In this comprehensive review,the evolution and progress of bioplastics are examined,with an emphasis on their types,production methods,environmental impact,and biodegradability.In light of the increasing global effort...In this comprehensive review,the evolution and progress of bioplastics are examined,with an emphasis on their types,production methods,environmental impact,and biodegradability.In light of the increasing global efforts to address environmental degradation,bioplastics have emerged as a highly potential substitute for conventional petroleum-based plastics.This review classifies various categories of bioplastics,encompassing both biodegradable and bio-based variations,and assesses their environmental consequences using life cycle evaluations and biodegradability calculations.This paper analyzes the technological advancements that have enhanced the mechanical and thermal characteristics of bioplastics,hence increasing their feasibility for extensive commercial applications in diverse sectors.This review critically examines the possible uses of bioplastics in important industries including packaging,aerospace,and healthcare,emphasizing both achievements and current obstacles.In addition,the assessment addresses the economic and technical obstacles to expanding bioplastic manufacturing,namely concerns about cost,material efficiency,and waste disposal.Moreover,the article forecasts the future potential of bioplastics in furthering a sustainable circular economy and suggests methods to address existing constraints,such as improvements in recycling technology and the establishment of more economically efficient manufacturing methods.The findings are intended to educate policymakers,industry stakeholders,and researchers on the crucial contribution of bioplastics in attaining sustainability objectives and promoting innovation in the field of material science.展开更多
Biodegradable plastics are types of plastics that can decompose into water and carbon dioxide the actions of living organisms,mostly by bacteria.Generally,biodegradable plastics are obtained from renewable raw materia...Biodegradable plastics are types of plastics that can decompose into water and carbon dioxide the actions of living organisms,mostly by bacteria.Generally,biodegradable plastics are obtained from renewable raw materials,microorganisms,petrochemicals,or a combination of all three.This study aims to develop an innovative bioplastic by combining chitosan and lignin.Bioplastic was prepared by casting method and characterized by measuring the mechanical properties like tensile strength,Young’smodulus,and elongation at break.The chemical structure,together with the interactions among chitosan and lignin and the presence of new chemical bonds,were evaluated by FTIR,while the thermal properties were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis.The water vapor permeability,tests and transparency as well as biodegradability,were also carried out.The results show a tensile strength value of 34.82 MPa,Young’s modulus of 18.54 MPa,and elongation at a break of 2.74%.Moreover,the interaction between chitosan and lignin affects the intensity of the absorption peak,leading to reduced transparency and increased thermal stability.The chitosan/lignin interactions also influence the crystalline size,making it easier to degrade andmore flexible rather than rigid.The contact angle shows the bioplastic’s ability to resist water absorption for 4minutes.In the biodegradation test,the sample began to degrade after 30 days of soil burial test observation.展开更多
Bioplastics were first introduced as environmentally friendly materials,with properties similar to those of conventional plastics.A bioplastic is defined as biodegradable if it can be decomposed into carbon dioxide un...Bioplastics were first introduced as environmentally friendly materials,with properties similar to those of conventional plastics.A bioplastic is defined as biodegradable if it can be decomposed into carbon dioxide under aerobic degradation,or methane and CO_(2)under anaerobic conditions,inorganic compounds,and new cellular biomass,by the action of naturally occurring microorganisms.This definition however does not provide any information on the environmental conditions,timescale and extent at which decomposition processes should occur.With regard to the aquatic environment,recognized standards have been established to assess the ability of plastics to undergo biodegradation;however,these standards fail to provide clear targets to be met to allow labelling of a bioplastic as biodegradable.Moreover,these standards grant the user an extensive leeway in the choice of process parameters.For these reasons,the comparison of results deriving from different studies is challenging.The authors analysed and discussed the degree of biodegradability of a series of biodegradable bioplastics in aquatic environments(both fresh and salt water)using the results obtained in the laboratory and from on-site testing in the context of different research studies.Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD),CO_(2)evolution,surface erosion and weight loss were the main parameters used by researchers to describe the percentage of biodegradation.The results showed a large variability both in weight loss and BOD,even when evaluating the same type of bioplastics.This confirms the need for a reference range of values to be established with regard to parameters applied in defining the biodegradability of bioplastics.展开更多
Because of increasing environmental concerns/legislative pressure for plastics waste and rapid increases in the cost of petroleum, the development of ＂environmental friendly＂ materials has attracted extensive intere...Because of increasing environmental concerns/legislative pressure for plastics waste and rapid increases in the cost of petroleum, the development of ＂environmental friendly＂ materials has attracted extensive interest. Recently, bioplastics are one of the most innovative environmental friendly materials developed. Therefore, this paper will look at aspects of the bioplastics from the perspective of sustainability, advantages/disadvantages and standards. The global bioplastics market is thought to be growing at a rate of 20%-25% per year. They have some advantages such as lower carbon footprint, independence, energy efficiency, and eco-safety. However, they have some disadvantages such as high cost, recycling, reducing raw materials, misused of terms and lack of legislation. For the sustainability, recycling systems and production technology may be developed for bioplastics and by-product should be used for their production. Also, there is much standardization about them. It is important to have comparable international standard methods. Therefore, there is an urgent need to standardize all details. A new guide and standard for just bioplastics should be developed for production, usage and bioplastic waste management for every country in the world.展开更多
Degradation of three kinds of bioplastics and their effects on microbial biomass and microbial diversity in soil environment were analyzed. The degradation rate of bioplastic in soil was closely related to the main co...Degradation of three kinds of bioplastics and their effects on microbial biomass and microbial diversity in soil environment were analyzed. The degradation rate of bioplastic in soil was closely related to the main components in the bioplastics. Poly (butylene succinate)-starch (PBS-starch) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) were degraded by 1% to 7% after 28 days in a soil with an initial bacterial biomass of 1.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/g-soil, however poly lactic acid (PLA) was not degraded in the soil after 28 days. When the powdered-bioplastics were examined for the degradation in the soil, PBS-starch also showed the highest degradability (24.4% degradation after 28 days), and the similar results were obtained in the case of long-term degradation experiment (2 years). To investigate the effect of bacterial biomass in soil on biodegradability of bioplastics, PBS-starch was buried in three kinds of soils differing in bacterial biomass (7.5 × 10<sup>6</sup>, 7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup>, and 7.5 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells/g-soil). The rate of bioplastic degradation was enhanced accompanied with an increase of the bacterial biomass in soil. 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity in the soil was not affected by the degradation of bioplastics. Moreover, the degradation of bioplastic did not affect the nitrogen circulation activity in the soil.展开更多
Bio plastics products have a rapid growing demand and market across the globe. Polymers synthesized from renewable resources have gained immense popularity, in numerous applications ranging from films, bottles, food p...Bio plastics products have a rapid growing demand and market across the globe. Polymers synthesized from renewable resources have gained immense popularity, in numerous applications ranging from films, bottles, food packaging, drug delivery, bags to agriculture mulch films. Various naturally occurring resources available for starch and PLA extraction and the associated polymer processing techniques are discussed. Alongside some basic concepts on blown film extrusion, the modifications needed for such specialized polymer processing techniques are also explored, giving a comprehensive outlook on bioplastics. Special process analysis, for its application as films are discussed. In the current scenario, as the world aspires for environmental and polymer sustainability, Bioplastic products are of high value. The review article would be beneficial to those embarked on designing bio-plastics products from renewable resources.展开更多
The strength of starch-based bioplastics is a challenge, we tried to overcome this limitation by using electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. Synthetically obtained retrograde bioplastics were subjected to ra...The strength of starch-based bioplastics is a challenge, we tried to overcome this limitation by using electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. Synthetically obtained retrograde bioplastics were subjected to radiation from an Edison-type incandescent lamp. A cross-linked network is obtained within the bioplastic matrix considerably attenuating the usual hygroscopicity of starch and increasing the ability to resist rupture. After this positive behavior, the bioplastics were colored in order to optimize the action of light radiation. The results show a stronger and more compact bioplastic. The green-colored bioplastics show the best performance in the optimization of the resistance.展开更多
The threat posed by plastics to the environment has prompted the development of bioplastics. Starch plasticized by glycerol is a key renewable resource in the production of high-quality bioplastics. Previous studies h...The threat posed by plastics to the environment has prompted the development of bioplastics. Starch plasticized by glycerol is a key renewable resource in the production of high-quality bioplastics. Previous studies have availed information on the mechanical quality of starch-based bioplastics however there is limited information about their degradation pattern in the natural environment which this research presents. Bioplastics were buried in holes in loam sandy soil and weekly photographic data and weight were collected to reveal the effect of degradation. Weather parameters of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine intensity and sunshine hours were recorded to establish influence of weather on degradation. A control set up in the laboratory was used to compare the results. Over time the tests revealed that as the hydrophilic enzymes break down the bioplastic, its weight initially increases (up to 87%) due to absorption of moisture and after saturation, the bioplastic is disintegrated which initiates decomposition and the bioplastic weight is steadily reduced. Degradation was further enhanced by invasion of soil organisms like worms, termites among other soil microbes. Rainfall (r = 0.857) increased the moisture in the soil which initially increased the weight of the bioplastic up to a point when the hydrophilic enzymes set into breakdown the bioplastic then the weight started to drop. This was the same case for relative humidity (r = ﹣0.04) however;the sunlight intensity (r = 515) and hours of illumination indirectly affect the process by influencing microbial activity. An increase in the sunshine intensity increased the activity of soil organisms up to a point beyond which increased exposure caused the organisms to burrow deeper in the soil. Increase in microbial activity increased the rate of degradation of the buried bioplastics which took five to ten weeks to fully decompose (98.3%). The reduced time of degradation means that starch-based bioplastics have a high potential as sustainable substitute for petroleum-based plastics.展开更多
In a circular economy,bio-based plastics or bioplastics as emerging innovative materials are increasingly being used in many industries,from packaging to building materials and agricultural products to electronic and ...In a circular economy,bio-based plastics or bioplastics as emerging innovative materials are increasingly being used in many industries,from packaging to building materials and agricultural products to electronic and biomedical devices.Further,there is increasing research on the evaluation of bioplastics in architecture,both as a material or as a design element in interior design.Therefore,this article is a step toward understanding the importance of bioplastic materials in circular economies and in architecture regarding the negative carbon footprint and long-term environmental effects of fossil-based plastics.展开更多
The work carried out here opens another perspective in the valorization of sw<span>eet potatoes produced in Congo Brazzaville other than those proposed by <b><i>BOULA</i></b> <b><...The work carried out here opens another perspective in the valorization of sw<span>eet potatoes produced in Congo Brazzaville other than those proposed by <b><i>BOULA</i></b> <b><i>and</i></b><span> <b><i>all</i></b></span>. We have shown in this work that the hydrophilic property of starch which limits the production of starch-based bioplastics can be inhibited by using the effects of photonic incandescence. Indeed, light significantly impacts the bioplastic matrix causing a decrease of the sites likely to bind water molecules. However, it would be desirable to apply rheology for a better follow-up of this cross-linking phenomenon. The synthesized retrograde bioplastic having undergone a photonic stress shows better physical properties to be used as packaging and thus to answer the environmental protection.展开更多
Petroleum-based plastics have been associated with several environmental issues,including land and water pollution,green-house gas emissions,and waste accumulation due to their non-biodegradable properties.Bioplastics...Petroleum-based plastics have been associated with several environmental issues,including land and water pollution,green-house gas emissions,and waste accumulation due to their non-biodegradable properties.Bioplastics derived from renewable natural resources have emerged as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional plastics,leading to a reduced carbon footprint and conservation of non-renewable fossil fuels.Seaweed is an attractive material for bioplastic production due to its abundant polysaccharide content,high biomass,rapid growth rate and suitability for consumption.This work aimed to explore the fea-sibility of producing seaweed bioplastics,specifically starch and carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii,along with chitin extracted from ramshorn snails(Planorbarius corneus).The surface morphology of the bioplastics was assessed through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and their biodegradability was also examined through a soil burial biodegradation test.Starch-based bioplastics incorporated with carrageenan and chitin exhibited a more substantial network structure,rougher surface texture and smaller void sizes with improved mechanical strength and water barrier properties.The bioplastics under-went decomposition,resulting in fragmentation into small pieces(with more than 76%weight loss)or complete degradation through the enzymatic activity of Acinetobacter spp.and Burkholderia cepacia.Therefore,seaweed-chitin-based bioplastics demonstrate their potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics.展开更多
Conventional bioplastic production from seaweed often relies on extraction processes that are costly,time-consuming,and yield limited product.This study presents a direct fabrication method using Gracilaria sp.,a red ...Conventional bioplastic production from seaweed often relies on extraction processes that are costly,time-consuming,and yield limited product.This study presents a direct fabrication method using Gracilaria sp.,a red seaweed rich in polysaccharides,to produce bioplastic films without the need for extraction.Sorbitol was incorporated as a plasticizer at concentrations of 0%–10%(w/w)to modify film characteristics.Thermal analysis revealed improved stability at moderate sorbitol levels(5%–7%),while excessive plasticizer slightly reduced thermal resistance.Mechanical testing showed that sorbitol increased film flexibility and elongation at break,though tensile strength and stiffness declined.Tear strength followed a non-linear trend,with improvement observed at higher sorbitol concentrations.Seal strength also increased,peaking at 7%,indicating stronger interfacial bonding between film layers.Biodegradation tests demonstrated accelerated decomposition with increased sorbitol content,achieving complete degradation within 30 days at 10% concentration.Color analysis showed increased brightness and reduced yellowing,enhancing the visual quality of the films.These results confirm that direct conversion of bioplastic is both feasible and effective.Sorbitol plays a key role in tuning film properties,offering a low-cost,scalable pathway to biodegradable materials suitable for environmentally friendly packaging applications.展开更多
Tongji University:Recombination of agricultural residues into moldable composites Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing biobased and biodegrad-able plastics and composites from lig-nocellulosic biomass.Cu...Tongji University:Recombination of agricultural residues into moldable composites Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing biobased and biodegrad-able plastics and composites from lig-nocellulosic biomass.Current bioplastic production entails multiple challenging steps including monomer production from biomass as well as polymer synthesis and modification.Here,the research team led by Professor Lei Zhendong and Wu Deli at Tongji University reports a pr actical recom-bination strategy to transform agricultural residues into moldable cellulose-reinforced lignin(CRL)composites.展开更多
The serious environmental threat caused by petroleum-based plastics has spurred more researches in developing substitutes from renewable sources.Starch is desirable for fabricating bioplastic due to its abundance and ...The serious environmental threat caused by petroleum-based plastics has spurred more researches in developing substitutes from renewable sources.Starch is desirable for fabricating bioplastic due to its abundance and renewable nature.However,limitations such as brittleness,hydrophilicity,and thermal properties restrict its widespread application.To overcome these issues,covalent adaptable network was constructed to fabricate a fully bio-based starch plastic with multiple advantages via Schiff base reactions.This strategy endowed starch plastic with excellent thermal processability,as evidenced by a low glass transition temperature(T_(g)=20.15℃).Through introducing Priamine with long carbon chains,the starch plastic demonstrated superior flexibility(elongation at break=45.2%)and waterproof capability(water contact angle=109.2°).Besides,it possessed a good thermal stability and self-adaptability,as well as solvent resistance and chemical degradability.This work provides a promising method to fabricate fully bio-based plastics as alternative to petroleum-based plastics.展开更多
A total of 5 biochemically characterized lipase positive bacterial strains were screened for Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)production by Nile blue staining and confirmation was done by Sudan Black B.PHA production ability...A total of 5 biochemically characterized lipase positive bacterial strains were screened for Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)production by Nile blue staining and confirmation was done by Sudan Black B.PHA production ability for all strains was optimized followed by time profiling calculation and comparison via using glucose and two plant oils i.e.,canola and mustard oil.Quantitative analysis showed that glucose can serve as a carbon source for maximum biomass(2.5 g/L CDW for strain 5)and PHA production(70.3%for strain 2).PHA produced by strain 2 was further analyzed for its chemical composition and type via Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy.It revealed homopolymer(PHB)and copolymer(PHB-co-PHV)production of PHA(peaks at 1743 cm-1 and 2861 cm-1,respectively)with both canola and mustard oil unlike glucose which produced only homopolymer one i.e.,PHB(peaks at 1110 cm-1,1411 cm-1 and 1650 cm-1).Crystallinity of FT-IR analyzed PHA was calculated using mathematical formulas which showed decrease from glucose to canola to mustard oil.This study revealed that plant oils can serve as better carbon source to produce better quality(ductile and copolymer)PHA.Moreover,16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that strain 1,strain 2,strain 3,strain 4 and strain 5 are Stenotrophomonas sp.N3,Exiguobacterium sp.N4,Exiguobacterium sp.Ch3,Cellulosimicrobium sp.A8 and Klebsiella sp.LFSM2,respectively.展开更多
Biopolymers exhibit unique properties and can be produced from plants’ and crops’ wastes. Cellulose has beenused for the production of sustainable materials, nevertheless due to the difficulty inherent to its extrac...Biopolymers exhibit unique properties and can be produced from plants’ and crops’ wastes. Cellulose has beenused for the production of sustainable materials, nevertheless due to the difficulty inherent to its extraction,several methods have been studied in order to optimize the process. Therefore, this paper reports the extractionof natural polymers from food sector agro-food wastes, including cellulose, following a green chemistry aproach.The cellulose extracted from pumpkin peel was acetylated and dispersed in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Thedeveloped materials were characterized in terms of their structure, morphology and thermal stability. Theresults demonstrated the efficient chemical modification of cellulose and confirmed its good dispersion withinthe PLA matrix.展开更多
Poly Laevo Lactic Acid (PLLA), in spite of being an excellent bioplastic, has exorbitantly high market price due to the high cost of raw material (lactose, glucose, sucrose). Hence, its manufacture is being attempted ...Poly Laevo Lactic Acid (PLLA), in spite of being an excellent bioplastic, has exorbitantly high market price due to the high cost of raw material (lactose, glucose, sucrose). Hence, its manufacture is being attempted starting from waste effluents such as cheese whey and molasses. Earlier studies on the same in fluidized bed and semifluidized bed biofilm reactors yielded encouraging results. The present study therefore involves design and analysis of inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactors for lactic acid synthesis. The performance features of the bioreactor have been studied both mathematically as well as experimentally. The inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor has been found to provide more than 75% conversion of sucrose/lactose even at high capacities (high feed flow rates) exceeding 56,000 L/hr, within a reasonably low reactor volume. The fractional substrate conversion increases, though sluggishly, with increase in feed flow rate due to bed expansion and also with increase in cell mass concentration in biofilm due to enhancement in intrinsic rate of bioconversion. The inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor of proposed design could be safely recommended for the commercial synthesis of polymer grade lactic acid from waste effluents such as cheese whey and molasses. The low operating cost of the bioreactor (due to downflow mode of operation) enhances the economy of the process. This would also help in significantly lowering the market price of the green plastic (PLLA) and shall promote its large scale manufacture and utilisation.展开更多
Polylactic acid(PLA)bioplastic is a common material used in Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)3D printing.It is biodegradable and environmentally friendly biopolymer which made out of corn.However,it exhibits weak mechani...Polylactic acid(PLA)bioplastic is a common material used in Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)3D printing.It is biodegradable and environmentally friendly biopolymer which made out of corn.However,it exhibits weak mechanical properties which reduced its usability as a functional prototype in a real-world application.In the present study,two PLA composites are created through coextruded with 3K carbon fibres and twisted Kevlar string(as core fibre)to form a fibre reinforced parts(FRP).The mechanical strength of printed parts was examined using ASTM D638 standard with a strain rate of 1 mm/min.It has been demonstrated that the FRPs coextruded with 3K carbon fibres had achieved significant improvement in Young’s modulus(+180.6%,9.205 GPa),ultimate tensile strength(+175.3%,103 MPa)and maximum tensile strain(+21.6%,1.833%).Although the Young’s modulus of Kevlar FRP was found to be similar to as compared to unreinforced PLA(~3.29 GPa),it has gained significant increment in terms of maximum tensile strain(+179.7%,104.64 MPa),and maximum tensile strain(+257%,5.384%).Thus,this study revealed two unique composite materials,in which the 3K carbon FRP can offer stiff and high strength structure while Kevlar FRP offers similar strength but at a higher elasticity.展开更多
Petroleum derived plastics dominate the food packaging industry even today. These materials have brought a lot of convenience and attraction to agro, food and packaging industry. These materials also have brought alon...Petroleum derived plastics dominate the food packaging industry even today. These materials have brought a lot of convenience and attraction to agro, food and packaging industry. These materials also have brought along with them problems relating to the safe-disposal and renewability of these materials. Due to the growing concern over environmental problems of these materials, interest has shifted towards the development and promoting the use of “bio-plastics”. Bio-plastic is a term used for sustainable packaging materials derived from renewable resources i.e. produced from agro/food sources, materials such as starch, cellulose, etc. and which are considered safe to be used in food applications. To enhance the mechanical properties, and water barrier properties, it can be blended easily with other polymer as well as nano fillers. The current paper is a review of the progress of research in starch based sustainable packaging materials.展开更多
Background:In the present study,we aim to utilize the ecological diversity of soil for the isolation and screening for polyβ-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)-accumulating bacteria and production of cost-effective bioplastic usin...Background:In the present study,we aim to utilize the ecological diversity of soil for the isolation and screening for polyβ-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)-accumulating bacteria and production of cost-effective bioplastic using cardboard industry effluent.Results:A total of 120 isolates were isolated from different soil samples and a total of 62 isolates showed positive results with Nile blue A staining,a specific dye for PHB granules and 27 isolates produced PHB using cardboard industry effluent.The selected isolate NA10 was identified as Bacillus sp.NA10 by studying its morphological,biochemical,and molecular characteristics.The growth pattern for the microorganism was studied by logistic model and exactly fitted in the model.A maximum cell dry weight(CDW)of 7.8 g l^(−1)with a PHB concentration of 5.202 g l^(−1)was obtained when batch cultivation was conducted at 37℃ for 72 h,and the PHB content was up to 66.6%and productivity was 0.072 g l^(−1)h^(−1)in 2.0 L fermentor.Chemical characterization of the extracted PHB was done by H1NMR,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis to determine the structure,melting point,and molecular mass of the purified PHB.The polymer sheet of extracted polymer was prepared by blending the polymer with starch for packaging applications.Conclusions:The isolate NA10 can be a good candidate for industrial production of PHB from cardboard industry waste water cost-effectively and ecofriendly.展开更多
基金the financial support given by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia(MOHE)under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICOE2.0/5210004)at the Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products.
文摘In this comprehensive review,the evolution and progress of bioplastics are examined,with an emphasis on their types,production methods,environmental impact,and biodegradability.In light of the increasing global efforts to address environmental degradation,bioplastics have emerged as a highly potential substitute for conventional petroleum-based plastics.This review classifies various categories of bioplastics,encompassing both biodegradable and bio-based variations,and assesses their environmental consequences using life cycle evaluations and biodegradability calculations.This paper analyzes the technological advancements that have enhanced the mechanical and thermal characteristics of bioplastics,hence increasing their feasibility for extensive commercial applications in diverse sectors.This review critically examines the possible uses of bioplastics in important industries including packaging,aerospace,and healthcare,emphasizing both achievements and current obstacles.In addition,the assessment addresses the economic and technical obstacles to expanding bioplastic manufacturing,namely concerns about cost,material efficiency,and waste disposal.Moreover,the article forecasts the future potential of bioplastics in furthering a sustainable circular economy and suggests methods to address existing constraints,such as improvements in recycling technology and the establishment of more economically efficient manufacturing methods.The findings are intended to educate policymakers,industry stakeholders,and researchers on the crucial contribution of bioplastics in attaining sustainability objectives and promoting innovation in the field of material science.
基金funded by the joint research collaboration of the Research Organization of Agriculture and Food National Research and Innovation Agency(BRIN)FY 2024(Grant number:6/III.11/HK/2024),with Widya Fatriasari as the Principal Investigator.
文摘Biodegradable plastics are types of plastics that can decompose into water and carbon dioxide the actions of living organisms,mostly by bacteria.Generally,biodegradable plastics are obtained from renewable raw materials,microorganisms,petrochemicals,or a combination of all three.This study aims to develop an innovative bioplastic by combining chitosan and lignin.Bioplastic was prepared by casting method and characterized by measuring the mechanical properties like tensile strength,Young’smodulus,and elongation at break.The chemical structure,together with the interactions among chitosan and lignin and the presence of new chemical bonds,were evaluated by FTIR,while the thermal properties were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis.The water vapor permeability,tests and transparency as well as biodegradability,were also carried out.The results show a tensile strength value of 34.82 MPa,Young’s modulus of 18.54 MPa,and elongation at a break of 2.74%.Moreover,the interaction between chitosan and lignin affects the intensity of the absorption peak,leading to reduced transparency and increased thermal stability.The chitosan/lignin interactions also influence the crystalline size,making it easier to degrade andmore flexible rather than rigid.The contact angle shows the bioplastic’s ability to resist water absorption for 4minutes.In the biodegradation test,the sample began to degrade after 30 days of soil burial test observation.
文摘Bioplastics were first introduced as environmentally friendly materials,with properties similar to those of conventional plastics.A bioplastic is defined as biodegradable if it can be decomposed into carbon dioxide under aerobic degradation,or methane and CO_(2)under anaerobic conditions,inorganic compounds,and new cellular biomass,by the action of naturally occurring microorganisms.This definition however does not provide any information on the environmental conditions,timescale and extent at which decomposition processes should occur.With regard to the aquatic environment,recognized standards have been established to assess the ability of plastics to undergo biodegradation;however,these standards fail to provide clear targets to be met to allow labelling of a bioplastic as biodegradable.Moreover,these standards grant the user an extensive leeway in the choice of process parameters.For these reasons,the comparison of results deriving from different studies is challenging.The authors analysed and discussed the degree of biodegradability of a series of biodegradable bioplastics in aquatic environments(both fresh and salt water)using the results obtained in the laboratory and from on-site testing in the context of different research studies.Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD),CO_(2)evolution,surface erosion and weight loss were the main parameters used by researchers to describe the percentage of biodegradation.The results showed a large variability both in weight loss and BOD,even when evaluating the same type of bioplastics.This confirms the need for a reference range of values to be established with regard to parameters applied in defining the biodegradability of bioplastics.
文摘Because of increasing environmental concerns/legislative pressure for plastics waste and rapid increases in the cost of petroleum, the development of ＂environmental friendly＂ materials has attracted extensive interest. Recently, bioplastics are one of the most innovative environmental friendly materials developed. Therefore, this paper will look at aspects of the bioplastics from the perspective of sustainability, advantages/disadvantages and standards. The global bioplastics market is thought to be growing at a rate of 20%-25% per year. They have some advantages such as lower carbon footprint, independence, energy efficiency, and eco-safety. However, they have some disadvantages such as high cost, recycling, reducing raw materials, misused of terms and lack of legislation. For the sustainability, recycling systems and production technology may be developed for bioplastics and by-product should be used for their production. Also, there is much standardization about them. It is important to have comparable international standard methods. Therefore, there is an urgent need to standardize all details. A new guide and standard for just bioplastics should be developed for production, usage and bioplastic waste management for every country in the world.
文摘Degradation of three kinds of bioplastics and their effects on microbial biomass and microbial diversity in soil environment were analyzed. The degradation rate of bioplastic in soil was closely related to the main components in the bioplastics. Poly (butylene succinate)-starch (PBS-starch) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) were degraded by 1% to 7% after 28 days in a soil with an initial bacterial biomass of 1.4 × 10<sup>9</sup> cells/g-soil, however poly lactic acid (PLA) was not degraded in the soil after 28 days. When the powdered-bioplastics were examined for the degradation in the soil, PBS-starch also showed the highest degradability (24.4% degradation after 28 days), and the similar results were obtained in the case of long-term degradation experiment (2 years). To investigate the effect of bacterial biomass in soil on biodegradability of bioplastics, PBS-starch was buried in three kinds of soils differing in bacterial biomass (7.5 × 10<sup>6</sup>, 7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup>, and 7.5 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells/g-soil). The rate of bioplastic degradation was enhanced accompanied with an increase of the bacterial biomass in soil. 16S rDNA PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the bacterial diversity in the soil was not affected by the degradation of bioplastics. Moreover, the degradation of bioplastic did not affect the nitrogen circulation activity in the soil.
文摘Bio plastics products have a rapid growing demand and market across the globe. Polymers synthesized from renewable resources have gained immense popularity, in numerous applications ranging from films, bottles, food packaging, drug delivery, bags to agriculture mulch films. Various naturally occurring resources available for starch and PLA extraction and the associated polymer processing techniques are discussed. Alongside some basic concepts on blown film extrusion, the modifications needed for such specialized polymer processing techniques are also explored, giving a comprehensive outlook on bioplastics. Special process analysis, for its application as films are discussed. In the current scenario, as the world aspires for environmental and polymer sustainability, Bioplastic products are of high value. The review article would be beneficial to those embarked on designing bio-plastics products from renewable resources.
文摘The strength of starch-based bioplastics is a challenge, we tried to overcome this limitation by using electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. Synthetically obtained retrograde bioplastics were subjected to radiation from an Edison-type incandescent lamp. A cross-linked network is obtained within the bioplastic matrix considerably attenuating the usual hygroscopicity of starch and increasing the ability to resist rupture. After this positive behavior, the bioplastics were colored in order to optimize the action of light radiation. The results show a stronger and more compact bioplastic. The green-colored bioplastics show the best performance in the optimization of the resistance.
文摘The threat posed by plastics to the environment has prompted the development of bioplastics. Starch plasticized by glycerol is a key renewable resource in the production of high-quality bioplastics. Previous studies have availed information on the mechanical quality of starch-based bioplastics however there is limited information about their degradation pattern in the natural environment which this research presents. Bioplastics were buried in holes in loam sandy soil and weekly photographic data and weight were collected to reveal the effect of degradation. Weather parameters of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine intensity and sunshine hours were recorded to establish influence of weather on degradation. A control set up in the laboratory was used to compare the results. Over time the tests revealed that as the hydrophilic enzymes break down the bioplastic, its weight initially increases (up to 87%) due to absorption of moisture and after saturation, the bioplastic is disintegrated which initiates decomposition and the bioplastic weight is steadily reduced. Degradation was further enhanced by invasion of soil organisms like worms, termites among other soil microbes. Rainfall (r = 0.857) increased the moisture in the soil which initially increased the weight of the bioplastic up to a point when the hydrophilic enzymes set into breakdown the bioplastic then the weight started to drop. This was the same case for relative humidity (r = ﹣0.04) however;the sunlight intensity (r = 515) and hours of illumination indirectly affect the process by influencing microbial activity. An increase in the sunshine intensity increased the activity of soil organisms up to a point beyond which increased exposure caused the organisms to burrow deeper in the soil. Increase in microbial activity increased the rate of degradation of the buried bioplastics which took five to ten weeks to fully decompose (98.3%). The reduced time of degradation means that starch-based bioplastics have a high potential as sustainable substitute for petroleum-based plastics.
文摘In a circular economy,bio-based plastics or bioplastics as emerging innovative materials are increasingly being used in many industries,from packaging to building materials and agricultural products to electronic and biomedical devices.Further,there is increasing research on the evaluation of bioplastics in architecture,both as a material or as a design element in interior design.Therefore,this article is a step toward understanding the importance of bioplastic materials in circular economies and in architecture regarding the negative carbon footprint and long-term environmental effects of fossil-based plastics.
文摘The work carried out here opens another perspective in the valorization of sw<span>eet potatoes produced in Congo Brazzaville other than those proposed by <b><i>BOULA</i></b> <b><i>and</i></b><span> <b><i>all</i></b></span>. We have shown in this work that the hydrophilic property of starch which limits the production of starch-based bioplastics can be inhibited by using the effects of photonic incandescence. Indeed, light significantly impacts the bioplastic matrix causing a decrease of the sites likely to bind water molecules. However, it would be desirable to apply rheology for a better follow-up of this cross-linking phenomenon. The synthesized retrograde bioplastic having undergone a photonic stress shows better physical properties to be used as packaging and thus to answer the environmental protection.
基金Funding was provided by UCSI University(REIG-FAS-2021/036).
文摘Petroleum-based plastics have been associated with several environmental issues,including land and water pollution,green-house gas emissions,and waste accumulation due to their non-biodegradable properties.Bioplastics derived from renewable natural resources have emerged as an eco-friendly substitute for conventional plastics,leading to a reduced carbon footprint and conservation of non-renewable fossil fuels.Seaweed is an attractive material for bioplastic production due to its abundant polysaccharide content,high biomass,rapid growth rate and suitability for consumption.This work aimed to explore the fea-sibility of producing seaweed bioplastics,specifically starch and carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii,along with chitin extracted from ramshorn snails(Planorbarius corneus).The surface morphology of the bioplastics was assessed through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and their biodegradability was also examined through a soil burial biodegradation test.Starch-based bioplastics incorporated with carrageenan and chitin exhibited a more substantial network structure,rougher surface texture and smaller void sizes with improved mechanical strength and water barrier properties.The bioplastics under-went decomposition,resulting in fragmentation into small pieces(with more than 76%weight loss)or complete degradation through the enzymatic activity of Acinetobacter spp.and Burkholderia cepacia.Therefore,seaweed-chitin-based bioplastics demonstrate their potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics.
基金funded by IAEA Coordinated Research Project F22081.
文摘Conventional bioplastic production from seaweed often relies on extraction processes that are costly,time-consuming,and yield limited product.This study presents a direct fabrication method using Gracilaria sp.,a red seaweed rich in polysaccharides,to produce bioplastic films without the need for extraction.Sorbitol was incorporated as a plasticizer at concentrations of 0%–10%(w/w)to modify film characteristics.Thermal analysis revealed improved stability at moderate sorbitol levels(5%–7%),while excessive plasticizer slightly reduced thermal resistance.Mechanical testing showed that sorbitol increased film flexibility and elongation at break,though tensile strength and stiffness declined.Tear strength followed a non-linear trend,with improvement observed at higher sorbitol concentrations.Seal strength also increased,peaking at 7%,indicating stronger interfacial bonding between film layers.Biodegradation tests demonstrated accelerated decomposition with increased sorbitol content,achieving complete degradation within 30 days at 10% concentration.Color analysis showed increased brightness and reduced yellowing,enhancing the visual quality of the films.These results confirm that direct conversion of bioplastic is both feasible and effective.Sorbitol plays a key role in tuning film properties,offering a low-cost,scalable pathway to biodegradable materials suitable for environmentally friendly packaging applications.
文摘Tongji University:Recombination of agricultural residues into moldable composites Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing biobased and biodegrad-able plastics and composites from lig-nocellulosic biomass.Current bioplastic production entails multiple challenging steps including monomer production from biomass as well as polymer synthesis and modification.Here,the research team led by Professor Lei Zhendong and Wu Deli at Tongji University reports a pr actical recom-bination strategy to transform agricultural residues into moldable cellulose-reinforced lignin(CRL)composites.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A6005 and 32171721)State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(202305,2023ZD01,2023C02)+1 种基金Guangdong Province Basic and Application Basic Research Fund(2023B1515040013)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023ZYGXZR045).
文摘The serious environmental threat caused by petroleum-based plastics has spurred more researches in developing substitutes from renewable sources.Starch is desirable for fabricating bioplastic due to its abundance and renewable nature.However,limitations such as brittleness,hydrophilicity,and thermal properties restrict its widespread application.To overcome these issues,covalent adaptable network was constructed to fabricate a fully bio-based starch plastic with multiple advantages via Schiff base reactions.This strategy endowed starch plastic with excellent thermal processability,as evidenced by a low glass transition temperature(T_(g)=20.15℃).Through introducing Priamine with long carbon chains,the starch plastic demonstrated superior flexibility(elongation at break=45.2%)and waterproof capability(water contact angle=109.2°).Besides,it possessed a good thermal stability and self-adaptability,as well as solvent resistance and chemical degradability.This work provides a promising method to fabricate fully bio-based plastics as alternative to petroleum-based plastics.
文摘A total of 5 biochemically characterized lipase positive bacterial strains were screened for Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)production by Nile blue staining and confirmation was done by Sudan Black B.PHA production ability for all strains was optimized followed by time profiling calculation and comparison via using glucose and two plant oils i.e.,canola and mustard oil.Quantitative analysis showed that glucose can serve as a carbon source for maximum biomass(2.5 g/L CDW for strain 5)and PHA production(70.3%for strain 2).PHA produced by strain 2 was further analyzed for its chemical composition and type via Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy.It revealed homopolymer(PHB)and copolymer(PHB-co-PHV)production of PHA(peaks at 1743 cm-1 and 2861 cm-1,respectively)with both canola and mustard oil unlike glucose which produced only homopolymer one i.e.,PHB(peaks at 1110 cm-1,1411 cm-1 and 1650 cm-1).Crystallinity of FT-IR analyzed PHA was calculated using mathematical formulas which showed decrease from glucose to canola to mustard oil.This study revealed that plant oils can serve as better carbon source to produce better quality(ductile and copolymer)PHA.Moreover,16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that strain 1,strain 2,strain 3,strain 4 and strain 5 are Stenotrophomonas sp.N3,Exiguobacterium sp.N4,Exiguobacterium sp.Ch3,Cellulosimicrobium sp.A8 and Klebsiella sp.LFSM2,respectively.
文摘Biopolymers exhibit unique properties and can be produced from plants’ and crops’ wastes. Cellulose has beenused for the production of sustainable materials, nevertheless due to the difficulty inherent to its extraction,several methods have been studied in order to optimize the process. Therefore, this paper reports the extractionof natural polymers from food sector agro-food wastes, including cellulose, following a green chemistry aproach.The cellulose extracted from pumpkin peel was acetylated and dispersed in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Thedeveloped materials were characterized in terms of their structure, morphology and thermal stability. Theresults demonstrated the efficient chemical modification of cellulose and confirmed its good dispersion withinthe PLA matrix.
文摘Poly Laevo Lactic Acid (PLLA), in spite of being an excellent bioplastic, has exorbitantly high market price due to the high cost of raw material (lactose, glucose, sucrose). Hence, its manufacture is being attempted starting from waste effluents such as cheese whey and molasses. Earlier studies on the same in fluidized bed and semifluidized bed biofilm reactors yielded encouraging results. The present study therefore involves design and analysis of inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactors for lactic acid synthesis. The performance features of the bioreactor have been studied both mathematically as well as experimentally. The inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor has been found to provide more than 75% conversion of sucrose/lactose even at high capacities (high feed flow rates) exceeding 56,000 L/hr, within a reasonably low reactor volume. The fractional substrate conversion increases, though sluggishly, with increase in feed flow rate due to bed expansion and also with increase in cell mass concentration in biofilm due to enhancement in intrinsic rate of bioconversion. The inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactor of proposed design could be safely recommended for the commercial synthesis of polymer grade lactic acid from waste effluents such as cheese whey and molasses. The low operating cost of the bioreactor (due to downflow mode of operation) enhances the economy of the process. This would also help in significantly lowering the market price of the green plastic (PLLA) and shall promote its large scale manufacture and utilisation.
基金This project is funded by Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman through the grant number IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2018-C2/T02.
文摘Polylactic acid(PLA)bioplastic is a common material used in Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM)3D printing.It is biodegradable and environmentally friendly biopolymer which made out of corn.However,it exhibits weak mechanical properties which reduced its usability as a functional prototype in a real-world application.In the present study,two PLA composites are created through coextruded with 3K carbon fibres and twisted Kevlar string(as core fibre)to form a fibre reinforced parts(FRP).The mechanical strength of printed parts was examined using ASTM D638 standard with a strain rate of 1 mm/min.It has been demonstrated that the FRPs coextruded with 3K carbon fibres had achieved significant improvement in Young’s modulus(+180.6%,9.205 GPa),ultimate tensile strength(+175.3%,103 MPa)and maximum tensile strain(+21.6%,1.833%).Although the Young’s modulus of Kevlar FRP was found to be similar to as compared to unreinforced PLA(~3.29 GPa),it has gained significant increment in terms of maximum tensile strain(+179.7%,104.64 MPa),and maximum tensile strain(+257%,5.384%).Thus,this study revealed two unique composite materials,in which the 3K carbon FRP can offer stiff and high strength structure while Kevlar FRP offers similar strength but at a higher elasticity.
文摘Petroleum derived plastics dominate the food packaging industry even today. These materials have brought a lot of convenience and attraction to agro, food and packaging industry. These materials also have brought along with them problems relating to the safe-disposal and renewability of these materials. Due to the growing concern over environmental problems of these materials, interest has shifted towards the development and promoting the use of “bio-plastics”. Bio-plastic is a term used for sustainable packaging materials derived from renewable resources i.e. produced from agro/food sources, materials such as starch, cellulose, etc. and which are considered safe to be used in food applications. To enhance the mechanical properties, and water barrier properties, it can be blended easily with other polymer as well as nano fillers. The current paper is a review of the progress of research in starch based sustainable packaging materials.
文摘Background:In the present study,we aim to utilize the ecological diversity of soil for the isolation and screening for polyβ-hydroxybutyrate(PHB)-accumulating bacteria and production of cost-effective bioplastic using cardboard industry effluent.Results:A total of 120 isolates were isolated from different soil samples and a total of 62 isolates showed positive results with Nile blue A staining,a specific dye for PHB granules and 27 isolates produced PHB using cardboard industry effluent.The selected isolate NA10 was identified as Bacillus sp.NA10 by studying its morphological,biochemical,and molecular characteristics.The growth pattern for the microorganism was studied by logistic model and exactly fitted in the model.A maximum cell dry weight(CDW)of 7.8 g l^(−1)with a PHB concentration of 5.202 g l^(−1)was obtained when batch cultivation was conducted at 37℃ for 72 h,and the PHB content was up to 66.6%and productivity was 0.072 g l^(−1)h^(−1)in 2.0 L fermentor.Chemical characterization of the extracted PHB was done by H1NMR,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA),Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)analysis to determine the structure,melting point,and molecular mass of the purified PHB.The polymer sheet of extracted polymer was prepared by blending the polymer with starch for packaging applications.Conclusions:The isolate NA10 can be a good candidate for industrial production of PHB from cardboard industry waste water cost-effectively and ecofriendly.
