BACKGROUND: Bombing is a unique incident which produces unique patterns, multiple and occult injuries. Death often is a result of combined blast, ballistic and thermal effect injuries. Various natures of injury, self ...BACKGROUND: Bombing is a unique incident which produces unique patterns, multiple and occult injuries. Death often is a result of combined blast, ballistic and thermal effect injuries. Various natures of injury, self referrals and arrival by private transportation may lead to "wrong triage" in the emergency department. In India there has been an increase in incidence of bombing in the last 15 years. There is no documented triage tool from the National Disaster Management Authority of India for Bombings. We have tried to develop an ideal bombing specific triage tool which will guide the right patients to the right place at the right time and save more lives.METHODS: There are three methods of studying the triage tool: 1) real disaster; 2) mock drill; 3) table top exercise. In this study, a table top exercise method was selected. There are two groups, each consisting of an emergency physician, a nurse and a paramedic.RESULTS: By using the proportion test, we found that correct triaging was significantly different(P=0.005) in proportion between the two groups: group B(80%) with triage tool performed better in triaging the bomb blast victims than group A(50%) without the bombing specific triage tool performed.CONCLUSION: Development of bombing specific triage tool can reduce under triaging.展开更多
An upsurge of terrorist activity has occurred in the past two decades. As part of this, explosive devices continue to be extensively deployed against civilians in wide-ranging environments. Bombings remain the leading...An upsurge of terrorist activity has occurred in the past two decades. As part of this, explosive devices continue to be extensively deployed against civilians in wide-ranging environments. Bombings remain the leading worldwide cause of civilian fatalities due to terrorism. This demands an understanding of modern terrorist bombing trends to inform mitigation strategy. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence and severity of bombings against civilian targets in diverse attack settings, and to establish corresponding blast injury profiles. Data was obtained from analysis of the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) and a meta-analysis of blast injury data derived from the PubMed database. Closed environment explosions were associated with significantly greater(p<0.05) mortality than in open spaces. The injury profiles were found to be influenced by attack setting, with higher rates of primary injury on trains and buses, and secondary injury in open space.展开更多
This study proposes an architecture for the prediction of extremist human behaviour from projected suicide bombings.By linking‘dots’of police data comprising scattered information of people,groups,logistics,location...This study proposes an architecture for the prediction of extremist human behaviour from projected suicide bombings.By linking‘dots’of police data comprising scattered information of people,groups,logistics,locations,communication,and spatiotemporal characters on different social media groups,the proposed architecture will spawn beneficial information.This useful information will,in turn,help the police both in predicting potential terrorist events and in investigating previous events.Furthermore,this architecture will aid in the identification of criminals and their associates and handlers.Terrorism is psychological warfare,which,in the broadest sense,can be defined as the utilisation of deliberate violence for economic,political or religious purposes.In this study,a supervised learning-based approach was adopted to develop the proposed architecture.The dataset was prepared from the suicide bomb blast data of Pakistan obtained from the South Asia Terrorism Portal(SATP).As the proposed architecture was simulated,the supervised learning-based classifiers na飗e Bayes and Hoeffding Tree reached 72.17%accuracy.One of the additional benefits this study offers is the ability to predict the target audience of potential suicide bomb blasts,which may be used to eliminate future threats or,at least,minimise the number of casualties and other property losses.展开更多
The data of M≥5 earthquakes occurred in one year before and after 4 deep penetrating bombs in the region within 500 km and 1 000 km from the shooting site are presented. The 4 bombs are those happened in 1999 Kosovo ...The data of M≥5 earthquakes occurred in one year before and after 4 deep penetrating bombs in the region within 500 km and 1 000 km from the shooting site are presented. The 4 bombs are those happened in 1999 Kosovo of Yugoslavia, the 1991 Baghdad of Iraq, the 2001 Tora Bora of Afghanistan, and the 2003 Kirkuk of Iraq, respec-tively. The data indicate that the deep penetrating bombs may have remotely triggered some earthquakes. The deep penetrating bombs in seismically active regions should be forbidden.展开更多
Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by impr...Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.展开更多
Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bom...Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bombing terrorist attacks and used the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies.Methods:First,we analyzed 111 subway bombings from 1970 to 2017 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database to provide a reference for the strategy exploration.Then,we convened an expert panel to use the Haddon matrix to explore the medical response strategies to subway bombings.Results:In recent decades,at least one bombing attack occurs every 3 years.Summarized by the Haddon matrix,the influencing factors of medical responses to conventional subway bombings include the adequacy of first-aid kits and the medical evacuation equipment,the traffic conditions affecting the evacuation,the continuity and stability of communication,as well as the factors exclusively attributed to dirty bomb attacks in subways,such as ionizing radiation protection capabilities,the structure of the radiation sickness treatment network based on the subway lines,and the disposal of radioactive sewage.These factors form the basis of the strategy discussion.Conclusions:Since subway bombings are long-term threats,it is necessary to have proper medical response preparation.Based on the Haddon matrix,we explored the medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings,especially dirty bomb attacks.Haddon matrix can help policymakers systematically find the most important factors,which makes the preparations of the response more efficient.展开更多
The legacy of United States cluster munition use in Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochina War is residual bomblets that unexpectedly detonate years later, killing and injuring children, farmers, and other civi...The legacy of United States cluster munition use in Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochina War is residual bomblets that unexpectedly detonate years later, killing and injuring children, farmers, and other civilians. Cluster munitions release dozens of smaller bomblets that rain deadly ammunition on troops, armored tanks, and vegetation, effectively striking broad sections of war zone landscapes in one launch. While many bomblets detonate immediately, others fail to detonate and can lie dormant on the ground for years. The primary objectives of this study were to document the long-term consequences and impacts of the US Air Force bombing of Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochina War (1959 to 1973). The historical lessons learned by United States should be shared with Russia and Ukraine governments and military. These countries need to discontinue the use of cluster bombs to prevent additional people living along the Russia-Ukraine border from having to live and die with the consequences of unexploded ordnance, including cluster bombs, for the next century.展开更多
This study calculates the combustion characteristics of various gas-generating and micro gas pyrotechnic charges,including aluminium/potassium perchlorate,boron/potassium nitrate,carbon black/potassium nitrate,and sil...This study calculates the combustion characteristics of various gas-generating and micro gas pyrotechnic charges,including aluminium/potassium perchlorate,boron/potassium nitrate,carbon black/potassium nitrate,and silicon-based delay compositions,using thermodynamic software.A multiphase flowthermal-solid coupling model was established,and the combustion process of the pyrotechnic charges within a closed bomb was simulated.The pyrotechnic shock generated by combustion was predicted.The combustion pressures and pyrotechnic shocks were measured.The simulation results demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.Additionally,the mechanism of shock generation by the combustion of pyrotechnic charges in the closed bomb was analyzed.The effects of the combustion characteristics of the pyrotechnic charges on the resulting pyrotechnic shocks were systematically investigated.Notably,the shock response spectrum of the gas-generating pyrotechnic charges is greater than that of the micro gas compositions at most frequencies,particularly in the mid-field pyrotechnic shocks(3-10 kHz).Furthermore,the pyrotechnic shocks increase approximately linearly with the impulse of the gas-generating pyrotechnic charges.展开更多
On a summer morning in Boqiang Village,tucked beneath the emerald mountains of Fanshi County,Shanxi Province,the Ultra Trail Mount Wutai 2025 commenced with the sound of the starting pistol-an event that was much more...On a summer morning in Boqiang Village,tucked beneath the emerald mountains of Fanshi County,Shanxi Province,the Ultra Trail Mount Wutai 2025 commenced with the sound of the starting pistol-an event that was much more than just a competition.As soon as the colourful smoke bombs lit up the sky,some 2,000 runners from China and abroad set off to reach one of the country’s most sacred Buddhist peaks.Over the past decade,this race has become a fixture on the global running calendar and a symbol of the growing popularity of endurance sports.展开更多
Bomb cyclones are rapidly deepening extratropical cyclones predominantly found in midlatitude regions.These extreme events are particularly frequent over the North Pacific(NP),posing significant societal and environme...Bomb cyclones are rapidly deepening extratropical cyclones predominantly found in midlatitude regions.These extreme events are particularly frequent over the North Pacific(NP),posing significant societal and environmental risks.Currently,our understanding of the variability of bomb cyclones over the NP remains limited.This study analyzes the variations in multiple NP bomb cyclone characteristics from 1980 onward using four major reanalysis datasets.The results show a weakening trend of bomb cyclones since the beginning of the 21st century,which is characterized by significant reductions in maximum near-surface wind speeds,increases in minimum sea level pressure,and slower deepening rates.Further analysis reveals that the observed weakening trend of bomb cyclones is closely linked to a reduction in maximum 850 hPa Eady growth rate,driven primarily by reduced vertical wind shear within the 30°-45°N latitudinal band.Furthermore,our findings indicate that the Aleutian Low acts to modulate the meridional air temperature gradient over the midlatitude NP,which is corroborated by climate model outputs.This modulation provides a pathway for the Aleutian Low to affect low-level baroclinicity and thus bomb cyclone characteristics.These results have important implications for future projections of bomb cyclone activity over the NP,aiding in risk assessment and mitigating the impacts of these extreme events.展开更多
Email Bombing,a kind of denial-of-service(DoS)attack is crippling internet users and is on the rise recently.A particularly notorious type is the Subscription Bombing attack,where a victim user’s inbox is bombarded w...Email Bombing,a kind of denial-of-service(DoS)attack is crippling internet users and is on the rise recently.A particularly notorious type is the Subscription Bombing attack,where a victim user’s inbox is bombarded with a stream of subscription emails at a particular period.This kind of attack helps the perpetrator to hide their real motive in lieu of a barrage of legitimate-looking emails.The main challenge for detecting subscription bombing attacks is that most of the attacking email appears to be legitimate and benign and thus can bypass existing anti-spam filters.In order to shed some light on the direction of detecting the bombing attacks,in this paper we first conduct some reverse engineering study on the Gmail anti-spam mechanism(as the information is not publicly available)and in-depth feature analysis of real-life bombing attack emails.Leveraging the insights from our reverse engineering study and data analysis,we propose a novel layered detection architecture,termed as SubStop,to detect and mitigate subscription bombs.SubStop exploits the statistics of incoming volume,source domain distribution,the correlation among different features,and implements machine learning to achieve effective detection.In specific,we utilize the weighted support vector machine(WSVM)and properly tune the class weights to achieve high accuracy in detecting bombing attacks.Despite the scarcity of public email data sets,we conduct extensive experiments on a real-life subscription bomb attack and real-time attacks using our bombing simulation script(which is facilitated by our reverse engineering findings),on test email accounts.Detailed experimental results show that our proposed architecture is very robust and highly accurate in detecting and mitigating a subscription bombing attack.展开更多
Why the sudden downturn in China’s film industry may help save it当电影遇见资本Wolf Warrior 2 may have single-handedly saved the summer film market,but its sleeper success belies a general downturn in fortunes for Ch...Why the sudden downturn in China’s film industry may help save it当电影遇见资本Wolf Warrior 2 may have single-handedly saved the summer film market,but its sleeper success belies a general downturn in fortunes for Chinese cinema.The highest-grossing Chinese film ever,Warrior 2 has netted over 773.6 million USD at the box office;it now ranks just below the original 1977 Star Wars,and above2014’s Guardians of the Galaxy,in Box Office Mojo’s list of 100all-time biggest earners.展开更多
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with the fastest increase in the incidence rate and mortality.Even after maximum tumor resection assistance with a radiotherapy and chemotherapy combination,the r...Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with the fastest increase in the incidence rate and mortality.Even after maximum tumor resection assistance with a radiotherapy and chemotherapy combination,the recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer is still inevitable.In addition,low targeting efficiency and poor permeability of drug delivery systems strongly affect the therapeutic efficiency of anti-cancer drugs on non-small cell lung cancer.Here we designed a gemcitabine(GEM)loaded arginineglycine-aspartic acid-cysteine(RGDc)-modified gold mineralization“hybrid nanozyme bomb”(RGTG)to overcome those obstacles.RGDc modification improved the active targeting of liposomes to the tumor tissues with the second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)-triggered gold-shell disruption and GEM release.The collapsed gold-shell particles with a smaller size could penetrate the tumor solid barrier and act as photothermal therapy(PTT)agents to improve PTT therapy and starvation therapy via generating gluconic acid and reactive oxygen species(ROS).Moreover,the resting reversal effect of gold particles on tumor fibroblasts can achieve accelerating tumor penetration of gold particles and GEM.Compared to monotherapy,RGTG showed significant improvement in tumor inhibition,with a tumor volume reduction of 83%compared to the control group,which provides a promising tumor treatment platform for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).展开更多
To reduce the damage of the pressurizing panel structure of a fuselage caused by an explosion at the“least risk bomb location”in an aircraft structure,a new pre-separation panel structure was designed to resist blas...To reduce the damage of the pressurizing panel structure of a fuselage caused by an explosion at the“least risk bomb location”in an aircraft structure,a new pre-separation panel structure was designed to resist blast loading.First,the dynamic strain response and morphology of impact damage of the new pre-separation panel were measured in an impact damage test.Second,the commercial software LS-DYNA was used to calculate the propagation of the blast shock wave,and the results were compared with empirical equations to verify the rationality of the numerical calculation method.Finally,the fluid–structure coupling method was used to calculate the damage process of the pre-separation panel structure under the impact of an explosion wave and an impact block.The calculated results were in good agreement with the test results,which showed the rationality of the calculation method and the model.The residual strength of the damaged pre-separation panel was significantly higher than that of the original damaged panel.The results show that the new pre-separation panel structure is reasonable and has certain significance for guiding the design of plenum chambers with strong resistance to implosion for aircraft fuselages.展开更多
The laser-guided bomb(LGB)is an air-to-ground pre-cision-guided weapon that offers high hit rates,great power,and ease of use.LGBs are guided by semi-active laser ground-seek-ing technology,which means that atmospheri...The laser-guided bomb(LGB)is an air-to-ground pre-cision-guided weapon that offers high hit rates,great power,and ease of use.LGBs are guided by semi-active laser ground-seek-ing technology,which means that atmospheric conditions can affect their accuracy.The spatial release region(SRR)of LGBs is difficult to calculate precisely,especially when there is a poor field of view.This can result in a lower real hit probability.To increase the hit probability of LGBs in tough atmospheric situa-tions,a novel method for calculating the SRR has been pro-posed.This method is based on the transmittance model of the 1.06μm laser in atmospheric species and the laser diffuse reflection model of the target surface to determine the capture target time of the laser seeker.Then,it calculates the boundary ballistic space starting position by ballistic model and gets the spatial scope of the spatial release region.This method can determine the release region of LGBs based on flight test data such as instantaneous velocity,altitude,off-axis angle,and atmospheric visibility.By more effectively employing aircraft release conditions,atmospheric visibility and other factors,the SRR calculation method can improve LGB hit probabi-lity by 9.2%.展开更多
In modern warfare,unpowered glide munitions,represented by JDAM,are widely used.Accurately predicting the future trajectory of such targets is crucial for intercepting them.This paper proposes a future point predictio...In modern warfare,unpowered glide munitions,represented by JDAM,are widely used.Accurately predicting the future trajectory of such targets is crucial for intercepting them.This paper proposes a future point prediction method for unpowered gliding targets based on attitude computation.By estimating the current state of the target,we derive the target’s attitude coordinate system.Subsequently,the paper analyzes the forces acting on the target and updates the state transition matrix,ultimately calculating the future position of the target.Experimental results show that,compared to traditional methods,this approach improves the accuracy of future point predictions by 9%to 45%.展开更多
Aim To study the effect of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics on guided bomb system analysis. Methods A thorough analysis of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics was made to show that because of the mu...Aim To study the effect of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics on guided bomb system analysis. Methods A thorough analysis of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics was made to show that because of the much smaller time constant, its dynamic model can be greatly simplified. Results and Conclusion In guided bomb guidance/control digital simulation, with the use of the simplified seeker model, simulation time can be reduced without the loss of simulation accuracy.展开更多
In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrali...In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrality) of a vertex is related to the ability of the network to respond to the deactivation or removal of that vertex from the network. In particular, the Laplacian centrality of a vertex is defined as the relative drop of Laplacian energy caused by the deactivation of this vertex. The Laplacian energy of network G with?n?vertices is defined as , where ?is the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of G. Other dynamics based measures such as that of Masuda and Kori and PageRank compute the importance of a node by analyzing the way paths pass through a node while our measure captures this information as well as the way these paths are “redistributed” when the node is deleted. The validity and robustness of this new measure are illustrated on two different terrorist social network data sets and 84 networks in James Moody’s Add Health in school friendship nomination data, and is compared with other standard centrality measures.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Bombing is a unique incident which produces unique patterns, multiple and occult injuries. Death often is a result of combined blast, ballistic and thermal effect injuries. Various natures of injury, self referrals and arrival by private transportation may lead to "wrong triage" in the emergency department. In India there has been an increase in incidence of bombing in the last 15 years. There is no documented triage tool from the National Disaster Management Authority of India for Bombings. We have tried to develop an ideal bombing specific triage tool which will guide the right patients to the right place at the right time and save more lives.METHODS: There are three methods of studying the triage tool: 1) real disaster; 2) mock drill; 3) table top exercise. In this study, a table top exercise method was selected. There are two groups, each consisting of an emergency physician, a nurse and a paramedic.RESULTS: By using the proportion test, we found that correct triaging was significantly different(P=0.005) in proportion between the two groups: group B(80%) with triage tool performed better in triaging the bomb blast victims than group A(50%) without the bombing specific triage tool performed.CONCLUSION: Development of bombing specific triage tool can reduce under triaging.
基金support of the Institute for Security Science and TechnologyThe Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injury Studies at Imperial College LondonThe Institute of Shock Physics also acknowledges the support of Imperial College London
文摘An upsurge of terrorist activity has occurred in the past two decades. As part of this, explosive devices continue to be extensively deployed against civilians in wide-ranging environments. Bombings remain the leading worldwide cause of civilian fatalities due to terrorism. This demands an understanding of modern terrorist bombing trends to inform mitigation strategy. The objective of this study was to identify the occurrence and severity of bombings against civilian targets in diverse attack settings, and to establish corresponding blast injury profiles. Data was obtained from analysis of the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) and a meta-analysis of blast injury data derived from the PubMed database. Closed environment explosions were associated with significantly greater(p<0.05) mortality than in open spaces. The injury profiles were found to be influenced by attack setting, with higher rates of primary injury on trains and buses, and secondary injury in open space.
文摘This study proposes an architecture for the prediction of extremist human behaviour from projected suicide bombings.By linking‘dots’of police data comprising scattered information of people,groups,logistics,locations,communication,and spatiotemporal characters on different social media groups,the proposed architecture will spawn beneficial information.This useful information will,in turn,help the police both in predicting potential terrorist events and in investigating previous events.Furthermore,this architecture will aid in the identification of criminals and their associates and handlers.Terrorism is psychological warfare,which,in the broadest sense,can be defined as the utilisation of deliberate violence for economic,political or religious purposes.In this study,a supervised learning-based approach was adopted to develop the proposed architecture.The dataset was prepared from the suicide bomb blast data of Pakistan obtained from the South Asia Terrorism Portal(SATP).As the proposed architecture was simulated,the supervised learning-based classifiers na飗e Bayes and Hoeffding Tree reached 72.17%accuracy.One of the additional benefits this study offers is the ability to predict the target audience of potential suicide bomb blasts,which may be used to eliminate future threats or,at least,minimise the number of casualties and other property losses.
文摘The data of M≥5 earthquakes occurred in one year before and after 4 deep penetrating bombs in the region within 500 km and 1 000 km from the shooting site are presented. The 4 bombs are those happened in 1999 Kosovo of Yugoslavia, the 1991 Baghdad of Iraq, the 2001 Tora Bora of Afghanistan, and the 2003 Kirkuk of Iraq, respec-tively. The data indicate that the deep penetrating bombs may have remotely triggered some earthquakes. The deep penetrating bombs in seismically active regions should be forbidden.
文摘Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.
文摘Background:Since the 1970 s,terrorist bombings in subways have been frequently occurring worldwide.To cope with this threat and to provide medical response countermeasures,we analyzed the characteristics of subway bombing terrorist attacks and used the Haddon matrix to explore medical response strategies.Methods:First,we analyzed 111 subway bombings from 1970 to 2017 recorded in the Global Terrorism Database to provide a reference for the strategy exploration.Then,we convened an expert panel to use the Haddon matrix to explore the medical response strategies to subway bombings.Results:In recent decades,at least one bombing attack occurs every 3 years.Summarized by the Haddon matrix,the influencing factors of medical responses to conventional subway bombings include the adequacy of first-aid kits and the medical evacuation equipment,the traffic conditions affecting the evacuation,the continuity and stability of communication,as well as the factors exclusively attributed to dirty bomb attacks in subways,such as ionizing radiation protection capabilities,the structure of the radiation sickness treatment network based on the subway lines,and the disposal of radioactive sewage.These factors form the basis of the strategy discussion.Conclusions:Since subway bombings are long-term threats,it is necessary to have proper medical response preparation.Based on the Haddon matrix,we explored the medical response strategies for terrorist subway bombings,especially dirty bomb attacks.Haddon matrix can help policymakers systematically find the most important factors,which makes the preparations of the response more efficient.
文摘The legacy of United States cluster munition use in Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochina War is residual bomblets that unexpectedly detonate years later, killing and injuring children, farmers, and other civilians. Cluster munitions release dozens of smaller bomblets that rain deadly ammunition on troops, armored tanks, and vegetation, effectively striking broad sections of war zone landscapes in one launch. While many bomblets detonate immediately, others fail to detonate and can lie dormant on the ground for years. The primary objectives of this study were to document the long-term consequences and impacts of the US Air Force bombing of Laos and Cambodia during the Second Indochina War (1959 to 1973). The historical lessons learned by United States should be shared with Russia and Ukraine governments and military. These countries need to discontinue the use of cluster bombs to prevent additional people living along the Russia-Ukraine border from having to live and die with the consequences of unexploded ordnance, including cluster bombs, for the next century.
文摘This study calculates the combustion characteristics of various gas-generating and micro gas pyrotechnic charges,including aluminium/potassium perchlorate,boron/potassium nitrate,carbon black/potassium nitrate,and silicon-based delay compositions,using thermodynamic software.A multiphase flowthermal-solid coupling model was established,and the combustion process of the pyrotechnic charges within a closed bomb was simulated.The pyrotechnic shock generated by combustion was predicted.The combustion pressures and pyrotechnic shocks were measured.The simulation results demonstrated good agreement with experimental results.Additionally,the mechanism of shock generation by the combustion of pyrotechnic charges in the closed bomb was analyzed.The effects of the combustion characteristics of the pyrotechnic charges on the resulting pyrotechnic shocks were systematically investigated.Notably,the shock response spectrum of the gas-generating pyrotechnic charges is greater than that of the micro gas compositions at most frequencies,particularly in the mid-field pyrotechnic shocks(3-10 kHz).Furthermore,the pyrotechnic shocks increase approximately linearly with the impulse of the gas-generating pyrotechnic charges.
文摘On a summer morning in Boqiang Village,tucked beneath the emerald mountains of Fanshi County,Shanxi Province,the Ultra Trail Mount Wutai 2025 commenced with the sound of the starting pistol-an event that was much more than just a competition.As soon as the colourful smoke bombs lit up the sky,some 2,000 runners from China and abroad set off to reach one of the country’s most sacred Buddhist peaks.Over the past decade,this race has become a fixture on the global running calendar and a symbol of the growing popularity of endurance sports.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42030410)the Laoshan Laboratory(Grant Nos.LSKJ202202404 and LSKJ202202403)+1 种基金the Startup Foundation for Introducing Tal-ent of NUIST,Jiangsu Innovation Research Group(Grant No.JSS-CTD202346)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Post-doctoral Talent(Grant No.2023ZB690).
文摘Bomb cyclones are rapidly deepening extratropical cyclones predominantly found in midlatitude regions.These extreme events are particularly frequent over the North Pacific(NP),posing significant societal and environmental risks.Currently,our understanding of the variability of bomb cyclones over the NP remains limited.This study analyzes the variations in multiple NP bomb cyclone characteristics from 1980 onward using four major reanalysis datasets.The results show a weakening trend of bomb cyclones since the beginning of the 21st century,which is characterized by significant reductions in maximum near-surface wind speeds,increases in minimum sea level pressure,and slower deepening rates.Further analysis reveals that the observed weakening trend of bomb cyclones is closely linked to a reduction in maximum 850 hPa Eady growth rate,driven primarily by reduced vertical wind shear within the 30°-45°N latitudinal band.Furthermore,our findings indicate that the Aleutian Low acts to modulate the meridional air temperature gradient over the midlatitude NP,which is corroborated by climate model outputs.This modulation provides a pathway for the Aleutian Low to affect low-level baroclinicity and thus bomb cyclone characteristics.These results have important implications for future projections of bomb cyclone activity over the NP,aiding in risk assessment and mitigating the impacts of these extreme events.
基金supported in part by the National Science Foundation(NSF)[No.CNS-1816908].
文摘Email Bombing,a kind of denial-of-service(DoS)attack is crippling internet users and is on the rise recently.A particularly notorious type is the Subscription Bombing attack,where a victim user’s inbox is bombarded with a stream of subscription emails at a particular period.This kind of attack helps the perpetrator to hide their real motive in lieu of a barrage of legitimate-looking emails.The main challenge for detecting subscription bombing attacks is that most of the attacking email appears to be legitimate and benign and thus can bypass existing anti-spam filters.In order to shed some light on the direction of detecting the bombing attacks,in this paper we first conduct some reverse engineering study on the Gmail anti-spam mechanism(as the information is not publicly available)and in-depth feature analysis of real-life bombing attack emails.Leveraging the insights from our reverse engineering study and data analysis,we propose a novel layered detection architecture,termed as SubStop,to detect and mitigate subscription bombs.SubStop exploits the statistics of incoming volume,source domain distribution,the correlation among different features,and implements machine learning to achieve effective detection.In specific,we utilize the weighted support vector machine(WSVM)and properly tune the class weights to achieve high accuracy in detecting bombing attacks.Despite the scarcity of public email data sets,we conduct extensive experiments on a real-life subscription bomb attack and real-time attacks using our bombing simulation script(which is facilitated by our reverse engineering findings),on test email accounts.Detailed experimental results show that our proposed architecture is very robust and highly accurate in detecting and mitigating a subscription bombing attack.
文摘Why the sudden downturn in China’s film industry may help save it当电影遇见资本Wolf Warrior 2 may have single-handedly saved the summer film market,but its sleeper success belies a general downturn in fortunes for Chinese cinema.The highest-grossing Chinese film ever,Warrior 2 has netted over 773.6 million USD at the box office;it now ranks just below the original 1977 Star Wars,and above2014’s Guardians of the Galaxy,in Box Office Mojo’s list of 100all-time biggest earners.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81972892)。
文摘Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with the fastest increase in the incidence rate and mortality.Even after maximum tumor resection assistance with a radiotherapy and chemotherapy combination,the recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer is still inevitable.In addition,low targeting efficiency and poor permeability of drug delivery systems strongly affect the therapeutic efficiency of anti-cancer drugs on non-small cell lung cancer.Here we designed a gemcitabine(GEM)loaded arginineglycine-aspartic acid-cysteine(RGDc)-modified gold mineralization“hybrid nanozyme bomb”(RGTG)to overcome those obstacles.RGDc modification improved the active targeting of liposomes to the tumor tissues with the second near-infrared(NIR-Ⅱ)-triggered gold-shell disruption and GEM release.The collapsed gold-shell particles with a smaller size could penetrate the tumor solid barrier and act as photothermal therapy(PTT)agents to improve PTT therapy and starvation therapy via generating gluconic acid and reactive oxygen species(ROS).Moreover,the resting reversal effect of gold particles on tumor fibroblasts can achieve accelerating tumor penetration of gold particles and GEM.Compared to monotherapy,RGTG showed significant improvement in tumor inhibition,with a tumor volume reduction of 83%compared to the control group,which provides a promising tumor treatment platform for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).
文摘To reduce the damage of the pressurizing panel structure of a fuselage caused by an explosion at the“least risk bomb location”in an aircraft structure,a new pre-separation panel structure was designed to resist blast loading.First,the dynamic strain response and morphology of impact damage of the new pre-separation panel were measured in an impact damage test.Second,the commercial software LS-DYNA was used to calculate the propagation of the blast shock wave,and the results were compared with empirical equations to verify the rationality of the numerical calculation method.Finally,the fluid–structure coupling method was used to calculate the damage process of the pre-separation panel structure under the impact of an explosion wave and an impact block.The calculated results were in good agreement with the test results,which showed the rationality of the calculation method and the model.The residual strength of the damaged pre-separation panel was significantly higher than that of the original damaged panel.The results show that the new pre-separation panel structure is reasonable and has certain significance for guiding the design of plenum chambers with strong resistance to implosion for aircraft fuselages.
基金This work was supported by the major research projects within the military-international class(JY2021B077).
文摘The laser-guided bomb(LGB)is an air-to-ground pre-cision-guided weapon that offers high hit rates,great power,and ease of use.LGBs are guided by semi-active laser ground-seek-ing technology,which means that atmospheric conditions can affect their accuracy.The spatial release region(SRR)of LGBs is difficult to calculate precisely,especially when there is a poor field of view.This can result in a lower real hit probability.To increase the hit probability of LGBs in tough atmospheric situa-tions,a novel method for calculating the SRR has been pro-posed.This method is based on the transmittance model of the 1.06μm laser in atmospheric species and the laser diffuse reflection model of the target surface to determine the capture target time of the laser seeker.Then,it calculates the boundary ballistic space starting position by ballistic model and gets the spatial scope of the spatial release region.This method can determine the release region of LGBs based on flight test data such as instantaneous velocity,altitude,off-axis angle,and atmospheric visibility.By more effectively employing aircraft release conditions,atmospheric visibility and other factors,the SRR calculation method can improve LGB hit probabi-lity by 9.2%.
文摘In modern warfare,unpowered glide munitions,represented by JDAM,are widely used.Accurately predicting the future trajectory of such targets is crucial for intercepting them.This paper proposes a future point prediction method for unpowered gliding targets based on attitude computation.By estimating the current state of the target,we derive the target’s attitude coordinate system.Subsequently,the paper analyzes the forces acting on the target and updates the state transition matrix,ultimately calculating the future position of the target.Experimental results show that,compared to traditional methods,this approach improves the accuracy of future point predictions by 9%to 45%.
文摘Aim To study the effect of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics on guided bomb system analysis. Methods A thorough analysis of aerodynamically stabilized seeker dynamics was made to show that because of the much smaller time constant, its dynamic model can be greatly simplified. Results and Conclusion In guided bomb guidance/control digital simulation, with the use of the simplified seeker model, simulation time can be reduced without the loss of simulation accuracy.
文摘In this work we propose a centrality measure for networks, which we refer to as Laplacian centrality, that provides a general framework for the centrality of a vertex based on the idea that the importance (or centrality) of a vertex is related to the ability of the network to respond to the deactivation or removal of that vertex from the network. In particular, the Laplacian centrality of a vertex is defined as the relative drop of Laplacian energy caused by the deactivation of this vertex. The Laplacian energy of network G with?n?vertices is defined as , where ?is the eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of G. Other dynamics based measures such as that of Masuda and Kori and PageRank compute the importance of a node by analyzing the way paths pass through a node while our measure captures this information as well as the way these paths are “redistributed” when the node is deleted. The validity and robustness of this new measure are illustrated on two different terrorist social network data sets and 84 networks in James Moody’s Add Health in school friendship nomination data, and is compared with other standard centrality measures.
