Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model versi...Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.展开更多
以钛网为基底,采用两步法(阳极氧化和电还原)成功制备了三维黑色TiO_(2)纳米管(3D Black TiO_(2)NTs)光电极。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分别对3D Black TiO_(2)NTs光电极的表面形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,Black TiO...以钛网为基底,采用两步法(阳极氧化和电还原)成功制备了三维黑色TiO_(2)纳米管(3D Black TiO_(2)NTs)光电极。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分别对3D Black TiO_(2)NTs光电极的表面形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,Black TiO_(2)NTs管径约为130 nm,管壁厚度为10 nm。通过线性伏安扫描(LSV)和电化学交流阻抗(EIS)对光电极的光电催化电化学活性进行了研究。研究发现在TiO_(2)NTs晶格引入Ti^(3+)之后,可以提高光生载流子的产生与分离速度,从而使得光电流密度显著提高。同时,Ti^(3+)自掺杂也有效增强了材料的电荷分离与传输性能,从而大大提高了电极的光电催化活性。将该光电极应用于光电催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB),降解120 min后MB完全降解,总有机碳(TOC)降解率高达86%。研究表明,3D Black TiO_(2)NTs光电极在有机废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。展开更多
Black nickel coatings have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science due to their excellent performance and broad application prospects.In this study,nickel-based black coatings were fabricated on low-carbon ...Black nickel coatings have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science due to their excellent performance and broad application prospects.In this study,nickel-based black coatings were fabricated on low-carbon steel substrates via photo-assisted electrodeposition.A systematic investigation was conducted on the effects of cerium ion concentration and nano-ceria(CeO_(2))particle content in the electrolyte on the coating properties,along with an analysis of the temporal evolution of coating’s corrosion resistance.When the cerium ion concentration in the electrolyte was 0.05 mol/L,the coating exhibited a uniform black appearance with a light absorption rate of 95%,an emissivity of 0.87,maximum impedance,and the lowest corrosion tendency,demonstrating optimal comprehensive performance.The coating prepared with a nano-ceria concentration of 6 g/L in the electrolyte exhibited an emissivity of 0.9,achieved a 5B adhesion grade(ASTM D3359-09),and demonstrated a one-order-of-magnitude reduction in corrosion current density compared to coatings fabricated without nano-ceria in the electrolyte.With prolonged storage time,the coating's impedance slightly increased,leading to improved corrosion resistance.展开更多
In this study,we present a comprehensive analysis of a modified Frolov black hole(BH)model that incorporates two types of topological defects,a global monopole(GM)and a cloud of strings(CS).This composite BH solution ...In this study,we present a comprehensive analysis of a modified Frolov black hole(BH)model that incorporates two types of topological defects,a global monopole(GM)and a cloud of strings(CS).This composite BH solution is examined from multiple theoretical perspectives to explore the impact of these modifications on the BH's geometric,thermodynamic and dynamical properties.We begin by studying the geometrical optics of the spacetime,focusing on the motion of null geodesics.Key features,such as the effective potential,photon sphere,the force acting on photons and the stability of circular photon orbits,are analyzed in detail.Our results show that the presence of GM and CS significantly affects the spacetime geometry and photon dynamics.In addition,the thermodynamic behavior of the modified BH is also investigated.We derive essential quantities such as the Hawking temperature and entropy,demonstrating how the inclusion of GM and CS leads to deviations from the standard thermodynamic relations observed in classical BH solutions.These deviations may offer valuable insights into quantum gravity and the role of topological defects in BH physics.Furthermore,we examine the BH shadow as an observational signature of the underlying geometry.Our analysis shows that the Frolov parameter tends to reduce the apparent size of the shadow,while the presence of topological defects,particularly GM and CS,enlarges it.In addition,we investigate the perturbative dynamics of the BH by studying both scalar(spin-0),fermionic(spin-1/2)and electromagnetic(spin-1)fields through the massless Klein-Gordon and Maxwell equations,respectively.Using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation,we compute the quasinormal modes(QNMs)for scalar and electromagnetic field perturbations.The results confirm the stability of the BH under small perturbations and show that the QNM frequencies and damping rates are strongly influenced by the Frolov parameter,electric charge,GM and CS.展开更多
The rapid growth of the automobile industry has substantially increased end-of-life tires(ELT)production with over 2300 million units manufactured in 2022.Despite known processes to recover materials and energy from E...The rapid growth of the automobile industry has substantially increased end-of-life tires(ELT)production with over 2300 million units manufactured in 2022.Despite known processes to recover materials and energy from ELT,a significant number of tires still end up in landfills,posing environmental problems.Pyrolysis offers a promising alternative to produce energy and marketable products like recovered carbon black(rCB).Incorpo-rating rCB into rubber matrices shows potential for partially replacing commercial carbon black,but more research is required to understand its reinforcing effects and recyclability through repeated pyrolysis cycles.Furthermore,tire composition variability affects rCB quality,challenging consistent production for market ap-plications.Post-treatments like activation and demineralization enhance rCB properties but pose challenges,with higher activation degrees improving pore structure but reducing carbon content while demineralization removes impurities but raises concerns about chemical use and equipment wear.Further research is needed to develop scalable and economically viable post-treatments along with their life cycle assessment.Here,a comprehensive literature review on rCB activation and demineralization is presented and,since the ultimate goal is to reuse rCB in the production of new tires,the rCB incorporation into rubber matrices is also reviewed.展开更多
In this study,we explore a spherically symmetric charged black hole(BH)with a negative cosmological constant under the influence of a Kalb-Ramond field background.We compute the photon sphere and shadow radii,validati...In this study,we explore a spherically symmetric charged black hole(BH)with a negative cosmological constant under the influence of a Kalb-Ramond field background.We compute the photon sphere and shadow radii,validating our findings using observational data from the Event Horizon Telescope,with a particular emphasis on the shadow images of Sagittarius A^(*).Furthermore,we investigate the greybody factors,emission rate,and partial absorption cross section.It is shown that the Lorentz-violating parameter l has an important effect on the absorption cross section.Our analysis also includes an examination of the topological charge,temperature-dependent topology,and generalized free energy.In particular,we regard the AdS charged BH with an antisymmetric tensor background as a topological defect in the thermodynamic space,then the system has the same topological classification to the charged Reissner-Nordström-AdS BH.展开更多
The increasing global threat of water pollution demands advanced multilayer sensing technologies with efficacy to detect contaminants with high sensitivity and adaptability in complex aquatic environments.In this theo...The increasing global threat of water pollution demands advanced multilayer sensing technologies with efficacy to detect contaminants with high sensitivity and adaptability in complex aquatic environments.In this theoretical analysis,we investigated a novel multilayer surface plasmon resonance(SPR)system as an optical sensing platform to detect water pollutants and salinity concentrations.The proposed sensor comprised silver,barium borate(BBO),and black phosphorus(BP)layers on a Borokon 7(BK7)prism,which formed a tunable and highly responsive configuration under the Kretschmann geometry.It employed the transfer matrix method(TMM)and angular interrogation in the visible regime to evaluate reflectance spectra and key sensing parameters.The outcomes revealed that the sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for refractive index(RI)variations corresponding to polluted water samples,including sodium chloride(NaCl)concentrations.The system exhibited strong plasmonic coupling and interfacial interactions,yielding the maximum sensitivity(138.7°/RIU)and figure of merit(73.57 RIU^(-1))toward water samples with 4%NaCl and chemical contamination,respectively.At refractive index of 1.33 and 1.34,by varying the layers of BBO and BP,the maximum sensitivity achieved was 320°/RIU with six BBO layers and a monolayer of BP.These results demonstrated that the proposed SPR sensor configuration,which successfully differentiated between various water quality levels based on refractive index variations,had tremendous potential for next‐generation real‐time water quality monitoring.展开更多
The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established...The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established and used to determine theρ_(eff)of ambient BCc particles.The results showed that theρ_(eff)distribution of ambient BCc particles exhibited a bimodal pattern with a left peak located at 0.69 g cm^(-3)and a right peak at 1.45 g cm^(-3).The averageρ_(eff)of BCc particles over the entire observation period was 1.38 g cm^(-3).Theρ_(eff)of BCc particles showed a clear diurnal pattern with a relatively stable distribution at night and large variations during the daytime.Theρ_(eff)value was demonstrated to be a good indicator of BCc particle morphology.BCc particles became more regular with increasingρ_(eff)related to the increasing coating thickness.More coating led to morphological restructuring of BCc particles.The restructuring could be more efficient under high relative humidity conditions.The observed data were further used in a dry deposition scheme,and it was found that the dry deposition velocity of fresh emitted BCc could be largely influenced by its irregular shape.This study reveals the presence of a significant amount of low-density/irregularly shaped black carbon in the environment with rapid morphological changes occurring during the daytime and highlights the need to consider morphological influences in future research on the physicochemical properties of BCc.展开更多
To deal with a polluted by-product of coal production,central China’s Shanxi Province has explored a governance path that addresses both the symptoms and root causes.
Monoculture and intensive fertiliser use in the cultivation of Robusta coffee(Coffea canephora var.Robusta)and black pepper(Piper nigrum L.)have led to soil degradation and increased disease pressure in Vietnam's ...Monoculture and intensive fertiliser use in the cultivation of Robusta coffee(Coffea canephora var.Robusta)and black pepper(Piper nigrum L.)have led to soil degradation and increased disease pressure in Vietnam's Central Highlands.To identify key factors driving soilborne diseases and threatening sustainable production,a soil and root survey was conducted across three provinces:Gia Lai,Dak Lak,and Dak Nong.Soils were characterised by high clay content(51.2-62.0%),moderate silt(35.5-46.0%),and low sand(2.5-2.8%),with a notably low cation exchange capacity(7.72-8.04 cmol_(c) kg^(−1)).The soils were strongly acidic,with average pH values of 4.51 in coffee farms and 5.45 in pepper farms.Despite sufficient levels of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K),soilborne pathogens were widespread.Fusarium spp.were detected in all samples,Phytophthora spp.in 64-76%of black pepper farms,and plant-parasitic nematodes in 67-84%of farms,with Meloidogyne spp.predominant.Fusarium density increased with soil acidity in coffee plantations.In coffee,nematode density was positively correlated with N input,while in black pepper,N was negatively correlated with Phytophthora.Organic matter and available K were negatively associated with Fusarium in coffee but positively with Phytophthora in black pepper.These findings underscore the need for integrated management of nutrients and pathogens to sustain perennial crop production in the region.展开更多
A subtle fragrance drifted through the halls of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing during this year’s Two Sessions in March.It was not perfume,but the aroma of freshly milled rice brought from northeast China by...A subtle fragrance drifted through the halls of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing during this year’s Two Sessions in March.It was not perfume,but the aroma of freshly milled rice brought from northeast China by Chen Yujia.展开更多
Atmospheric black carbon(BC)significantly impacts climate change,atmospheric environment,and human health.To explore the temporal variation of BC concentration and its health effects during different periods in urban ...Atmospheric black carbon(BC)significantly impacts climate change,atmospheric environment,and human health.To explore the temporal variation of BC concentration and its health effects during different periods in urban Jinan from 2021 to 2022,we analyzed BC concentration characteristics and assessed the population exposure risk using Monte Carlo simulation.Additionally,we studied the role of driving factors on BC using SHapley Additive exPlanations interpretation algorithm.A clear temporal trend was observed in BC levels,with the highest BC concentration in winter(2.40±1.76μg/m^(3))and the lowest in summer(1.46±0.89μg/m^(3)),and a bimodal pattern in diurnal variation.Our results indicated that the carcinogenic risk of BC for adults exceeded the acceptable threshold in winter.With emissions playing a dominant role,meteorological conditions also significantly affected BC,with wind speed,relative humidity,and boundary layer height playing major roles in variations of BC concentration.Meteorological conditions during the haze periods favored BC accumulation,hours with elevated PM_(2.5) levels were associated with high BC concentrations and increased carcinogenic effects.Understanding the temporal variations and drivers of BC is crucial for formulating effective policies to mitigate air pollution.Our study may provide theoretical methods and practical guidance for addressing BC levels under varying meteorological conditions and enhance understanding of atmospheric characteristics and population exposure to BC.展开更多
Based on the idea of treating the anti de Sitter(AdS)radius as a fixed parameter,we study the thermodynamics and topology of d-dimensional charged AdS black holes in the restricted phase space utilizing Visser's h...Based on the idea of treating the anti de Sitter(AdS)radius as a fixed parameter,we study the thermodynamics and topology of d-dimensional charged AdS black holes in the restricted phase space utilizing Visser's holographic approach.For the charged black hole with a cloud of strings and quintessence in the higher-dimensional spacetimes with d=(4,5,6),we demonstrate that the topological number remains invariant within the same canonical ensemble;however,a distinct topological number emerges in the grand canonical ensemble for the same black hole system.Notably,these results are independent of the dimension d and other related parameters.The formalism known as restricted phase space thermodynamics is checked in detail and some interesting thermodynamic behavior is revealed in the example case of d-dimensional charged AdS black holes with a cloud of strings and quintessence.This research lays the foundation for establishing a universal framework of restricted phase space thermodynamics and investigating its fundamental thermodynamic properties.展开更多
Fluorinated carbon is a prospective cathode material for lithium(Li)primary batteries,which are widely used as power sources for military applications,such as individual combat,spacecraft,and deep-sea detection.It off...Fluorinated carbon is a prospective cathode material for lithium(Li)primary batteries,which are widely used as power sources for military applications,such as individual combat,spacecraft,and deep-sea detection.It offers high gram-specific capacity but is hindered by its low intrinsic conductivity and large volume expansion.However,fluorinated Ketjen black(FKB),with enhanced conductivity and less volume expansion compared with other fluorinated analogs,has been the subject of extensive attention,with its discharge mechanism being unclear.Herein,the structural evolution and compositional changes of FKB at various depths of discharge are revealed through characterization and analysis:The three-dimensional(3D),chain-like aggregate structure of FKB has a high void ratio,which can provide a storage space for LiF formation,thereby inhibiting the volume deformation during discharge.The discharge reaction model is a synergistic mechanism of a surface uniform reaction and local structural reorganization.The surface and defect sites preferentially react with Li^(+)and the C-F bonds in the 3D,chain-like structure selectively break to form LiF.We anticipate that our study paves the way for implementing better Li/fluorinated carbon(Li/CF_(x))batteries.展开更多
Simple cubic black phosphorus(BP)has been recognized as a strategic material due to its exceptional structural stability under extreme conditions.In this investigation,simple cubic BP was successfully synthesized thro...Simple cubic black phosphorus(BP)has been recognized as a strategic material due to its exceptional structural stability under extreme conditions.In this investigation,simple cubic BP was successfully synthesized through shock-induced phase transformation,utilizing amorphous red phosphorus as the precursor material.The phase evolution process was systematically investigated using plane shock loading apparatus,with shock pressure and temperature parameters being precisely controlled to optimize transformation kinetics.Comprehensive phase characterization revealed the correlation between thermodynamic loading profiles and cubic BP formation efficiency.Precursor modification strategies were implemented through orthorhombic BP utilization,resulting in enhanced cubic phase yield and crystallinity.The synthesized cubic BP variants are considered promising candidates for advanced protective material systems,particularly where combinations of mechanical resilience and thermal stability are required under extreme operational conditions.This research provides critical insights into shock-induced phase transformation mechanics,while establishing foundational protocols for manufacturing non-equilibrium materials with potential applications in next-generation defensive technologies.展开更多
The Chandipura vesiculovirus(CHPV),a single-stranded,negative sense RNA arbovirus with five structural proteins-the G,N,M,P,and L proteins-is the source of Chandipura virus infection.Children between the ages of 9 mon...The Chandipura vesiculovirus(CHPV),a single-stranded,negative sense RNA arbovirus with five structural proteins-the G,N,M,P,and L proteins-is the source of Chandipura virus infection.Children between the ages of 9 months and 14 years old are the most common recipients of CHPV infection,which is primarily spread by sand flies(Sergentomyia,Phlebotomus species).The potential advantages of black seeds(N.sativa)in the treatment of patients with CHPV infection are the main topic of our current review.The majority of patients infected with CHPV experience neurological complications such as encephalitis and other neurological complications.Since there is currently no approved antiviral treatment,supportive care and symptomatic therapy are the primary methods used to manage CHPV-infected patients.Herbal candidates possessing antioxidant,immunomodulatory,antiviral,and anti-inflammatory qualities may aid in the treatment of CHPV infection.The antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and immunomodulatory qualities of black seeds(N.sativa)have been shown in a number of preclinical and clinical investigations;these attributes could be helpful in the treatment of CHPV infection.Black seeds(N.sativa)may help treat CHPV-infected patients in the early stages of their illness when used in conjunction with symptomatic therapy and supportive care.In patients infected with CHPV,additional randomized controlled clinical trials would assess the efficacy and safety of black seeds(N.sativa).展开更多
This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their ...This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their practical activities and so-called cultural identity.Outside of the practices associated with these values and discriminatory terms,there is no sui generis Black American identity and community with its own form of system and social integration that is different from,or diametrically opposes,the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism of their white counterparts,which would emerge out of that relationship.展开更多
An earlier version of this paper has been presented online at the annual Conference of Canadian Sociological Association,during the Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences in Toronto in June 2025.It explores how ra...An earlier version of this paper has been presented online at the annual Conference of Canadian Sociological Association,during the Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences in Toronto in June 2025.It explores how rap music in Quebec,particularly through the work of the rap artist Webster and his collective Limoilou Starz(LS),serves as a tool for meaning-making,political expression,and resistance against racial profiling and police brutality experienced by Black youth in Quebec City.The study focuses on the song“SPVQ”(Service de police de la Ville de Québec)as a case study to analyze the encoding and reception of anti-racist messages within rap culture.Webster draws from a global tradition of socio-political rap-like that of African-American rappers KRS-One,LL Cool J,and Tupac-while anchoring his critique in the local realities of Limoilou,a marginalized,racially diverse district of Quebec City.Through a narrative,figurative,semantic,and ideological analysis of the song,the paper reveals how Webster articulates themes of police brutality,structural discrimination,economic marginalization,and resistance.The rapper’s message is both a form of testimony and a civic intervention.His broader activism is analyzed through ethnographic techniques-including participant observation and interviews during workshops,media appearances,and online campaigns.It translates these messages into tangible social practices.To explain the persistence of these injustices,the paper situates the issue within Quebec’s interculturalism framework,which ostensibly promotes dialogue and integration but often masks or even reinforces structural racism.This model maintains a symbolic majority/minority duality and conditions inclusion on conformity to a dominant White Francophone identity,thus rendering racialized youth as perpetual outsiders.展开更多
Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of...Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of turbulences in the very early universe in sustaining intense and persistent fluctuations in energy or mass density,which could provide a natural mechanism for PBH formation in the primordial universe. We analyze the mass range and abundance of PBHs produced in the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence induced by the electroweak phase transition. Remarkably, we find that the mass range of the produced PBHs falls within the most viable“asteroid mass” window from the present-day observations, and within natural parameter regions their abundance can be sufficiently large. These findings suggest that PBHs produced during magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the very early universe may comprise a dominant part of dark matter.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42505149,41925023,U2342223,42105069,and 91744208)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M770303)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380230)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change。
文摘Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.
文摘以钛网为基底,采用两步法(阳极氧化和电还原)成功制备了三维黑色TiO_(2)纳米管(3D Black TiO_(2)NTs)光电极。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分别对3D Black TiO_(2)NTs光电极的表面形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,Black TiO_(2)NTs管径约为130 nm,管壁厚度为10 nm。通过线性伏安扫描(LSV)和电化学交流阻抗(EIS)对光电极的光电催化电化学活性进行了研究。研究发现在TiO_(2)NTs晶格引入Ti^(3+)之后,可以提高光生载流子的产生与分离速度,从而使得光电流密度显著提高。同时,Ti^(3+)自掺杂也有效增强了材料的电荷分离与传输性能,从而大大提高了电极的光电催化活性。将该光电极应用于光电催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB),降解120 min后MB完全降解,总有机碳(TOC)降解率高达86%。研究表明,3D Black TiO_(2)NTs光电极在有机废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。
文摘Black nickel coatings have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science due to their excellent performance and broad application prospects.In this study,nickel-based black coatings were fabricated on low-carbon steel substrates via photo-assisted electrodeposition.A systematic investigation was conducted on the effects of cerium ion concentration and nano-ceria(CeO_(2))particle content in the electrolyte on the coating properties,along with an analysis of the temporal evolution of coating’s corrosion resistance.When the cerium ion concentration in the electrolyte was 0.05 mol/L,the coating exhibited a uniform black appearance with a light absorption rate of 95%,an emissivity of 0.87,maximum impedance,and the lowest corrosion tendency,demonstrating optimal comprehensive performance.The coating prepared with a nano-ceria concentration of 6 g/L in the electrolyte exhibited an emissivity of 0.9,achieved a 5B adhesion grade(ASTM D3359-09),and demonstrated a one-order-of-magnitude reduction in corrosion current density compared to coatings fabricated without nano-ceria in the electrolyte.With prolonged storage time,the coating's impedance slightly increased,leading to improved corrosion resistance.
基金financial support from EMU, TÜBİTAK, ANKOS and SCOAP3
文摘In this study,we present a comprehensive analysis of a modified Frolov black hole(BH)model that incorporates two types of topological defects,a global monopole(GM)and a cloud of strings(CS).This composite BH solution is examined from multiple theoretical perspectives to explore the impact of these modifications on the BH's geometric,thermodynamic and dynamical properties.We begin by studying the geometrical optics of the spacetime,focusing on the motion of null geodesics.Key features,such as the effective potential,photon sphere,the force acting on photons and the stability of circular photon orbits,are analyzed in detail.Our results show that the presence of GM and CS significantly affects the spacetime geometry and photon dynamics.In addition,the thermodynamic behavior of the modified BH is also investigated.We derive essential quantities such as the Hawking temperature and entropy,demonstrating how the inclusion of GM and CS leads to deviations from the standard thermodynamic relations observed in classical BH solutions.These deviations may offer valuable insights into quantum gravity and the role of topological defects in BH physics.Furthermore,we examine the BH shadow as an observational signature of the underlying geometry.Our analysis shows that the Frolov parameter tends to reduce the apparent size of the shadow,while the presence of topological defects,particularly GM and CS,enlarges it.In addition,we investigate the perturbative dynamics of the BH by studying both scalar(spin-0),fermionic(spin-1/2)and electromagnetic(spin-1)fields through the massless Klein-Gordon and Maxwell equations,respectively.Using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation,we compute the quasinormal modes(QNMs)for scalar and electromagnetic field perturbations.The results confirm the stability of the BH under small perturbations and show that the QNM frequencies and damping rates are strongly influenced by the Frolov parameter,electric charge,GM and CS.
基金financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES(PIDDAC)the support of“H2 Driven Green Agenda”,nr.C644923817-00000037,investment project nr.50+1 种基金financed by the Recovery and Resilience Plan(PRR)by European Union-Next Generation EU.
文摘The rapid growth of the automobile industry has substantially increased end-of-life tires(ELT)production with over 2300 million units manufactured in 2022.Despite known processes to recover materials and energy from ELT,a significant number of tires still end up in landfills,posing environmental problems.Pyrolysis offers a promising alternative to produce energy and marketable products like recovered carbon black(rCB).Incorpo-rating rCB into rubber matrices shows potential for partially replacing commercial carbon black,but more research is required to understand its reinforcing effects and recyclability through repeated pyrolysis cycles.Furthermore,tire composition variability affects rCB quality,challenging consistent production for market ap-plications.Post-treatments like activation and demineralization enhance rCB properties but pose challenges,with higher activation degrees improving pore structure but reducing carbon content while demineralization removes impurities but raises concerns about chemical use and equipment wear.Further research is needed to develop scalable and economically viable post-treatments along with their life cycle assessment.Here,a comprehensive literature review on rCB activation and demineralization is presented and,since the ultimate goal is to reuse rCB in the production of new tires,the rCB incorporation into rubber matrices is also reviewed.
基金supported by the Doctoral Foundation of Zunyi Normal University of China (BS [2022] 07)Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado da Paraíba (FAPESQ)+5 种基金Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientíıfico e Tecnológico (CNPq)-[150891/2023-7] for the financial supportsupported by the Q-CAYLE project, funded by the European Union-Next Generation UE/MICIU/Plan de Recuperacion, Transformacion y Resiliencia/Junta de Castilla y Leon (PRTRC17.11)by project PID2023-148409NB-I00, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033Financial support of the Department of Education of the Junta de Castilla y LeonFEDER FundsExcellence project Fo S UHK 2203/2025-2026 for the financial support
文摘In this study,we explore a spherically symmetric charged black hole(BH)with a negative cosmological constant under the influence of a Kalb-Ramond field background.We compute the photon sphere and shadow radii,validating our findings using observational data from the Event Horizon Telescope,with a particular emphasis on the shadow images of Sagittarius A^(*).Furthermore,we investigate the greybody factors,emission rate,and partial absorption cross section.It is shown that the Lorentz-violating parameter l has an important effect on the absorption cross section.Our analysis also includes an examination of the topological charge,temperature-dependent topology,and generalized free energy.In particular,we regard the AdS charged BH with an antisymmetric tensor background as a topological defect in the thermodynamic space,then the system has the same topological classification to the charged Reissner-Nordström-AdS BH.
文摘The increasing global threat of water pollution demands advanced multilayer sensing technologies with efficacy to detect contaminants with high sensitivity and adaptability in complex aquatic environments.In this theoretical analysis,we investigated a novel multilayer surface plasmon resonance(SPR)system as an optical sensing platform to detect water pollutants and salinity concentrations.The proposed sensor comprised silver,barium borate(BBO),and black phosphorus(BP)layers on a Borokon 7(BK7)prism,which formed a tunable and highly responsive configuration under the Kretschmann geometry.It employed the transfer matrix method(TMM)and angular interrogation in the visible regime to evaluate reflectance spectra and key sensing parameters.The outcomes revealed that the sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for refractive index(RI)variations corresponding to polluted water samples,including sodium chloride(NaCl)concentrations.The system exhibited strong plasmonic coupling and interfacial interactions,yielding the maximum sensitivity(138.7°/RIU)and figure of merit(73.57 RIU^(-1))toward water samples with 4%NaCl and chemical contamination,respectively.At refractive index of 1.33 and 1.34,by varying the layers of BBO and BP,the maximum sensitivity achieved was 320°/RIU with six BBO layers and a monolayer of BP.These results demonstrated that the proposed SPR sensor configuration,which successfully differentiated between various water quality levels based on refractive index variations,had tremendous potential for next‐generation real‐time water quality monitoring.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC3701000,Task 4)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42207126 and 41877314)。
文摘The effective density(ρ_(eff))is a key parameter of black carbon-containing(BCc)particles and is related to their morphologies,deposition processes,and optical properties.In this study,a tandem system was established and used to determine theρ_(eff)of ambient BCc particles.The results showed that theρ_(eff)distribution of ambient BCc particles exhibited a bimodal pattern with a left peak located at 0.69 g cm^(-3)and a right peak at 1.45 g cm^(-3).The averageρ_(eff)of BCc particles over the entire observation period was 1.38 g cm^(-3).Theρ_(eff)of BCc particles showed a clear diurnal pattern with a relatively stable distribution at night and large variations during the daytime.Theρ_(eff)value was demonstrated to be a good indicator of BCc particle morphology.BCc particles became more regular with increasingρ_(eff)related to the increasing coating thickness.More coating led to morphological restructuring of BCc particles.The restructuring could be more efficient under high relative humidity conditions.The observed data were further used in a dry deposition scheme,and it was found that the dry deposition velocity of fresh emitted BCc could be largely influenced by its irregular shape.This study reveals the presence of a significant amount of low-density/irregularly shaped black carbon in the environment with rapid morphological changes occurring during the daytime and highlights the need to consider morphological influences in future research on the physicochemical properties of BCc.
文摘To deal with a polluted by-product of coal production,central China’s Shanxi Province has explored a governance path that addresses both the symptoms and root causes.
基金funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR)project“AGB-2018-175:Enhancing smallholder livelihoods in the Central Highlands of Viet Nam through improving the sustainability of coffee and black pepper farming systems and value chains”and Deakin University.
文摘Monoculture and intensive fertiliser use in the cultivation of Robusta coffee(Coffea canephora var.Robusta)and black pepper(Piper nigrum L.)have led to soil degradation and increased disease pressure in Vietnam's Central Highlands.To identify key factors driving soilborne diseases and threatening sustainable production,a soil and root survey was conducted across three provinces:Gia Lai,Dak Lak,and Dak Nong.Soils were characterised by high clay content(51.2-62.0%),moderate silt(35.5-46.0%),and low sand(2.5-2.8%),with a notably low cation exchange capacity(7.72-8.04 cmol_(c) kg^(−1)).The soils were strongly acidic,with average pH values of 4.51 in coffee farms and 5.45 in pepper farms.Despite sufficient levels of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K),soilborne pathogens were widespread.Fusarium spp.were detected in all samples,Phytophthora spp.in 64-76%of black pepper farms,and plant-parasitic nematodes in 67-84%of farms,with Meloidogyne spp.predominant.Fusarium density increased with soil acidity in coffee plantations.In coffee,nematode density was positively correlated with N input,while in black pepper,N was negatively correlated with Phytophthora.Organic matter and available K were negatively associated with Fusarium in coffee but positively with Phytophthora in black pepper.These findings underscore the need for integrated management of nutrients and pathogens to sustain perennial crop production in the region.
文摘A subtle fragrance drifted through the halls of the Great Hall of the People in Beijing during this year’s Two Sessions in March.It was not perfume,but the aroma of freshly milled rice brought from northeast China by Chen Yujia.
文摘Atmospheric black carbon(BC)significantly impacts climate change,atmospheric environment,and human health.To explore the temporal variation of BC concentration and its health effects during different periods in urban Jinan from 2021 to 2022,we analyzed BC concentration characteristics and assessed the population exposure risk using Monte Carlo simulation.Additionally,we studied the role of driving factors on BC using SHapley Additive exPlanations interpretation algorithm.A clear temporal trend was observed in BC levels,with the highest BC concentration in winter(2.40±1.76μg/m^(3))and the lowest in summer(1.46±0.89μg/m^(3)),and a bimodal pattern in diurnal variation.Our results indicated that the carcinogenic risk of BC for adults exceeded the acceptable threshold in winter.With emissions playing a dominant role,meteorological conditions also significantly affected BC,with wind speed,relative humidity,and boundary layer height playing major roles in variations of BC concentration.Meteorological conditions during the haze periods favored BC accumulation,hours with elevated PM_(2.5) levels were associated with high BC concentrations and increased carcinogenic effects.Understanding the temporal variations and drivers of BC is crucial for formulating effective policies to mitigate air pollution.Our study may provide theoretical methods and practical guidance for addressing BC levels under varying meteorological conditions and enhance understanding of atmospheric characteristics and population exposure to BC.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(202303021211180)the Program of State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices(KF202403)。
文摘Based on the idea of treating the anti de Sitter(AdS)radius as a fixed parameter,we study the thermodynamics and topology of d-dimensional charged AdS black holes in the restricted phase space utilizing Visser's holographic approach.For the charged black hole with a cloud of strings and quintessence in the higher-dimensional spacetimes with d=(4,5,6),we demonstrate that the topological number remains invariant within the same canonical ensemble;however,a distinct topological number emerges in the grand canonical ensemble for the same black hole system.Notably,these results are independent of the dimension d and other related parameters.The formalism known as restricted phase space thermodynamics is checked in detail and some interesting thermodynamic behavior is revealed in the example case of d-dimensional charged AdS black holes with a cloud of strings and quintessence.This research lays the foundation for establishing a universal framework of restricted phase space thermodynamics and investigating its fundamental thermodynamic properties.
基金supported by 2025 High-Quality Development Special Project(No.CEIEC-2025-ZM02-0008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52472233)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(No.23JCYBJC01870)the Seed Foundation of Tianjin University(Nos.2025XJ1-0005,2025XJ1-0011)。
文摘Fluorinated carbon is a prospective cathode material for lithium(Li)primary batteries,which are widely used as power sources for military applications,such as individual combat,spacecraft,and deep-sea detection.It offers high gram-specific capacity but is hindered by its low intrinsic conductivity and large volume expansion.However,fluorinated Ketjen black(FKB),with enhanced conductivity and less volume expansion compared with other fluorinated analogs,has been the subject of extensive attention,with its discharge mechanism being unclear.Herein,the structural evolution and compositional changes of FKB at various depths of discharge are revealed through characterization and analysis:The three-dimensional(3D),chain-like aggregate structure of FKB has a high void ratio,which can provide a storage space for LiF formation,thereby inhibiting the volume deformation during discharge.The discharge reaction model is a synergistic mechanism of a surface uniform reaction and local structural reorganization.The surface and defect sites preferentially react with Li^(+)and the C-F bonds in the 3D,chain-like structure selectively break to form LiF.We anticipate that our study paves the way for implementing better Li/fluorinated carbon(Li/CF_(x))batteries.
基金supported by the Youth Project of the Independent Subject of the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection,Beijing Institute of Technology(Grant Nos.QNKT25-13 and QNKT24-02)the 76th batch of Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M764116)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12002048,12072037,12102050,and 12202067)the Science and Technology Commission,China(Grant No.2019-jcjc-zd-011-00)the Project supported by the Open Funds of Kui Yuan Laboratory(Grant No.KY202431)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.KFJJ25-21M)。
文摘Simple cubic black phosphorus(BP)has been recognized as a strategic material due to its exceptional structural stability under extreme conditions.In this investigation,simple cubic BP was successfully synthesized through shock-induced phase transformation,utilizing amorphous red phosphorus as the precursor material.The phase evolution process was systematically investigated using plane shock loading apparatus,with shock pressure and temperature parameters being precisely controlled to optimize transformation kinetics.Comprehensive phase characterization revealed the correlation between thermodynamic loading profiles and cubic BP formation efficiency.Precursor modification strategies were implemented through orthorhombic BP utilization,resulting in enhanced cubic phase yield and crystallinity.The synthesized cubic BP variants are considered promising candidates for advanced protective material systems,particularly where combinations of mechanical resilience and thermal stability are required under extreme operational conditions.This research provides critical insights into shock-induced phase transformation mechanics,while establishing foundational protocols for manufacturing non-equilibrium materials with potential applications in next-generation defensive technologies.
文摘The Chandipura vesiculovirus(CHPV),a single-stranded,negative sense RNA arbovirus with five structural proteins-the G,N,M,P,and L proteins-is the source of Chandipura virus infection.Children between the ages of 9 months and 14 years old are the most common recipients of CHPV infection,which is primarily spread by sand flies(Sergentomyia,Phlebotomus species).The potential advantages of black seeds(N.sativa)in the treatment of patients with CHPV infection are the main topic of our current review.The majority of patients infected with CHPV experience neurological complications such as encephalitis and other neurological complications.Since there is currently no approved antiviral treatment,supportive care and symptomatic therapy are the primary methods used to manage CHPV-infected patients.Herbal candidates possessing antioxidant,immunomodulatory,antiviral,and anti-inflammatory qualities may aid in the treatment of CHPV infection.The antiviral,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and immunomodulatory qualities of black seeds(N.sativa)have been shown in a number of preclinical and clinical investigations;these attributes could be helpful in the treatment of CHPV infection.Black seeds(N.sativa)may help treat CHPV-infected patients in the early stages of their illness when used in conjunction with symptomatic therapy and supportive care.In patients infected with CHPV,additional randomized controlled clinical trials would assess the efficacy and safety of black seeds(N.sativa).
文摘This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their practical activities and so-called cultural identity.Outside of the practices associated with these values and discriminatory terms,there is no sui generis Black American identity and community with its own form of system and social integration that is different from,or diametrically opposes,the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism of their white counterparts,which would emerge out of that relationship.
文摘An earlier version of this paper has been presented online at the annual Conference of Canadian Sociological Association,during the Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences in Toronto in June 2025.It explores how rap music in Quebec,particularly through the work of the rap artist Webster and his collective Limoilou Starz(LS),serves as a tool for meaning-making,political expression,and resistance against racial profiling and police brutality experienced by Black youth in Quebec City.The study focuses on the song“SPVQ”(Service de police de la Ville de Québec)as a case study to analyze the encoding and reception of anti-racist messages within rap culture.Webster draws from a global tradition of socio-political rap-like that of African-American rappers KRS-One,LL Cool J,and Tupac-while anchoring his critique in the local realities of Limoilou,a marginalized,racially diverse district of Quebec City.Through a narrative,figurative,semantic,and ideological analysis of the song,the paper reveals how Webster articulates themes of police brutality,structural discrimination,economic marginalization,and resistance.The rapper’s message is both a form of testimony and a civic intervention.His broader activism is analyzed through ethnographic techniques-including participant observation and interviews during workshops,media appearances,and online campaigns.It translates these messages into tangible social practices.To explain the persistence of these injustices,the paper situates the issue within Quebec’s interculturalism framework,which ostensibly promotes dialogue and integration but often masks or even reinforces structural racism.This model maintains a symbolic majority/minority duality and conditions inclusion on conformity to a dominant White Francophone identity,thus rendering racialized youth as perpetual outsiders.
基金supported by the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.025GJHZ2023106GC)。
文摘Primordial black holes(PBHs) offer a compelling candidate for dark matter. The production of PBHs through well-tested and accepted physical processes is highly worthy of investigation. This work highlights the role of turbulences in the very early universe in sustaining intense and persistent fluctuations in energy or mass density,which could provide a natural mechanism for PBH formation in the primordial universe. We analyze the mass range and abundance of PBHs produced in the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence induced by the electroweak phase transition. Remarkably, we find that the mass range of the produced PBHs falls within the most viable“asteroid mass” window from the present-day observations, and within natural parameter regions their abundance can be sufficiently large. These findings suggest that PBHs produced during magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the very early universe may comprise a dominant part of dark matter.
