The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on w...The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.展开更多
Domesticated and non-domesticated animals, including wildlife, deliver significant financial and nonfinancial benefits to the human community;however, disease can have a dramatic impact on the morbidity, mortality, an...Domesticated and non-domesticated animals, including wildlife, deliver significant financial and nonfinancial benefits to the human community;however, disease can have a dramatic impact on the morbidity, mortality, and productivity of these animal populations and hence can directly and indirectly affect the human communities associated with them. This manuscript provides an overview of the important features to consider for the prevention and control of disease, with a focus on livestock diseases,and highlights the key role veterinary epidemiology plays in this endeavor. Measures of disease frequency and the type of epidemiological studies required to identify risk factors for diseases are summarized,with a focus on the use of these in the implementation of measures to control disease. The importance of biosecurity in maintaining disease-free flocks/herds is discussed and the steps taken to implement good biosecurity measures are outlined. It is concluded that a sound knowledge of veterinary epidemiology is required when developing control programs for disease and implementing biosecurity programs at a farm, regional, and national level.展开更多
Highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） contamination via wild birds and rodents poses a threat to food security and safety. As chicken meat comprises an increasing proportion of diet in China, it is useful to dete...Highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） contamination via wild birds and rodents poses a threat to food security and safety. As chicken meat comprises an increasing proportion of diet in China, it is useful to determine whether broiler farmers are adopting wild bird and rodent controls to minimize the risk of HPAI impacts on food supply. Our study surveyed a cross sectional sample of 331 Chinese broiler farmers in six provinces. We find that only 47% of farmers （mainly farmers with large herds） adopted control measures against wild birds and rodents, while 14% adopted no measures. Farm size was the biggest driver of adoption followed by proportion of farm revenue derived from broiler production. However, southern farmers were at a far greater probability of non-adoption. We suggest that assistance in the form of education/training programs and subsidized traps or baiting controls across smaller producers could help raise of the adoption level toward more effective HPAI control.展开更多
The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to descri...The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to describe biosecurity practices within this milieu, so as to determine their nearest neighbor and density, as well as the average distance between backyard and commercial broiler flocks. To that effect, paper questionnaire and survey interviews were used （May-July, 2011）, while backyard and commercial broiler chicken flocks were geocoded. The response rates collected from the study produced these findings regarding： growers＇ health practices toward flocks, hygienic precautions relative to the production area, regularity of bird inspection and cleaning after each folk, protocol used to dispose of dead birds, mixing （or lack thereof） of flocks with other livestock, as well as the average distance between small flocks and commercial farms. The study concludes that education material should focus on improving the growers＇ understanding of issues examined in the study, focusing on areas of weakness in respect to biosecurity practices.展开更多
The use of smart mobile technology could potentially ease Ireland’s level of biosecurity risk from tourism. Smart mobile technology is capable of improving communication of biosecurity monitoring, mitigation, and era...The use of smart mobile technology could potentially ease Ireland’s level of biosecurity risk from tourism. Smart mobile technology is capable of improving communication of biosecurity monitoring, mitigation, and eradication measures to tourists in Ireland. The scope of this research is to assess biosecurity communication from Ireland’s major ports, state agencies, and governing bodies involved in outdoor recreational activities. The aim of this paper is to assess Ireland’s biosecurity communication for any smart mobile technology in national agencies. A mixed method approach was utilised which consisted of content analysis as well as structured qualitative interviews. Analysis has revealed that no evidence of smart mobile technology for biosecurity communication is in place for tourists arriving in Ireland’s ports or in national agencies. The importance of timely communication of biosecurity measures and alerts seems to not have been recognised. The use of this technology could mitigate the risk of tourists vectoring dangerous microbes and aiding biological invasions. This paper concludes that a low emphasis on adopting smart mobile technology could be unnecessarily contributing to Ireland’s biosecurity risk. It offers an opportunity to be improved before a serious biosecurity breach occurs possibly resulting in a lost tourist season or expensive eradication programmes as has been witnessed in other destinations worldwide.展开更多
The passive flight of large numbers of mitospores ensures propagation and survival of many fungal species. Moreover, many fungi have a surplus DNA context which allows for easier manipulation and tampering, especially...The passive flight of large numbers of mitospores ensures propagation and survival of many fungal species. Moreover, many fungi have a surplus DNA context which allows for easier manipulation and tampering, especially when inserting eukaryotic genes and translation systems. These facts taken together suggest a high prominence of the sporogonic airborne fungi in biosecurity/biodefence priority lists, but due to the low virulence and mortality of the fungal pathogens, they do not figure high, or, sometimes, not at all. The disruptive effect of biosecurity fungal threats is important per se and genetic manipulations are to further it. Novel, long range and high-persistence sampling methods, using robotics and unmanned systems already fielded in other applications may extend surveillance and responsive sampling. Effects-based, proteomic approaches may provide a solution for deliberate incidents, while polyphasic taxonomy may resolve spontaneous incidents and assist medical diagnosis, but in the biosecurity context, where mass collection and processing of samples and speed in producing robust results are vital, complex approaches might be proved more of a hindrance than an asset.展开更多
The classical dual use problem—the potential for harmful as well as beneficial application of scientific findings—has become more immediate in biotechnology than in most other fields of science. Terrorist misuse of ...The classical dual use problem—the potential for harmful as well as beneficial application of scientific findings—has become more immediate in biotechnology than in most other fields of science. Terrorist misuse of the information on the development of pathogenic organisms can lead to catastrophic outcomes. Therefore, particular in biosciences researchers are faced with the dilemma to find a proper balance between the right to know and the dangers of knowing. In this paper this dilemma is illustrated by the research on the influenza A virus subtype H5N1, commonly known as “bird flu”. The pros and cons of the full publication on the development of a dangerous airborne type are discussed.展开更多
Vaccination has saved millions of lives and is regarded as one of modern medicine’s most important suc-cesses.Effective vaccination programs should be based on risk assessment that considers demographic and occupatio...Vaccination has saved millions of lives and is regarded as one of modern medicine’s most important suc-cesses.Effective vaccination programs should be based on risk assessment that considers demographic and occupational factors.When developing a vaccination program,it is essential to identify the target groups,including travelers,infants,high-risk workers,and those in critical roles such as farming and agri-culture.In biosafety and biosecurity,vaccines are a key component of measures designed to protect lab-oratory personnel,the community,and the environment.Guidelines from global health organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are tailored to specific pathogens and depend on the type of work performed and the associated risk.These guidelines are continuously revised and updated to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination programs.Vaccines also play a role in One Health approaches that are focused on the interconnectedness of animals,humans,and the environment.Targeted vaccination strategies for both domestic animals and wildlife are necessary to maintain animal health,improve livestock productivity,and prevent the spread of zoonotic and foodborne diseases to humans.In this paper,we aimed to provide an overview regarding the crucial roles of vaccines in biosaf-ety,biosecurity,and One Health approaches,as well as to highlight the importance of targeted and per-sonalized strategies to improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs.Herein,we also discuss various vaccines aimed at specific target groups as recommended by global health organizations,with a partic-ular emphasis on laboratory workers and the vaccines necessary to reduce laboratory-acquired infec-tions.Finally,we discuss animal vaccines and targeted strategies for vaccinating domestic and wildlife populations.展开更多
Academic research is crucial to understanding and preparing for the fight against deliberate biological threats;yet,existing efforts have been fragmented,necessitating a more comprehensive examination of the field’s ...Academic research is crucial to understanding and preparing for the fight against deliberate biological threats;yet,existing efforts have been fragmented,necessitating a more comprehensive examination of the field’s evolution.This study presents a scientometric analysis of deliberate biosecurity threats over the last 20 years,focusing on publication patterns,collaboration dynamics,research priorities,and lead-ing publication venues.We analyzed 791 articles published between 2004 and 2023 using the Web of Science and Scopus databases.Results indicate a notable increase in publications dominated by North-Transatlantic countries,particularly the United States and the United Kingdom,which prioritize such areas as dual-use technology,synthetic biology,and virus-related biosecurity challenges.A comparative analysis of G7 and BRICS collaborations underscores substantial disparities in research output,with the G7 leading in international biosecurity research collaborations.Furthermore,the study reveals limited biosecurity research and collaboration in the Global South.Therefore,we encourage further exploration of biosecurity research to promote inclusive and collaborative global efforts.This study provides valuable insights for researchers and policymakers regarding biosecurity research priorities related to deliberate threats,and it highlights the need to address global disparities.展开更多
Effective biosecurity training is essential for disease prevention in livestock systems;however,substan-tial gaps persist.We combined an online survey(74 fully completed questionnaires;267 views)with two World Caf...Effective biosecurity training is essential for disease prevention in livestock systems;however,substan-tial gaps persist.We combined an online survey(74 fully completed questionnaires;267 views)with two World Caféworkshops(∼60 participants)to map the current provision,competence levels,and training needs across Europe.Key findings:(i)self-rated biosecurity knowledge differed markedly between stake-holder groups and veterinarians and other stakeholders reported median scores close to 80/100;(ii)more than three-quarters of cattle(77%)and 70%of swine veterinarians perceived a major gap in their ability to demonstrate the economic benefits of biosecurity to clients;(iii)39–44%of cattle and small-ruminant veterinarians reported inadequate mixed(theory+practice)training formats,and up to 50%of poultry veterinarians identified deficits in communication and behavior-change skills;(iv)across all discussions,participants favored modular,blended delivery that couples concise e-learning with on-farm coaching,supported by externally audited certification and greater farmer co-design.Therefore,rec-ommendations focus on developing species-specific,flexible modules that embed communication and cost-benefit elements,provide micro-learning units for time-constrained farmers,and operate within a tiered certification framework linked to continuing professional development.Implementing these mea-sures will narrow competence gaps,strengthen veterinarian–farmer engagement,and enhance disease preparedness throughout European livestock production.展开更多
Diagnostic laboratories play a crucial role in surveillance and epidemic preparedness.However,gaps in adherence to biosecurity and biosafety protocols in managing,isolating,storing,and disposing of infec-tious pathoge...Diagnostic laboratories play a crucial role in surveillance and epidemic preparedness.However,gaps in adherence to biosecurity and biosafety protocols in managing,isolating,storing,and disposing of infec-tious pathogens in these facilities pose a serious risk to the laboratory,local populations,and the sur-rounding environment.In this study,we evaluated adherence to biosecurity and biosafety protocols in 96 public and private biomedical and veterinary laboratories in Benin to identify and address such gaps.We followed a cross-sectional study design.We used the Biosafety and Biosecurity in Laboratory Tool to assess biomedical laboratories and the Laboratory Mapping Tool to assess veterinary laboratories.Data were collected using KoBoCollect and analyzed with R software version 4.0.5.Descriptive analysis,the chi-squared test,and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.The findings revealed that most laboratories did not comply with established guidelines.Of all laboratories surveyed,42%presented a very high risk,38%a high risk,15%moderate risk,and 5%were low risk.Overall,80%of biomedical lab-oratories and 100%of veterinary laboratories were rated high risk.To improve effective biosecurity prac-tices in laboratories in Benin to an acceptable standard,it is essential to implement robust biosecurity and biosafety policies.Additionally,capacity-building sessions should be conducted for laboratory staff and managers to educate them on the latest biosecurity protocols.展开更多
Introduction.As the 21st century advances,the world faces unprecedented challenges,from novel infectious diseases to rapid developments in dual-use biotechnologies,set against an increasingly complex geopolitical back...Introduction.As the 21st century advances,the world faces unprecedented challenges,from novel infectious diseases to rapid developments in dual-use biotechnologies,set against an increasingly complex geopolitical backdrop[1].These challenges threatenglobal health,environmental stability,and national security,demanding robust biological risk governance[1,2].Central to this effort are the intertwined concepts of biosafety and biosecurity.Although these concepts have traditionally been distinguished-biosafety addressing unintentional risks and biosecurity targeting deliberate misuse-they share the fundamental goal of mitigating biological risks[3,4].展开更多
In order to effectively implement the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists,biosecurity awareness-raising and education are essential because if these are not in place scientists will not ...In order to effectively implement the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists,biosecurity awareness-raising and education are essential because if these are not in place scientists will not understand the need for biosecurity codes of conduct.In an effort to assist in the implementation of the guidelines,a smallscale survey was carried out in early 2022 of biosecurity awareness-raising and education projects that have been developed over the last two decades to discover what resources and experience have been accumulated.It is argued that the survey demonstrates that much of what is needed to implement the guidelines effectively has been developed,but that there are specific deficiencies that need to be remedied quickly.In particular,an updated teaching resource covering the core issues related to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention(BTWC)and the problem of dual use in scientific research needs to be made widely available and translated into at least the six official United Nations(UN)languages.Additionally,more specialists from the Humanities with expertise in ethics need to become involved in biosecurity awareness-raising and education activities.While advantage should be taken now of the available national,regional and international networks of people involved in related activities,it is suggested that in the longer term cooperation in biosecurity awareness-raising and education will benefit from the development of an equivalent organisation to the International Nuclear Security Education Network(INSEN)organised through the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA).展开更多
Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen...Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen biosecurity governance at national and institutional levels.It may be used to develop new or enhance,supplement,and update the existing codes of conduct adaptive to a specific context and responsive to the bio-risks arising from the rapid advances in biological sciences.展开更多
The Biosecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China is the first basic,comprehensive,systematic,and overarching law of biosecurity in China,involving biosecurity risks,national biosecurity governance,and systems fo...The Biosecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China is the first basic,comprehensive,systematic,and overarching law of biosecurity in China,involving biosecurity risks,national biosecurity governance,and systems for minimizing the biosecurity threats.This article elaborates on the formulation,content,features,and significance of the law,and provides an outlook for its evolution.展开更多
As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ra...As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ranges.Outbreaks of NIS can pose significant threats to local ecosystems and economies,making them a critical issue for marine biodiversity and biosecurity.Biological invasions in marine habitats differ significantly from those on land or in freshwater.Detection and identification of NIS in marine habitats is particularly challenging due to difficulties in sampling,morphological identification,and visualization in the early stages of outbreaks.Environmental DNA(eDNA)approaches have emerged as reliable and cost-effective methods for both qualitative and quantitative detection of marine NIS,particularly in the introductory phase.In this review,we summarize recent applications and advances in eDNA-based detection of marine NIS.We emphasize that innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,improvements in detection methods,and further refinement of the reference genomic database for marine species are crucial for the future development of this field.展开更多
Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequence...Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequences arising from dual-use biotechnology also pose a challenge for global biosecurity. Improving the early surveillance capabilities is necessary for building a common biosecurity shield for the global community of health for all. Furthermore, surveillance could provide early warning and situational awareness of biosecurity risks. However, current surveillance systems face enormous challenges, including technical shortages, fragmented management, and limited international cooperation. Detecting emerging biological risks caused by unknown or novel pathogens is of particular concern. Surveillance systems must be enhanced to effectively mitigate biosecurity risks. Thus, a global strategy of meaningful cooperation based on efficient integration of surveillance at all levels, including interdisciplinary integration of techniques and interdepartmental integration for effective management, is urgently needed. In this paper, we review the biosecurity risks by analyzing potential factors at all levels globally. In addition to describing biosecurity risks and their impact on global security, we also focus on analyzing the challenges to traditional surveillance and propose suggestions on how to integrate current technologies and resources to conduct effective global surveillance.展开更多
Considerable progress has been achieved in basic research and the biotechnological application of biological sciences in recent years.Synthetic biology integrates systems biology,engineering,computer science,and other...Considerable progress has been achieved in basic research and the biotechnological application of biological sciences in recent years.Synthetic biology integrates systems biology,engineering,computer science,and other disciplines to achieve the“modification of life”or even the“creation of life”via the redesign of existing natural systems or the development of new biological components and devices.However,the research and application of synthetic biology can create potential risks,such as aggravation of species with complex gene modifications,threats to species diversity,abuse of biological weapons,laboratory leaks,and man-made mutations.Without a suitable governance system,such research activities could result in harm to humans,plants,and animals,as well as to natural ecological systems.In this article,we first briefly summarize technical progress in synthetic biology in recent years and the potential bioethical and biosecurity risks,and then describe current international treaties,guidance documents,and national regulatory measures designed to address potential harm caused by the dual-use property of synthetic biology,including the Biological Weapons Convention,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Model Code of Conduct for Biological Scientists(Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists).In addition,we also present some recommendations for better governance of synthetic biology research and applications in China,including strengthening the biosecurity capacity,improving the biosecurity regulatory system,and promoting multilevel international cooperation to effectively address the potential biosecurity risks of synthetic biology.展开更多
Synthetic biology(SynBio)is a high-profile interdiscipline combining engineering with science.As a dual-purpose discipline,SynBio is bringing large changes to many fields and providing great benefits to humans.However...Synthetic biology(SynBio)is a high-profile interdiscipline combining engineering with science.As a dual-purpose discipline,SynBio is bringing large changes to many fields and providing great benefits to humans.However,due to its characteristic of complexity and uncertainty,SynBio also presents potential biosafety and biosecurity risks.Biosecurity risks refer to unauthorized access,loss,theft,misuse,diversion or intentional release.If a biosecurity accident happens,it would pose a huge threat to humans and nature.Therefore,it is crucial to establish a set of regulations and management practices for the biosecurity risks of SynBio.In this paper,we summarized the sources of the biosecurity risks of SynBio,from its research materials,products,technologies,information to Do-it-yourself synthetic biology.We reviewed and analyzed the current situation of regulation and management of biosecurity for SynBio in the international community and in China.We found that in most countries and regions,SynBio risks commonly follow the regulation and management of Genetically Modified Organisms which has loopholes if applied to the regulation for SynBio without any amendments.Here,we proposed suggestions for the Chinese-featured regulation and management of biosecurity for SynBio,including a top-to-bottom governing framework,a think-tank implementation mechanism,a Synthetic Biology Laboratory Biosecurity Manual safeguarding system,and strengthening biosecurity education on synthetic biology and self-regulation awareness among relevant personnel.Through this work,we aim to improve the standardized process of biosecurity regulation and management for SynBio in China and thereby map out a peaceful,profitable,and practical development path for synthetic biology.展开更多
文摘The insect order Thysanoptera is used as an indicator of the vulnerability to foreign insect invasions of New Caledonian ecosystems—both the unique natural systems, and the agricultural and horticultural systems on which the economy is dependent. A total of 103 species in 67 genera of Thysanoptera are here listed from New Caledonia, in contrast to the 68 species in 44 genera that were recorded 23 years ago. Of the 103 species, 22 are not known from anywhere else in the world. Thus, up to 80% of these insect species have arrived in New Caledonia from other countries, with a very high proportion likely to have been introduced through modern trading patterns, despite vigorous efforts by quarantine services.
文摘Domesticated and non-domesticated animals, including wildlife, deliver significant financial and nonfinancial benefits to the human community;however, disease can have a dramatic impact on the morbidity, mortality, and productivity of these animal populations and hence can directly and indirectly affect the human communities associated with them. This manuscript provides an overview of the important features to consider for the prevention and control of disease, with a focus on livestock diseases,and highlights the key role veterinary epidemiology plays in this endeavor. Measures of disease frequency and the type of epidemiological studies required to identify risk factors for diseases are summarized,with a focus on the use of these in the implementation of measures to control disease. The importance of biosecurity in maintaining disease-free flocks/herds is discussed and the steps taken to implement good biosecurity measures are outlined. It is concluded that a sound knowledge of veterinary epidemiology is required when developing control programs for disease and implementing biosecurity programs at a farm, regional, and national level.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ASTIP-IAED-2016)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System,China (CARS42-G24)
文摘Highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） contamination via wild birds and rodents poses a threat to food security and safety. As chicken meat comprises an increasing proportion of diet in China, it is useful to determine whether broiler farmers are adopting wild bird and rodent controls to minimize the risk of HPAI impacts on food supply. Our study surveyed a cross sectional sample of 331 Chinese broiler farmers in six provinces. We find that only 47% of farmers （mainly farmers with large herds） adopted control measures against wild birds and rodents, while 14% adopted no measures. Farm size was the biggest driver of adoption followed by proportion of farm revenue derived from broiler production. However, southern farmers were at a far greater probability of non-adoption. We suggest that assistance in the form of education/training programs and subsidized traps or baiting controls across smaller producers could help raise of the adoption level toward more effective HPAI control.
文摘The CFO （Chicken Farmers of Ontario） has taken important steps to increase biosecurity practices within backyard poultry flocks in order to thwart infectious diseases. The present study originally intended to describe biosecurity practices within this milieu, so as to determine their nearest neighbor and density, as well as the average distance between backyard and commercial broiler flocks. To that effect, paper questionnaire and survey interviews were used （May-July, 2011）, while backyard and commercial broiler chicken flocks were geocoded. The response rates collected from the study produced these findings regarding： growers＇ health practices toward flocks, hygienic precautions relative to the production area, regularity of bird inspection and cleaning after each folk, protocol used to dispose of dead birds, mixing （or lack thereof） of flocks with other livestock, as well as the average distance between small flocks and commercial farms. The study concludes that education material should focus on improving the growers＇ understanding of issues examined in the study, focusing on areas of weakness in respect to biosecurity practices.
文摘The use of smart mobile technology could potentially ease Ireland’s level of biosecurity risk from tourism. Smart mobile technology is capable of improving communication of biosecurity monitoring, mitigation, and eradication measures to tourists in Ireland. The scope of this research is to assess biosecurity communication from Ireland’s major ports, state agencies, and governing bodies involved in outdoor recreational activities. The aim of this paper is to assess Ireland’s biosecurity communication for any smart mobile technology in national agencies. A mixed method approach was utilised which consisted of content analysis as well as structured qualitative interviews. Analysis has revealed that no evidence of smart mobile technology for biosecurity communication is in place for tourists arriving in Ireland’s ports or in national agencies. The importance of timely communication of biosecurity measures and alerts seems to not have been recognised. The use of this technology could mitigate the risk of tourists vectoring dangerous microbes and aiding biological invasions. This paper concludes that a low emphasis on adopting smart mobile technology could be unnecessarily contributing to Ireland’s biosecurity risk. It offers an opportunity to be improved before a serious biosecurity breach occurs possibly resulting in a lost tourist season or expensive eradication programmes as has been witnessed in other destinations worldwide.
文摘The passive flight of large numbers of mitospores ensures propagation and survival of many fungal species. Moreover, many fungi have a surplus DNA context which allows for easier manipulation and tampering, especially when inserting eukaryotic genes and translation systems. These facts taken together suggest a high prominence of the sporogonic airborne fungi in biosecurity/biodefence priority lists, but due to the low virulence and mortality of the fungal pathogens, they do not figure high, or, sometimes, not at all. The disruptive effect of biosecurity fungal threats is important per se and genetic manipulations are to further it. Novel, long range and high-persistence sampling methods, using robotics and unmanned systems already fielded in other applications may extend surveillance and responsive sampling. Effects-based, proteomic approaches may provide a solution for deliberate incidents, while polyphasic taxonomy may resolve spontaneous incidents and assist medical diagnosis, but in the biosecurity context, where mass collection and processing of samples and speed in producing robust results are vital, complex approaches might be proved more of a hindrance than an asset.
文摘The classical dual use problem—the potential for harmful as well as beneficial application of scientific findings—has become more immediate in biotechnology than in most other fields of science. Terrorist misuse of the information on the development of pathogenic organisms can lead to catastrophic outcomes. Therefore, particular in biosciences researchers are faced with the dilemma to find a proper balance between the right to know and the dangers of knowing. In this paper this dilemma is illustrated by the research on the influenza A virus subtype H5N1, commonly known as “bird flu”. The pros and cons of the full publication on the development of a dangerous airborne type are discussed.
基金no specific grant from funding agencies in the public,commercial,or not-for-profit sectors.
文摘Vaccination has saved millions of lives and is regarded as one of modern medicine’s most important suc-cesses.Effective vaccination programs should be based on risk assessment that considers demographic and occupational factors.When developing a vaccination program,it is essential to identify the target groups,including travelers,infants,high-risk workers,and those in critical roles such as farming and agri-culture.In biosafety and biosecurity,vaccines are a key component of measures designed to protect lab-oratory personnel,the community,and the environment.Guidelines from global health organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are tailored to specific pathogens and depend on the type of work performed and the associated risk.These guidelines are continuously revised and updated to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination programs.Vaccines also play a role in One Health approaches that are focused on the interconnectedness of animals,humans,and the environment.Targeted vaccination strategies for both domestic animals and wildlife are necessary to maintain animal health,improve livestock productivity,and prevent the spread of zoonotic and foodborne diseases to humans.In this paper,we aimed to provide an overview regarding the crucial roles of vaccines in biosaf-ety,biosecurity,and One Health approaches,as well as to highlight the importance of targeted and per-sonalized strategies to improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs.Herein,we also discuss various vaccines aimed at specific target groups as recommended by global health organizations,with a partic-ular emphasis on laboratory workers and the vaccines necessary to reduce laboratory-acquired infec-tions.Finally,we discuss animal vaccines and targeted strategies for vaccinating domestic and wildlife populations.
文摘Academic research is crucial to understanding and preparing for the fight against deliberate biological threats;yet,existing efforts have been fragmented,necessitating a more comprehensive examination of the field’s evolution.This study presents a scientometric analysis of deliberate biosecurity threats over the last 20 years,focusing on publication patterns,collaboration dynamics,research priorities,and lead-ing publication venues.We analyzed 791 articles published between 2004 and 2023 using the Web of Science and Scopus databases.Results indicate a notable increase in publications dominated by North-Transatlantic countries,particularly the United States and the United Kingdom,which prioritize such areas as dual-use technology,synthetic biology,and virus-related biosecurity challenges.A comparative analysis of G7 and BRICS collaborations underscores substantial disparities in research output,with the G7 leading in international biosecurity research collaborations.Furthermore,the study reveals limited biosecurity research and collaboration in the Global South.Therefore,we encourage further exploration of biosecurity research to promote inclusive and collaborative global efforts.This study provides valuable insights for researchers and policymakers regarding biosecurity research priorities related to deliberate threats,and it highlights the need to address global disparities.
文摘Effective biosecurity training is essential for disease prevention in livestock systems;however,substan-tial gaps persist.We combined an online survey(74 fully completed questionnaires;267 views)with two World Caféworkshops(∼60 participants)to map the current provision,competence levels,and training needs across Europe.Key findings:(i)self-rated biosecurity knowledge differed markedly between stake-holder groups and veterinarians and other stakeholders reported median scores close to 80/100;(ii)more than three-quarters of cattle(77%)and 70%of swine veterinarians perceived a major gap in their ability to demonstrate the economic benefits of biosecurity to clients;(iii)39–44%of cattle and small-ruminant veterinarians reported inadequate mixed(theory+practice)training formats,and up to 50%of poultry veterinarians identified deficits in communication and behavior-change skills;(iv)across all discussions,participants favored modular,blended delivery that couples concise e-learning with on-farm coaching,supported by externally audited certification and greater farmer co-design.Therefore,rec-ommendations focus on developing species-specific,flexible modules that embed communication and cost-benefit elements,provide micro-learning units for time-constrained farmers,and operate within a tiered certification framework linked to continuing professional development.Implementing these mea-sures will narrow competence gaps,strengthen veterinarian–farmer engagement,and enhance disease preparedness throughout European livestock production.
基金supported by the Elizabeth R.Griffin Pro-gram through funding provided by the U.S.Department of State,Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund(grant number SISNDF22GR0010)The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis,decision to publish,or preparation of the manuscript.
文摘Diagnostic laboratories play a crucial role in surveillance and epidemic preparedness.However,gaps in adherence to biosecurity and biosafety protocols in managing,isolating,storing,and disposing of infec-tious pathogens in these facilities pose a serious risk to the laboratory,local populations,and the sur-rounding environment.In this study,we evaluated adherence to biosecurity and biosafety protocols in 96 public and private biomedical and veterinary laboratories in Benin to identify and address such gaps.We followed a cross-sectional study design.We used the Biosafety and Biosecurity in Laboratory Tool to assess biomedical laboratories and the Laboratory Mapping Tool to assess veterinary laboratories.Data were collected using KoBoCollect and analyzed with R software version 4.0.5.Descriptive analysis,the chi-squared test,and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.The findings revealed that most laboratories did not comply with established guidelines.Of all laboratories surveyed,42%presented a very high risk,38%a high risk,15%moderate risk,and 5%were low risk.Overall,80%of biomedical lab-oratories and 100%of veterinary laboratories were rated high risk.To improve effective biosecurity prac-tices in laboratories in Benin to an acceptable standard,it is essential to implement robust biosecurity and biosafety policies.Additionally,capacity-building sessions should be conducted for laboratory staff and managers to educate them on the latest biosecurity protocols.
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences,China(Nos.CIFMS2022-I2M-CoV19-003 and CIFMS2021-I2M-1-044)the National Natural Science Foundation of China:Key Project,"A Study of the Coordination Mechanism in the Policy-making of Major Emergency"(No.72134003).
文摘Introduction.As the 21st century advances,the world faces unprecedented challenges,from novel infectious diseases to rapid developments in dual-use biotechnologies,set against an increasingly complex geopolitical backdrop[1].These challenges threatenglobal health,environmental stability,and national security,demanding robust biological risk governance[1,2].Central to this effort are the intertwined concepts of biosafety and biosecurity.Although these concepts have traditionally been distinguished-biosafety addressing unintentional risks and biosecurity targeting deliberate misuse-they share the fundamental goal of mitigating biological risks[3,4].
文摘In order to effectively implement the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists,biosecurity awareness-raising and education are essential because if these are not in place scientists will not understand the need for biosecurity codes of conduct.In an effort to assist in the implementation of the guidelines,a smallscale survey was carried out in early 2022 of biosecurity awareness-raising and education projects that have been developed over the last two decades to discover what resources and experience have been accumulated.It is argued that the survey demonstrates that much of what is needed to implement the guidelines effectively has been developed,but that there are specific deficiencies that need to be remedied quickly.In particular,an updated teaching resource covering the core issues related to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention(BTWC)and the problem of dual use in scientific research needs to be made widely available and translated into at least the six official United Nations(UN)languages.Additionally,more specialists from the Humanities with expertise in ethics need to become involved in biosecurity awareness-raising and education activities.While advantage should be taken now of the available national,regional and international networks of people involved in related activities,it is suggested that in the longer term cooperation in biosecurity awareness-raising and education will benefit from the development of an equivalent organisation to the International Nuclear Security Education Network(INSEN)organised through the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA).
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant nos.2019YFA0904600 and 2020YFA0908600).
文摘Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen biosecurity governance at national and institutional levels.It may be used to develop new or enhance,supplement,and update the existing codes of conduct adaptive to a specific context and responsive to the bio-risks arising from the rapid advances in biological sciences.
文摘The Biosecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China is the first basic,comprehensive,systematic,and overarching law of biosecurity in China,involving biosecurity risks,national biosecurity governance,and systems for minimizing the biosecurity threats.This article elaborates on the formulation,content,features,and significance of the law,and provides an outlook for its evolution.
文摘As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ranges.Outbreaks of NIS can pose significant threats to local ecosystems and economies,making them a critical issue for marine biodiversity and biosecurity.Biological invasions in marine habitats differ significantly from those on land or in freshwater.Detection and identification of NIS in marine habitats is particularly challenging due to difficulties in sampling,morphological identification,and visualization in the early stages of outbreaks.Environmental DNA(eDNA)approaches have emerged as reliable and cost-effective methods for both qualitative and quantitative detection of marine NIS,particularly in the introductory phase.In this review,we summarize recent applications and advances in eDNA-based detection of marine NIS.We emphasize that innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,improvements in detection methods,and further refinement of the reference genomic database for marine species are crucial for the future development of this field.
文摘Emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, continue to pose significant threats to human beings and their surroundings. In addition, biological warfare, bioterrorism, biological accidents, and harmful consequences arising from dual-use biotechnology also pose a challenge for global biosecurity. Improving the early surveillance capabilities is necessary for building a common biosecurity shield for the global community of health for all. Furthermore, surveillance could provide early warning and situational awareness of biosecurity risks. However, current surveillance systems face enormous challenges, including technical shortages, fragmented management, and limited international cooperation. Detecting emerging biological risks caused by unknown or novel pathogens is of particular concern. Surveillance systems must be enhanced to effectively mitigate biosecurity risks. Thus, a global strategy of meaningful cooperation based on efficient integration of surveillance at all levels, including interdisciplinary integration of techniques and interdepartmental integration for effective management, is urgently needed. In this paper, we review the biosecurity risks by analyzing potential factors at all levels globally. In addition to describing biosecurity risks and their impact on global security, we also focus on analyzing the challenges to traditional surveillance and propose suggestions on how to integrate current technologies and resources to conduct effective global surveillance.
基金This research was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2019YFA0904600 and 2020YFA0908600).
文摘Considerable progress has been achieved in basic research and the biotechnological application of biological sciences in recent years.Synthetic biology integrates systems biology,engineering,computer science,and other disciplines to achieve the“modification of life”or even the“creation of life”via the redesign of existing natural systems or the development of new biological components and devices.However,the research and application of synthetic biology can create potential risks,such as aggravation of species with complex gene modifications,threats to species diversity,abuse of biological weapons,laboratory leaks,and man-made mutations.Without a suitable governance system,such research activities could result in harm to humans,plants,and animals,as well as to natural ecological systems.In this article,we first briefly summarize technical progress in synthetic biology in recent years and the potential bioethical and biosecurity risks,and then describe current international treaties,guidance documents,and national regulatory measures designed to address potential harm caused by the dual-use property of synthetic biology,including the Biological Weapons Convention,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Model Code of Conduct for Biological Scientists(Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists).In addition,we also present some recommendations for better governance of synthetic biology research and applications in China,including strengthening the biosecurity capacity,improving the biosecurity regulatory system,and promoting multilevel international cooperation to effectively address the potential biosecurity risks of synthetic biology.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0902400)the National Social Science Foundation of China(18CZX020).
文摘Synthetic biology(SynBio)is a high-profile interdiscipline combining engineering with science.As a dual-purpose discipline,SynBio is bringing large changes to many fields and providing great benefits to humans.However,due to its characteristic of complexity and uncertainty,SynBio also presents potential biosafety and biosecurity risks.Biosecurity risks refer to unauthorized access,loss,theft,misuse,diversion or intentional release.If a biosecurity accident happens,it would pose a huge threat to humans and nature.Therefore,it is crucial to establish a set of regulations and management practices for the biosecurity risks of SynBio.In this paper,we summarized the sources of the biosecurity risks of SynBio,from its research materials,products,technologies,information to Do-it-yourself synthetic biology.We reviewed and analyzed the current situation of regulation and management of biosecurity for SynBio in the international community and in China.We found that in most countries and regions,SynBio risks commonly follow the regulation and management of Genetically Modified Organisms which has loopholes if applied to the regulation for SynBio without any amendments.Here,we proposed suggestions for the Chinese-featured regulation and management of biosecurity for SynBio,including a top-to-bottom governing framework,a think-tank implementation mechanism,a Synthetic Biology Laboratory Biosecurity Manual safeguarding system,and strengthening biosecurity education on synthetic biology and self-regulation awareness among relevant personnel.Through this work,we aim to improve the standardized process of biosecurity regulation and management for SynBio in China and thereby map out a peaceful,profitable,and practical development path for synthetic biology.
