and 50 ℃, respectively. [ Conclusion] The study provided the scientific basis for the research on the incidence law of B. cinerea and its control.展开更多
The effect of hot air（HA, 45°C, 3.5 h） treatment on reducing gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that HA treatment signific...The effect of hot air（HA, 45°C, 3.5 h） treatment on reducing gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that HA treatment significantly reduced lesion diameter and enhanced activities of chitinase（CHI）, β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL） in strawberry fruit. Total phenolic contents were also increased by HA treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were higher in HA treated strawberry fruit than those in control. Expression of three defense related genes such as CAT, CCR-1 allele and PLA6 was greatly induced in HA treated strawberry fruit with or without inoculation by B. cinerea. In addition, the in vitro experiment showed that HA treatment inhibited spore germination and tube growth of B. cinerea. These results suggested that HA treatment directly activated disease resistance against B. cinerea in strawberry fruit without priming response and directly inhibiting growth of B. cinerea.展开更多
The efficacy of seven plant extracts(neem,fennel,lavender,thyme,pennyroyal,salvia and asafetida) in controlling postharvest of apple(caused by Botrytis cinerea) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.In vitro,all plant ex...The efficacy of seven plant extracts(neem,fennel,lavender,thyme,pennyroyal,salvia and asafetida) in controlling postharvest of apple(caused by Botrytis cinerea) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.In vitro,all plant extracts treatments inhibited spore germination.Inhibitory rates of pore germination was 17.41 and 20.83% for neem extract treatment(methanolic and aqueous extracts,respectively) with significant difference compared to control(73.6 and 85.33%) for aqueous and methanol extracts.In the storage conditions,the application of aqueous extract of neem(at concentration of 25%) resulted in 89.11% reduction of disease severity compared with the untreated control.Results of enzymes activity showed the plant extracts can increase the activity of peroxidase,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,β-1,3-glucanase and polyphenol oxidase in the presence of pathogens,in apple fruits.However,the results of this research revealed that application of neem extracts was more effective than the application of other plant extracts.According to this study,it could be concluded that plant extracts may be useful to control postharvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides.展开更多
Fifteen mutant isolates were obtained by ultraviolet mutation from parent isolate Botrytis cinerea BC-4. Among them three mutant isolates, BC4-1, BC4-2, and BC4-15, showed strong herbicidal activity. BC4-1 showed maxi...Fifteen mutant isolates were obtained by ultraviolet mutation from parent isolate Botrytis cinerea BC-4. Among them three mutant isolates, BC4-1, BC4-2, and BC4-15, showed strong herbicidal activity. BC4-1 showed maximum herbicidal activity for inhibition of germination and growth of Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Arnaranthus retroflexus L. The results also showed that herbicidal activity was influenced by differing pH of PD media, with pH value of 4.0 being the optimum. The crude toxin was extracted using chloroform, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate, respectively, and the ethyl acetate extracts showed the strongest inhibitory activity on the germination and growth of D. sanguinalis L. and A. retroflexus L. Using HPLC, one fraction with an absorption peak at 271 nm was separated from the crude toxin. This fraction could strongly inhibit the growth of D. sanguinalis L. at a concentration of 100 mg L^-1 and could completely inhibit the seed germination of D. sanguinalis L. and A. retroflexus L. at a concentration of 50 mg L^-1 .展开更多
New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on t...New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on the infection of tomato with B. cinerea, to determine the optimum light wavelengths to control B. cinerea, and to explore the mechanism of LED influ- ence on the development of gray mold. The results showed that purple light and blue light irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of B. cinerea mycelium, and the inhibition rates were 22.3 and 15.16%, respectively, and purple light exhibited a better inhibitory effect than blue light. The lesion development of B. cinerea on tomato leaves was significantly inhibited upon irradiation with red and purple light with inhibition rates of 32.08 and 36.74%, respectively. Irradiation with red light inhibited the oxidative burst of superoxide anion （O2-） that was caused by infection with B. cinerea, and red light regulated the H2O2 content in the tomato leaf, which increased and rapidly returned to a lower level. In addition, red light irradiation improved the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in tomato leaves. However, purple light irradiation did not make tomato leaves exhibit this kind of physiological response. Therefore, red light and purple light can suppress gray mold in tomatoes, but the disease suppression mechanisms of these two types of LED light are different. In general, red light suppresses gray mold primarily by regulating the tomato defense mechanism for disease, whereas the suppression of tomato gray mold by purple light can be partially explained by the photo-inhibition of B. cinerea.展开更多
BACKGROUND Plastic bronchitis(PB)frequently occurs in children after the surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects or in the presence of inflammatory or allergic diseases of the lung.Accurate epidemiological data ...BACKGROUND Plastic bronchitis(PB)frequently occurs in children after the surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects or in the presence of inflammatory or allergic diseases of the lung.Accurate epidemiological data of this condition are still lacking.CASE SUMMARY A 5-year-old boy,with a clear medical history,presented to our hospital with persistent cough and pneumonia with segmental atelectasis on chest computerized tomography.He showed no significant improvement after 1 wk of amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium treatment.Bronchial casts were extracted using flexible bronchoscopy.Pathological examination of the dendritic cast confirmed the diagnosis of type I PB.Botrytis cinerea was detected by next-generation sequencing of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.After the removal of the airway obstruction and fluconazole treatment,the patient recovered and was discharged 14 d after admission without the recurrence of cough.CONCLUSION Botrytis cinerea pneumonia should be considered in children with PB who still have prolonged cough and atelectasis after a regular course of antibiotic therapy.Flexible bronchoscopy and etiological examination should be performed in a timely manner to determine the diagnosis,clear the airway obstruction,and target etiological treatment.展开更多
The effects of biofungicide formula containing the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (Jn14) as wettable powder in combination with the fungicides pyrimethanil and a mixture of cyprodinil and flydioxonil on Botryt...The effects of biofungicide formula containing the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (Jn14) as wettable powder in combination with the fungicides pyrimethanil and a mixture of cyprodinil and flydioxonil on Botrytis cinerea of strawberry in vitro, in vivo and in greenhouse were studied. The pathogen B. cinerea was more affected in vitro by low concentrations of the fungicides tested above 0.4 μg·ml-1 than the bioagent T. harzianum (Jn14). The later was almost insensitive to pyrimethanil. In the same direction, gray mould disease severity on strawberry detached leaves and whole plants was reduced up to 89% by the tested fungicides, compared to the control, while the application of T. harzianum (Jn14) alone reduced disease severity up to 45% on strawberry detached leaves, compared to the control. In the integrated control approach, the combination of T. harzianum (Jn14) with higher concentrations of the tested fungicides (ED50) completely inhibited strawberry gray mould disease severity in pots and the greenhouse.展开更多
Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regul...Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regulates growth,development, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. However, the regulation mechanism of BcSDR1 and the relationship between BcSDR1 and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data showed that BcSDR1 is involved in glucose transmembrane transport, signal transduction, secondary metabolism, and other biological processes. BcSDR1 mutant(BCt41) showed remarkably weak sensitivity to cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways specific inhibitors, SQ22536 and U0126, and significantly decreased cAMP content. The key genes of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, BcGB1, BcBTP1, BcBOS1, BcRAS1, and BcBMP3 were significantly upregulated,whereas BcPLC1, BcBCG1, BcCDC4, BcSAK1, BcATF1, and BcBAP1 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05).BcSDR1 was obviously upregulated in BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR RNA interference(RNAi) mutants, but significantly downregulated in BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 RNAi mutants. Thus, BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR negatively regulate BcSDR1 expression, whereas BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 positively regulate BcSDR1expression.展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific Project of Tianjin Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.2021KJ105)。
文摘Postharvest rot of blueberry fruits caused by Botrytis cinerea led to huge economic losses in storage and transportation.In this study,Metschnikowia pulcherrima T-2 was isolated from the surface of blueberry fruits and significantly reduced postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.The weight loss rate of T-2 soaked blueberry fruits was decreased;the contents of total soluble solids,titratable acidity and vitamin C of T-2 treated blueberry fruits were increased at a humidity of 85% and 25℃.T-2 also enhanced the control of gray mold in blueberry fruits,but could not directly inhibit the growth of B.cinerea in vitro.The volatile organic compounds(VOCs)produced by T-2 could inhibit the growth of B.cinerea,and significantly reduced the postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.According to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis and antibacterial analysis,the benzyl alcohol,phenylethyl alcohol,benzaldehyde,2-ethyl-1-hexanol,acetic acid,octanoic acid,3-hydroxy-2-butanone,2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine and isoamyl acetate were selected.The influence of the above 9 volatiles on B.cinerea growth was assessed by treating B.cinerea in vitro with various concentrations of volatile.The lowest effective amounts of 9 volatiles were established to reduce the postharvest rot of blueberry fruits.These results shed light on the roles of T-2 VOCs in the control of postharvest blueberry fruits to B.cinerea,and provided a new method of postharvest storage.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201303025)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to avoid and delay the generation of resis- tance in Botrytis cinerea to boscalid. [Method] The sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to boscalid was tested by the mycelial growth rate method. The distribution of sensitivity variation of B. cinerea to boscalid in different regions was cleared, and the sen- sitivity baseline of B. cinerea from Liaoning Province to boscalid was established. [Result] The ECso values of B. cinerea strains from Liaoning Province ranged from 0.080 0 to 7.787 2μg/ml, and the highest ECho value was 97.34 times higher than the minimum. The average EC50 value （1.973μg/ml） of the 158 strains was treated as the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea from Liaoning Province to boscalid. [Conclu- sion] It is essential to conduct a risk assessment of drug resistance in B. cinerea to boscalid.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the effect of tomato＇s resistance to Botrytis cinerea induced by exogenous Chitosan.[Method] The leaf spraying method was used to determine the induced resistance effect of Chitosan to tomato B.cinerea and the chlorophyll content,soluble protein,soluble sugar,proline influence,the activities of peroxidase（POD）,malondialdehyde（MDA）and the Proline content in leaves of tomato.[Result] The induced resistance of Chitosan reached 58.26% at 14th d after treatment;Compared with the B.cinerea stress group,the chlorophyll content in leaves of tomato seedlings of B.cinerea stress ＋ Chitosan group had increased by 34.63%,while that of soluble protein content,soluble sugar content,Pro content and POD activity was 5.30%,10.83%,16.21% and 16.88%,respectively（except for the MDA content,which was decreased by 16.54%）.[Conclusion] Exogenous Chitosan could improve photosynthetic efficiency and protect enzymes activity to improve the resistance of tomato seedlings to B.cinerea.
文摘The drug-containing culture medium method for the test of toxicity was adopted to compare inhibitive effects of original nano-Cu2O drug and nano-Cu2O suspension, and nano-Cu2O drug has better inhibitive effects on snake melon Botry- tis cinerea than original nano-Cu2O drug with the same mass concentration, and inhibitory effects are positively correlated with concentration. Correlation coefficients of the toxicity regression equation are 0.892 2 and 0.996 1, effective concentration EC50 of original nano-Cu2O drug and that of nano-Cu2O suspension are 3 948.9 and 167.9 mg/kg. Original nano-Cu2O drug has an inhibitive effect on snake melon Botrytis cinerea, but the inhibition of nano-Cu2O suspension is more obvious.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of chitosan and organosilicon on tomato resistance against Botrytis cinerea. [Method] With leaf spraying method adopted, four groups were set in the test, including control group, groups treated with Botrytis cinerea, with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea, and with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea, in order to study on effects of chitosan and organosilicon on antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato. [Result] Antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings were improved in groups with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea and with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea compared with the group treated with Botrytis cinerea. On the 6th d, activities of PAL, SOD, POD, PPO and CAT in groups with chitosan and Botrytis cinerea, and with chitosan, organosilicon, and Botrytis cinerea increased by 27.36%, 52.07%, 43.55%, 82.02% and 71.82%, and 18.91%, 30.22%, 57.14%, 38.09% and 53.64%, respectively. [Conclusion] Antioxidant enzyme activities of tomato seedlings could be improved by chitosan and organosilicon.
基金Supported by Talent Introduction Grantin Anhui Science and Technology University(ZRC2007102)Outstanding Young Talets Project of Anhui Provincal Universities(2009SQRZ11)~~
文摘[Objective] The antifungal activity of the extracts from,Atractylodes macracephal Koidz and Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel,against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani were studied under the condition of laboratory,in order to develop and utilize these two plants.[Method] The mycelium growth rate test was applied to measure the antifungal activities of extracts against fungi.[Result] the extracts of all the two plants showed strong antifungal activity against the target pathogenic fungi,especially the antifungal activity of the extract from Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel was stronger and more stable.The inhibition rate to the mycelium growth of Botrytis cinerea was 80.25%.At the same concentration,the extract from Atractylodes macracephal Koidz showed little inhibition to Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani.The petrolelum ether extract of Atractylodes macracephal Koidz showed stronger antifungal activities and the EC50 was 5.31 mg/ml,and the n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel showed stronger antifungal activities and the EC50 was 2.93 mg/ml.[Conclusion] The extracts from Pulsatilla chinensis Bunge Regel showed the stronger antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani.
基金Supported by State Foreign Experts Bureau Projects(SFEBPS2005#0023)Technology Development Plan Project in Yanbian University(200802)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The study systematically studied the biological characteristics of ginseng Botrytis cinerea Pers. [ Method ] The pure pathogenic fungus was isolated from ginseng B. cinerea collected in the field by tissue segregation and purification cultivation. Subsequently, using PDA medium plate culture method, the effect of various culture conditions on mycelium growth and sporulation of ginseng B. cinerea was detected. [ Result] The optimum temperature for mycelium growth and sporulation of B. cinerea was 25 ℃. The appropriate temperature for conidia germination ranged from 20 to 25 ℃. And the optimum pH value for mycelium growth and conidia germination was 6.0. The optimum carbon source was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose. The optimum nitrogen source was peptone, fol- lowed by beef extract, yeast extract, alanine and ammonium nitrate. Among the media, the growth of mycelium cultured on PDA medium was the fastest with the production of gray mycelium and dense colonies. Lethal temperatures for sclerotia, mycelium and conidia were 60, 55 and 50 ℃, respectively. [ Conclusion] The study provided the scientific basis for the research on the incidence law of B. cinerea and its control.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201303073)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(KYZ201420)
文摘The effect of hot air（HA, 45°C, 3.5 h） treatment on reducing gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that HA treatment significantly reduced lesion diameter and enhanced activities of chitinase（CHI）, β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL） in strawberry fruit. Total phenolic contents were also increased by HA treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were higher in HA treated strawberry fruit than those in control. Expression of three defense related genes such as CAT, CCR-1 allele and PLA6 was greatly induced in HA treated strawberry fruit with or without inoculation by B. cinerea. In addition, the in vitro experiment showed that HA treatment inhibited spore germination and tube growth of B. cinerea. These results suggested that HA treatment directly activated disease resistance against B. cinerea in strawberry fruit without priming response and directly inhibiting growth of B. cinerea.
文摘The efficacy of seven plant extracts(neem,fennel,lavender,thyme,pennyroyal,salvia and asafetida) in controlling postharvest of apple(caused by Botrytis cinerea) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo.In vitro,all plant extracts treatments inhibited spore germination.Inhibitory rates of pore germination was 17.41 and 20.83% for neem extract treatment(methanolic and aqueous extracts,respectively) with significant difference compared to control(73.6 and 85.33%) for aqueous and methanol extracts.In the storage conditions,the application of aqueous extract of neem(at concentration of 25%) resulted in 89.11% reduction of disease severity compared with the untreated control.Results of enzymes activity showed the plant extracts can increase the activity of peroxidase,phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,β-1,3-glucanase and polyphenol oxidase in the presence of pathogens,in apple fruits.However,the results of this research revealed that application of neem extracts was more effective than the application of other plant extracts.According to this study,it could be concluded that plant extracts may be useful to control postharvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides.
文摘Fifteen mutant isolates were obtained by ultraviolet mutation from parent isolate Botrytis cinerea BC-4. Among them three mutant isolates, BC4-1, BC4-2, and BC4-15, showed strong herbicidal activity. BC4-1 showed maximum herbicidal activity for inhibition of germination and growth of Digitaria sanguinalis L. and Arnaranthus retroflexus L. The results also showed that herbicidal activity was influenced by differing pH of PD media, with pH value of 4.0 being the optimum. The crude toxin was extracted using chloroform, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate, respectively, and the ethyl acetate extracts showed the strongest inhibitory activity on the germination and growth of D. sanguinalis L. and A. retroflexus L. Using HPLC, one fraction with an absorption peak at 271 nm was separated from the crude toxin. This fraction could strongly inhibit the growth of D. sanguinalis L. at a concentration of 100 mg L^-1 and could completely inhibit the seed germination of D. sanguinalis L. and A. retroflexus L. at a concentration of 50 mg L^-1 .
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31000921)the Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars
文摘New types of light-emitting diode （LED） sources were applied to irradiate Botrytis cinerea mycelium and tomato leaves that were inoculated with B. cinerea to assess the effect of different LED light wavelengths on the infection of tomato with B. cinerea, to determine the optimum light wavelengths to control B. cinerea, and to explore the mechanism of LED influ- ence on the development of gray mold. The results showed that purple light and blue light irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of B. cinerea mycelium, and the inhibition rates were 22.3 and 15.16%, respectively, and purple light exhibited a better inhibitory effect than blue light. The lesion development of B. cinerea on tomato leaves was significantly inhibited upon irradiation with red and purple light with inhibition rates of 32.08 and 36.74%, respectively. Irradiation with red light inhibited the oxidative burst of superoxide anion （O2-） that was caused by infection with B. cinerea, and red light regulated the H2O2 content in the tomato leaf, which increased and rapidly returned to a lower level. In addition, red light irradiation improved the activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in tomato leaves. However, purple light irradiation did not make tomato leaves exhibit this kind of physiological response. Therefore, red light and purple light can suppress gray mold in tomatoes, but the disease suppression mechanisms of these two types of LED light are different. In general, red light suppresses gray mold primarily by regulating the tomato defense mechanism for disease, whereas the suppression of tomato gray mold by purple light can be partially explained by the photo-inhibition of B. cinerea.
文摘BACKGROUND Plastic bronchitis(PB)frequently occurs in children after the surgical repair of congenital cardiac defects or in the presence of inflammatory or allergic diseases of the lung.Accurate epidemiological data of this condition are still lacking.CASE SUMMARY A 5-year-old boy,with a clear medical history,presented to our hospital with persistent cough and pneumonia with segmental atelectasis on chest computerized tomography.He showed no significant improvement after 1 wk of amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium treatment.Bronchial casts were extracted using flexible bronchoscopy.Pathological examination of the dendritic cast confirmed the diagnosis of type I PB.Botrytis cinerea was detected by next-generation sequencing of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.After the removal of the airway obstruction and fluconazole treatment,the patient recovered and was discharged 14 d after admission without the recurrence of cough.CONCLUSION Botrytis cinerea pneumonia should be considered in children with PB who still have prolonged cough and atelectasis after a regular course of antibiotic therapy.Flexible bronchoscopy and etiological examination should be performed in a timely manner to determine the diagnosis,clear the airway obstruction,and target etiological treatment.
文摘The effects of biofungicide formula containing the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum (Jn14) as wettable powder in combination with the fungicides pyrimethanil and a mixture of cyprodinil and flydioxonil on Botrytis cinerea of strawberry in vitro, in vivo and in greenhouse were studied. The pathogen B. cinerea was more affected in vitro by low concentrations of the fungicides tested above 0.4 μg·ml-1 than the bioagent T. harzianum (Jn14). The later was almost insensitive to pyrimethanil. In the same direction, gray mould disease severity on strawberry detached leaves and whole plants was reduced up to 89% by the tested fungicides, compared to the control, while the application of T. harzianum (Jn14) alone reduced disease severity up to 45% on strawberry detached leaves, compared to the control. In the integrated control approach, the combination of T. harzianum (Jn14) with higher concentrations of the tested fungicides (ED50) completely inhibited strawberry gray mould disease severity in pots and the greenhouse.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31972217 and 32072369)the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development Projects,China(206Z6501G and 216Z6502G)the Research Project of Basic Scientific Research Business Fees in Provincial Universities of Hebei Province,China(KY2021043 and KY2021044)。
文摘Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes severe diseases in a wide range of plant species, leading to significant economic losses. Our previous study showed that BcSDR1 positively regulates growth,development, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea. However, the regulation mechanism of BcSDR1 and the relationship between BcSDR1 and cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways are not well understood. In this study, transcriptome data showed that BcSDR1 is involved in glucose transmembrane transport, signal transduction, secondary metabolism, and other biological processes. BcSDR1 mutant(BCt41) showed remarkably weak sensitivity to cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways specific inhibitors, SQ22536 and U0126, and significantly decreased cAMP content. The key genes of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways, BcGB1, BcBTP1, BcBOS1, BcRAS1, and BcBMP3 were significantly upregulated,whereas BcPLC1, BcBCG1, BcCDC4, BcSAK1, BcATF1, and BcBAP1 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05).BcSDR1 was obviously upregulated in BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR RNA interference(RNAi) mutants, but significantly downregulated in BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 RNAi mutants. Thus, BcBCG2, BcBCG3, BcPKA1, and BcPKAR negatively regulate BcSDR1 expression, whereas BcPKA2, BcBMP1, and BcBMP3 positively regulate BcSDR1expression.
