The aim of the present study was to evaluate different acaricide treatments for the control of Boophilus microplus on field-kept dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The first phase of the experiment consi...The aim of the present study was to evaluate different acaricide treatments for the control of Boophilus microplus on field-kept dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The first phase of the experiment consisted of collecting the ingurgitated female Boophilus microplus directly from the hosts for attainment of larvae. After the attainment of larvae, the artificial infestation procedure began on the cattle, with larvae ages ranging from 7 to 14 days. On Day 0, animals were separated into 12 groups to receive the corresponding treatment: Abamectin;Ivermectin;Ivermectin LA;Amitraz;Amitraz + Ivermectin;Amitraz + Ivermectin LA;Amitraz + Abamectin;Association (Cypermethrin + Chlorpyrifos + Citronella);Association + Ivermectin;Association + Ivermectin LA;Association + Abamectin;and Control. Subsequent evaluations were made on post-treatment days +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, +42, +49, +56 and +63. Analyzing the post-treatment effectiveness per day, indices revealed considerable variation ranging from 0% to 96.63%. Such indices demonstrate the significant reduction in the number of ticks on the animals in some groups, especially in the Abamectin group. The analysis of the results demonstrates that the use of different avermectines can assist in the development of Boophilus microplus control programs, thereby reducing the number of acaricide applications and production costs related to ticks.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially...The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially tested against R. Boophilus microplus larvae using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). In a 2nd study the ixodicide efficacy was tested against adult ticks using the Adult Inmersion Test (AIT). Finally, a field test with the compound was carried out using 24 steers experimentally infested with R. (Boophilus) microplus ticks which were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each for treatment. Groups 1 and 2 received the experimental compound at concentrations of 16% and 20%, respectively, which were applied as an aspersion in a total volume of 4 liters/animal. Group 3 was equally treated but with a commercial ixodicide containing cipermethrin at a 16% concentration. Group 4 served as untreated control. The efficacy was measured on days 1, 2, 3 after treatment as the percentage of ticks present from the treated groups, relative to the ticks present in the untreated control. The results indicated a percentage mortality of 93.21% for LPT and 98.02% for AIT. The efficacy produced in cattle was 61.78%, 76.43% and 85.34% for groups 1, 2 y 3, respectively. It is concluded that there was no concordance between the results obtained in vitro with those found in cattle. Possibly the excipient used for the formulation of the experimental compound was not suitable and had some influence on the results.展开更多
Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus...Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus[R.(B.)microplus]and the adult of Haemaphrysalis bispinosa(H.bispinosa).Methods:The lyophilized C.gigantea flower aqueous extract of 50 mg was added with 100 mL of TiO(OH_2)(10 mM)and magnetically stirred for 6 h.Synthesized TiO_2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).The synthesised TiO_2 NPs were tested against the larvae of R(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa were exposed to filter paper impregnated method.Results:XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with the mean size of 10.52 nm.The functional groups for synthesized TiO_2NPs were 1405.19,and 1053.45 cm^(-1)for-NH_2 bending,primary amines and amides and 1053.84and 1078.45 cm^(-1)for C-O.SEM micrographs of the synthesized TiO_2 NPs showed the aggregated and spherical in shape.The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous flower extract of C.gigantea and synthesized TiO_2 NPs against R.(B.)microplus(LC_(50)=24.63 and 5.43 mg/L and r^2=0.960 and 0.988)and against H.bispinosa(LC_(50)=35.22 and 9.15 mg/L and r^2=0.969 and 0.969).respectively.Conclusions:The synthesized TiO_2 NPs were highly stable and had significant acaricidal activity against the larvae of R.(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa.This study provides the first report of synthesized TiO_2 NPs and possessed excellent anti-parasitic activity.展开更多
Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionn...Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionnaire. The main tick species were Amblyomma （14.3%）, Boophilus microplus （l 8.5%） and Hyalomma anatolicum and H. dromedarii （67.2%）. Out of 3009 collected ticks, the highest number of female （88.7%） and the lowest of males （ l 1.3%） belong to Boophilus; the lowest number of female （92.4%） and the highest of males （77.5%） belong to Amblyomma. However, cows were more susceptible than buffaloes and camels ranked third to ticks infestation. Moreover, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep harbored mixed infestation （had more than one type of ticks）, however, camels and donkey harbored single infestation （had only one type of tick）. An emerging ethno-veterinary or traditional remedy is poultry keeping for ticks＇ elimination in Lakki Marwat. The results of this research will be helped in taking appropriate measures to reduce tick infestation and to improve management practices. Hence, it will help to increase farm productivity and farmers income.展开更多
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a 5% neem extract on the presence of ticks. Forty creole cattle were used, divided into four groups: 2 experimental and 2 controls, in the towns of Cocula and E...The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a 5% neem extract on the presence of ticks. Forty creole cattle were used, divided into four groups: 2 experimental and 2 controls, in the towns of Cocula and El Chante, Jalisco. The tick count was by direct palpation, and with an acarometer (25 cm2). Eight body regions were evaluated: neck, thorax, flank and thigh, left and right. At zero time, after the initial tick count, it was applied by spraying and once, the 5% neem extract, at a dose of 10 ml/L. Ticks were quantified at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-treatment. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and Sum of Kruskal-Wallis Ranges (α = 0.05) (SigmaStat 3.1). In Cocula, at zero time, the average of ticks was in neck 32, in thorax 64, in flanks 96 and in thighs 129 (average per animal 323 ticks). In subsequent sampling, the average decreased in the experimental group to 1 or 4 parasites. In “El Chante”, an average of 60 ticks was found at the time of the neck, in the thorax 121, in flanks 181 and in thighs 242 (average per animal 600 ticks). In subsequent sampling, the average decreased in the experimental group, with averages of 1 to 4. Statistical differences (p ≤ 0.001) were found between the groups. It can be concluded that 5% neem extract has a repellent and tick effect in cattle for at least 42 days.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Easter...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Eastern Cape Province. We collected data on demographic and socio-economic factors from 271 farmers randomly given questionnaires. About 26 Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) owned by communal farmers were surveyed to ascertain the condition of grazing land, meanwhile, tick species and distribution on cattle and goats found in 158 sampling sites of the study area were also recorded. From the results, a total of 34,929 adult ticks belonging to five genera and 10 species were encountered. The most abundant tick genera were </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the subgenus <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Boophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (68.91%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(20.72%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hyalomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (8.64%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ixodes</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(1.22%), and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Haemaphysalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (0.51%). By geographic distributions, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were common to all DMs, while <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">microplus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decoloratus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">were found in the drier regions</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">From the map plotted for 16 custom feeding centers, lack of marketing channels (23%), poor animal conditions (20%), lack of infrastructure (19%), high price of medicine (14%), shortage of feed (10%), stock theft (8%), and age of animals (too old) to be marketed (6%) are the major shortcomings in red meat production. We found that the associations between gender (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 31.3481, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001), age (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 32.4889, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001), and farming experience (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 52.7556, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001) were significantly (<i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) higher. Additionally, we found that farming commodities were significantly influenced by gender and farming experience. From the surveyed LRAD farms, we observed a higher proportion of increaser II grass species in Alfred Nzo (55.6%), Amathole (53.9%), and Chris Hani (46.4%) DMs. On the other hand, the decreaser grass species were few in Alfred Nzo (16.5%), Amathole (13.8%), and Chris Hani (21.8%). Inferences from the data indicate the need for government and stakeholders’ intervention to farmers through the provision of infrastructures, marketing channels, and training on livestock based programs.</span>展开更多
Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R...Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.展开更多
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate different acaricide treatments for the control of Boophilus microplus on field-kept dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The first phase of the experiment consisted of collecting the ingurgitated female Boophilus microplus directly from the hosts for attainment of larvae. After the attainment of larvae, the artificial infestation procedure began on the cattle, with larvae ages ranging from 7 to 14 days. On Day 0, animals were separated into 12 groups to receive the corresponding treatment: Abamectin;Ivermectin;Ivermectin LA;Amitraz;Amitraz + Ivermectin;Amitraz + Ivermectin LA;Amitraz + Abamectin;Association (Cypermethrin + Chlorpyrifos + Citronella);Association + Ivermectin;Association + Ivermectin LA;Association + Abamectin;and Control. Subsequent evaluations were made on post-treatment days +7, +14, +21, +28, +35, +42, +49, +56 and +63. Analyzing the post-treatment effectiveness per day, indices revealed considerable variation ranging from 0% to 96.63%. Such indices demonstrate the significant reduction in the number of ticks on the animals in some groups, especially in the Abamectin group. The analysis of the results demonstrates that the use of different avermectines can assist in the development of Boophilus microplus control programs, thereby reducing the number of acaricide applications and production costs related to ticks.
文摘The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially tested against R. Boophilus microplus larvae using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). In a 2nd study the ixodicide efficacy was tested against adult ticks using the Adult Inmersion Test (AIT). Finally, a field test with the compound was carried out using 24 steers experimentally infested with R. (Boophilus) microplus ticks which were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each for treatment. Groups 1 and 2 received the experimental compound at concentrations of 16% and 20%, respectively, which were applied as an aspersion in a total volume of 4 liters/animal. Group 3 was equally treated but with a commercial ixodicide containing cipermethrin at a 16% concentration. Group 4 served as untreated control. The efficacy was measured on days 1, 2, 3 after treatment as the percentage of ticks present from the treated groups, relative to the ticks present in the untreated control. The results indicated a percentage mortality of 93.21% for LPT and 98.02% for AIT. The efficacy produced in cattle was 61.78%, 76.43% and 85.34% for groups 1, 2 y 3, respectively. It is concluded that there was no concordance between the results obtained in vitro with those found in cattle. Possibly the excipient used for the formulation of the experimental compound was not suitable and had some influence on the results.
文摘Objective:To assess the acaricidal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2 NPs)synthesized from flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea(C.gigantea)against the larvae of Rhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplus[R.(B.)microplus]and the adult of Haemaphrysalis bispinosa(H.bispinosa).Methods:The lyophilized C.gigantea flower aqueous extract of 50 mg was added with 100 mL of TiO(OH_2)(10 mM)and magnetically stirred for 6 h.Synthesized TiO_2 NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX).The synthesised TiO_2 NPs were tested against the larvae of R(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa were exposed to filter paper impregnated method.Results:XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles with the mean size of 10.52 nm.The functional groups for synthesized TiO_2NPs were 1405.19,and 1053.45 cm^(-1)for-NH_2 bending,primary amines and amides and 1053.84and 1078.45 cm^(-1)for C-O.SEM micrographs of the synthesized TiO_2 NPs showed the aggregated and spherical in shape.The maximum efficacy was observed in the aqueous flower extract of C.gigantea and synthesized TiO_2 NPs against R.(B.)microplus(LC_(50)=24.63 and 5.43 mg/L and r^2=0.960 and 0.988)and against H.bispinosa(LC_(50)=35.22 and 9.15 mg/L and r^2=0.969 and 0.969).respectively.Conclusions:The synthesized TiO_2 NPs were highly stable and had significant acaricidal activity against the larvae of R.(B.)microplus and adult of H.bispinosa.This study provides the first report of synthesized TiO_2 NPs and possessed excellent anti-parasitic activity.
文摘Identification of lxodid tick species on livestock in two districts, viz., D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat of Northern Pakistan were made during the period from March to November 2009 through animals＇ survey and questionnaire. The main tick species were Amblyomma （14.3%）, Boophilus microplus （l 8.5%） and Hyalomma anatolicum and H. dromedarii （67.2%）. Out of 3009 collected ticks, the highest number of female （88.7%） and the lowest of males （ l 1.3%） belong to Boophilus; the lowest number of female （92.4%） and the highest of males （77.5%） belong to Amblyomma. However, cows were more susceptible than buffaloes and camels ranked third to ticks infestation. Moreover, cows, buffalos, goats and sheep harbored mixed infestation （had more than one type of ticks）, however, camels and donkey harbored single infestation （had only one type of tick）. An emerging ethno-veterinary or traditional remedy is poultry keeping for ticks＇ elimination in Lakki Marwat. The results of this research will be helped in taking appropriate measures to reduce tick infestation and to improve management practices. Hence, it will help to increase farm productivity and farmers income.
文摘The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a 5% neem extract on the presence of ticks. Forty creole cattle were used, divided into four groups: 2 experimental and 2 controls, in the towns of Cocula and El Chante, Jalisco. The tick count was by direct palpation, and with an acarometer (25 cm2). Eight body regions were evaluated: neck, thorax, flank and thigh, left and right. At zero time, after the initial tick count, it was applied by spraying and once, the 5% neem extract, at a dose of 10 ml/L. Ticks were quantified at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days post-treatment. The data were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and Sum of Kruskal-Wallis Ranges (α = 0.05) (SigmaStat 3.1). In Cocula, at zero time, the average of ticks was in neck 32, in thorax 64, in flanks 96 and in thighs 129 (average per animal 323 ticks). In subsequent sampling, the average decreased in the experimental group to 1 or 4 parasites. In “El Chante”, an average of 60 ticks was found at the time of the neck, in the thorax 121, in flanks 181 and in thighs 242 (average per animal 600 ticks). In subsequent sampling, the average decreased in the experimental group, with averages of 1 to 4. Statistical differences (p ≤ 0.001) were found between the groups. It can be concluded that 5% neem extract has a repellent and tick effect in cattle for at least 42 days.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study presents an integrated examination of livestock production constraints associating with communal farming in six district municipalities (DMs) of the Eastern Cape Province. We collected data on demographic and socio-economic factors from 271 farmers randomly given questionnaires. About 26 Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development (LRAD) owned by communal farmers were surveyed to ascertain the condition of grazing land, meanwhile, tick species and distribution on cattle and goats found in 158 sampling sites of the study area were also recorded. From the results, a total of 34,929 adult ticks belonging to five genera and 10 species were encountered. The most abundant tick genera were </span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of the subgenus <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Boophilus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (68.91%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(20.72%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Hyalomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (8.64%), <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Ixodes</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">(1.22%), and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Haemaphysalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (0.51%). By geographic distributions, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Amblyomma</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Rhipicephalus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were common to all DMs, while <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">microplus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">R</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">decoloratus</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">were found in the drier regions</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">From the map plotted for 16 custom feeding centers, lack of marketing channels (23%), poor animal conditions (20%), lack of infrastructure (19%), high price of medicine (14%), shortage of feed (10%), stock theft (8%), and age of animals (too old) to be marketed (6%) are the major shortcomings in red meat production. We found that the associations between gender (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 31.3481, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001), age (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 32.4889, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001), and farming experience (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">χ</span></i><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 52.7556, <i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.0001) were significantly (<i></i></span><i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.05) higher. Additionally, we found that farming commodities were significantly influenced by gender and farming experience. From the surveyed LRAD farms, we observed a higher proportion of increaser II grass species in Alfred Nzo (55.6%), Amathole (53.9%), and Chris Hani (46.4%) DMs. On the other hand, the decreaser grass species were few in Alfred Nzo (16.5%), Amathole (13.8%), and Chris Hani (21.8%). Inferences from the data indicate the need for government and stakeholders’ intervention to farmers through the provision of infrastructures, marketing channels, and training on livestock based programs.</span>
文摘Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.
