Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physico...Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physicochemical resemblance to biological tissues makes bionic hydrogels ideal interfaces for bioelectronic devices.In contrast,conventional hydrogels often exhibit inadequate performance,such as easy detachment,lack of good skin compliance,and inadequate conductivity,failing to meet the rigorous demands of bioelectronic applications.Bionic hydrogels,inspired by biological designs,exhibit exceptional physicochemical characteristics that fulfill diverse criteria for bioelectronic applications,driving the advancement of bioelectronic devices.This review first introduces a variety of materials used in the fabrication of bionic hydrogels,including natural polymers,synthetic polymers,and other materials.Then different mechanisms of hydrogel bionics,are categorized into material bionics,structural bionics,and functional bionics based on their bionic approaches.Subsequently,various applications of bionic hydrogels in the field of bioelectronics were introduced,including physiological signal monitoring,tissue engineering,and human-machine interactions.Lastly,the current development and future prospects of bionic hydrogels in bioelectronic devices are summarized.Hopefully,this comprehensive review could inspire advancements in bionic hydrogels for applications in bioelectronic devices.展开更多
Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,an...Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.展开更多
Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural n...Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural networks have led to promising neuromorphic systems.However,developing compact parallel computing technology for integrating artificial neural networks into traditional hardware remains a challenge.Organic computational materials offer affordable,biocompatible neuromorphic devices with exceptional adjustability and energy-efficient switching.Here,the review investigates the advancements made in the development of organic neuromorphic devices.This review explores resistive switching mechanisms such as interface-regulated filament growth,molecular-electronic dynamics,nanowire-confined filament growth,and vacancy-assisted ion migration,while proposing methodologies to enhance state retention and conductance adjustment.The survey examines the challenges faced in implementing low-power neuromorphic computing,e.g.,reducing device size and improving switching time.The review analyses the potential of these materials in adjustable,flexible,and low-power consumption applications,viz.biohybrid spiking circuits interacting with biological systems,systems that respond to specific events,robotics,intelligent agents,neuromorphic computing,neuromorphic bioelectronics,neuroscience,and other applications,and prospects of this technology.展开更多
Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung H...Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung Hwan Ko and Taek-Soo Kim’s team introduced a laserinduced phase separation and adhesion method for fabricating conductive hydrogels consisting of pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate on polymer substrates.The laser-induced phase separation and adhesion treated conducting polymers can be selectively transformed into conductive hydrogels that exhibit wet conductivities of 101.4 S cm^(−1) with a spatial resolution down to 5μm.Moreover,they maintain impedance and charge-storage capacity even after 1 h of sonication.The micropatterned electrode arrays demonstrate their potential in long-term in vivo signal recordings,highlighting their promising role in the field of bioelectronics.展开更多
The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechani...The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechanical properties.Recent advances have increasingly revealed the beneficial impact of bioelectrical microenvironments on cellular behaviors,tissue regeneration,and therapeutic efficacy for excitable tissues.This review aims to unveil the mechanisms by which electrical microenvironments enhance the regeneration and functionality of excitable cells and tissues,considering both endogenous electrical cues from electroactive biomaterials and exogenous electrical stimuli from external electronic systems.We explore the synergistic effects of these electrical microenvironments,combined with structural and mechanical guidance,on the regeneration of excitable tissues using tissue engineering scaffolds.Additionally,the emergence of micro/nanoscale bioelectronics has significantly broadened this field,facilitating intimate interactions between implantable bioelectronics and excitable tissues across cellular,tissue,and organ levels.These interactions enable precise data acquisition and localized modulation of cell and tissue functionalities through intricately designed electronic components according to physiological needs.The integration of tissue engineering and bioelectronics promises optimal outcomes,highlighting a growing trend in developing living tissue construct-bioelectronic hybrids for restoring and monitoring damaged excitable tissues.Furthermore,we envision critical challenges in engineering the next-generation hybrids,focusing on integrated fabrication strategies,the development of ionic conductive biomaterials,and their convergence with biosensors.展开更多
Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanopar...Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.展开更多
Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including ...Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of “Semi-implantable bioelectronics”, summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cell/tissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.展开更多
An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings ...An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings and skin bioelectronics with single function,mechanical mismatches,and impracticality severely limit their widespread applications in clinical.Herein,we explore a gelling mechanism,fabrication method,and functionalization for broadly applicable food biopolymers-based biogels that unite the challenging needs of elastic yet injectable wound dressing and skin bioelectronics in a single system.We combine our biogels with functional nanomaterials,such as cuttlefish ink nanoparticles and silver nanowires,to endow the biogels with reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and electrical conductivity,and finally realized the improvement in diabetic wound microenvironment and the monitoring of electrophysiological signals on skin.This line of research work sheds light on preparing food biopolymers-based biogels with multifunctional integration of wound treatment and smart medical treatment.展开更多
With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted...With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted tremendous research interests.A variety of active materials and fabrication strategies of flexible energy storage devices have been intensively studied in recent years,especially for integrated self-powered systems and biosensing.A series of materials and applications for flexible energy storage devices have been studied in recent years.In this review,the commonly adopted fabrication methods of flexible energy storage devices are introduced.Besides,recent advances in integrating these energy devices into flexible self-powered systems are presented.Furthermore,the applications of flexible energy storage devices for biosensing are summarized.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the self-powered sensing system for wearable electronics are discussed.展开更多
Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.Ho...Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.展开更多
Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves ...Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.展开更多
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with ri...The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with rigid metallic electrodes,flexible probes offer superior mechanical compliance,reduce immune rejection,and enable long-term monitoring of physiological signals[6-9].Among various device geometries,fiber-shaped probes are particularly advantageous due to their small dimensions,which minimize immune responses,and their capability for multifunctional integration[10-14].展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditio...CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditions in real-time.These devices have revolutionized medicine by providing continuous therapeutic interventions and diagnostics.Energy sources are the most critical components in implantable bioelectronics,as they determine operational lifetime and reliability.Compared with other energy storage and harvesting devices and wireless charging methods,batteries provide high energy density and stable power output,making them the preferred choice for many implantable applications.The advent of implantable bioelectronic devices has been significantly propelled by the high energy densities offered by lithium battery technology,which has led to a profound transformation in our daily lives.To advance the field of implantable bioelectronics,the development of next-generation implantable batteries is essential.These batteries must be soft to match the mechanical properties of biological tissues,minimizing tissue damage and immune responses.Additionally,they must be biocompatible,particularly when in proximity to vital organs like the heart and brain,to prevent toxicity and adverse reactions.Beyond biocompatibility,these batteries need to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance,thermomechanical resilience,and structural integrity for reliable operation in body fluids over extended periods.Enhancing the energy and power density of these batteries can lead to device miniaturization,extend their service life,improve operating efficiency,and meet a broader range of high-power applications.Achieving these advancements not only enables cableless and shape-conformal integration with multifunctionality but also underscores the significant research efforts dedicated to understanding and optimizing the performance of next-generation implantable batteries.To this end,numerous research efforts have been devoted in recent years to developing next-generation implantable batteries from material development,structural design,and performance optimization perspectives.In this Account,we first outline the development history of current implantable batteries from their inception to the present day.We then delineate the requirements for the next generation of implantable batteries,considering emerging application scenarios.Subsequently,we review the recent advancements in the development of soft,biocompatible,long-term stable,high-energy,and high-power-density implantable batteries.Additionally,we explore the efficient integration of these batteries into biomedical devices.We conclude with the development routes and future perspectives for implantable batteries.This Account promotes the development of new implantable batteries through the collaboration of multiple disciplines,including energy,materials,chemistry,biomedical science,and engineering.The emergence of advanced implantable battery technologies is expected to offer countless opportunities to enhance bioelectronics.These advancements will alter the current paradigm of medicine and pave the way for a revolutionary era of human-machine interaction.展开更多
The conductive polymer poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(PEDOT),recognized for its superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility,has become an attractive material for developing wearable technologies and bioelec...The conductive polymer poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(PEDOT),recognized for its superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility,has become an attractive material for developing wearable technologies and bioelectronics.Nevertheless,the complexities associated with PEDOT's patterning synthesis on diverse substrates persist despite recent technological progress.In this study,we introduce a novel deep eutectic solvent(DES)-induced vapor phase polymerization technique,facilitating nonrestrictive patterning polymerization of PEDOT across diverse substrates.By controlling the quantity of DES adsorbed per unit area on the substrates,PEDOT can be effectively patternized on cellulose,wood,plastic,glass,and even hydrogels.The resultant patterned PEDOT exhibits numerous benefits,such as an impressive electronic conductivity of 282 S·m-1,a high specific surface area of 5.29 m^(2)·g-1,and an extensive electrochemical stability range from-1.4 to 2.4 V in a phosphate-buffered saline.To underscore the practicality and diverse applications of this DES-induced approach,we present multiple examples emphasizing its integration into self-supporting flexible electrodes,neuroelectrode interfaces,and precision circuit repair methodologies.展开更多
Hydrogel adhesives are rapidly emerging as a promising candidate toward flexible bioelectronics due to their adhesive characteristics and tissue-like mechanical properties.However,current hydrogel adhesives manifest w...Hydrogel adhesives are rapidly emerging as a promising candidate toward flexible bioelectronics due to their adhesive characteristics and tissue-like mechanical properties.However,current hydrogel adhesives manifest weak anti-fatigue adhesion and an inability to ensure long-term integration of bioelectrodes on wet and dynamic tissue surfaces because they are constrained by their high swelling ratio and exclusive formation of covalent bonds at the tissue interface and its own weak cohesion.Here,we for the first time develop covalent bond topological adhesion paired with double covalent bond cross-linking in hydrogel to enhance cohesive force and adhesive force,achieving excellent anti-fatigue tissue adhesion and adhesive’s capacity to follow significant tissue deformation.The adhesive strength of our hydrogel(Sodium alginate-polyacrylamide-acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester hydrogel(SPAN)as the substrate and liquid adhesive containing chitosan(LC)as the adhesive layer)reaches impressive 290 kPa,surpassing that of the reported hydrogels(~130 kPa).Additionally,fatigue threshold of SPAN/LC adhesion(240 J m^(-2))far exceeds SPAN(48.6 J m^(-2))and SPAN/LC(without NHS ester)(71.6 J m^(-2)).Simultaneously,micro-nano gel and pre-swelling strategy enhance the elongation at break(1330%)and limit swelling of SPAN in vivo(V/V_(0)=1)by storing SPAN chains and acting as physical crosslinking points,thereby increasing adhesion stability and biocompatibility.The adhesion strength of SPAN/LC to the tissue consistently remains above 125 kPa after 70 days of immersion in a buffer solution.Employing the hydrogel as the soft interfacing material,we further demonstrate stretchable micro-electrode arrays(MEAs)for long-term electrophysiological recording and stimulation in rat models.Thanks to the superior anti-fatigue performance of the hydrogel adhesives,this MEAs adheres tightly to the wet and continuously moving subcutaneous muscle of a living rat,enabling the stable collection of electrophysiological signals with high signal-tonoise ratios for 35 days.These excellent performances pave the way for establishing a new paradigm in long-term stable and highly efficient signal transmission at the dynamic electrodes-tissue interface.展开更多
Wireless cellular stimulation has been widely applied for bioengineering and bidirectional communication with the brain.Different technologies,such as photoelectrical stimulation as an alternative to optogenetics,have...Wireless cellular stimulation has been widely applied for bioengineering and bidirectional communication with the brain.Different technologies,such as photoelectrical stimulation as an alternative to optogenetics,have emerged for a wide range of remote therapeutic applications using light.Metasurfaces enable pixel-wise control of electric field distribution by engineering absorption and wavefront shaping,with responses tuned to incident light polarization,frequency,and phase,offering precise stimulation and wireless control in retinal,cochlear,and cardiac implants.Moreover,by leveraging terahertz(THz)band patches,reconfigurable metasurfaces controlled via FPGA and holography,and virtual reality-assisted designs,these interfaces can revolutionize bioelectronic medicine.展开更多
Enzymatic biofuel cells(EBFCs),which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between metabolites and O2/air,are considered a promising alternative power source for wearable and implantable bioelectronic...Enzymatic biofuel cells(EBFCs),which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between metabolites and O2/air,are considered a promising alternative power source for wearable and implantable bioelectronics.However,the main challenges facing EBFCs are the poor stability of enzymes and the low electron transfer efficiency between enzymes and electrodes.To enhance the efficiency of EBFCs,researchers have been focusing on the development of novel functional nanomaterials.This mini-review first introduces the working principles and types of EBFCs,highlighting the key roles of nanomaterials,such as enzyme immobilization and stabilization,promotion of electron transfer and catalytic activity.It then summarizes the recent advancements in their application in wearable and implantable devices.Finally,it explores future research direction and the potential of high-performance EBFCs for practical applications.展开更多
The rapid development of biomedical en-gineering has laid a solid foundation for integrated healthcare monitoring systems across hospital and ambulatory settings.As a key technology in this field,flexible and wearable...The rapid development of biomedical en-gineering has laid a solid foundation for integrated healthcare monitoring systems across hospital and ambulatory settings.As a key technology in this field,flexible and wearable bio-electronics,with distinct mechanical compliance and bio-compatibility,enable real-time,continuous electrocardiog-raphy(ECG)monitoring,offering new possibilities for early diagnosis and personalized treatment of cardiovascular dis-eases.This review presents a summary of recent advances in flexible and wearable bioelectronics for ECG monitoring from three major perspectives.First,in terms of materials,we highlight the roles of emerging functional materials,such as liquid metals,nanomaterials,and conductive hydrogels,in improving electrical performance and user comfort.Second,for structural design,we discuss strategies including micro-needle arrays,bioinspired geometries,and stretchable inter-connects to enhance skin-electrode interface stability and adaptability to body motion.Third,at the system level,we analyse the integration of multichannel and multimodal sen-sing and wireless transmission technologies to support prac-tical ECG applications.Finally,current challenges,including long-term reliability and data security risks,are discussed,and future directions are proposed,including material–structure co-optimization and AI-assisted analysis,to guide the devel-opment of next-generation intelligent ECG monitoring sys-tems.展开更多
Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the first cause of death globally,posing a significant threat to human health.Cardiac electrophysiology is pivotal for the understanding and management of CVDs,particularly for address...Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the first cause of death globally,posing a significant threat to human health.Cardiac electrophysiology is pivotal for the understanding and management of CVDs,particularly for addressing arrhythmias.A significant proliferation of micro-nano bioelectric devices and systems has occurred in the field of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology.These bioelectronic platforms feature distinctive electrode geometries that improve the fidelity of native electrophysiological signals.Despite the prevalence of planar microelectrode arrays(MEAs)for simultaneous multichannel recording of cellular electrophysiological signals,extracellular recordings often yield suboptimal signal quality.In contrast,three-dimensional(3D)MEAs and advanced penetration strategies allow highfidelity intracellular signal detection.3D nanodevices are categorized into the active and the passive.Active devices rely on external power sources to work,while passive devices operate without external power.Passive devices possess simplicity,biocompatibility,stability,and lower power consumption compared to active ones,making them ideal for sensors and implantable applications.This review comprehensively discusses the fabrication,geometric configuration,and penetration strategies of passive 3D micro/nanodevices,emphasizing their application in drug screening and disease modeling.Moreover,we summarize existing challenges and future opportunities to develop passive micro/nanobioelectronic devices from cardiac electrophysiological research to cardiovascular clinical practice.展开更多
1.INTRODUCTION Remarkable advances in soft bioelectronics have been made in recent decades for next-generation smart healthcare devices.The intrinsic dissimilarities in mechanical properties and charge carriers betwee...1.INTRODUCTION Remarkable advances in soft bioelectronics have been made in recent decades for next-generation smart healthcare devices.The intrinsic dissimilarities in mechanical properties and charge carriers between the soft wet biological tissues and the rigid dry conventional electronic components of bioelectronics pose immense demands in material design for advanced bioelectronics.1 Owing to their on-demand tunable mechanical properties and ionic conductivity,as stretchable and ionic conductors,hydrogels have emerged as promising biocompat-ible materials for advanced bioelectronics,which enables mechanical,electrical,and biochemical coupling between devices and human tissues。展开更多
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Project in Henan Province(242102231002)Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development Program Joint Fund Advantageous Discipline Cultivation Project(No.232301420033)the Foundation for Outstanding Young Teachers in Universities of Henan Province(2021GGJS014).
文摘Bionic hydrogels offer significant advantages over conventional counterparts,boasting superior properties like enhanced adhesion,stretchability,conductivity,biocompatibility and versatile functionalities.Their physicochemical resemblance to biological tissues makes bionic hydrogels ideal interfaces for bioelectronic devices.In contrast,conventional hydrogels often exhibit inadequate performance,such as easy detachment,lack of good skin compliance,and inadequate conductivity,failing to meet the rigorous demands of bioelectronic applications.Bionic hydrogels,inspired by biological designs,exhibit exceptional physicochemical characteristics that fulfill diverse criteria for bioelectronic applications,driving the advancement of bioelectronic devices.This review first introduces a variety of materials used in the fabrication of bionic hydrogels,including natural polymers,synthetic polymers,and other materials.Then different mechanisms of hydrogel bionics,are categorized into material bionics,structural bionics,and functional bionics based on their bionic approaches.Subsequently,various applications of bionic hydrogels in the field of bioelectronics were introduced,including physiological signal monitoring,tissue engineering,and human-machine interactions.Lastly,the current development and future prospects of bionic hydrogels in bioelectronic devices are summarized.Hopefully,this comprehensive review could inspire advancements in bionic hydrogels for applications in bioelectronic devices.
基金support received from National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2024-00353768)the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)(RS-2025-02217919)+1 种基金funded by the Yonsei Fellowshipfunded by Lee Youn Jae and the KIST Institutional Program Project No.2E31603-22-140 (KJY).
文摘Ultra-thin crystalline silicon stands as a cornerstone material in the foundation of modern micro and nano electronics.Despite the proliferation of various materials including oxide-based,polymer-based,carbon-based,and two-dimensional(2D)materials,crystal silicon continues to maintain its stronghold,owing to its superior functionality,scalability,stability,reliability,and uniformity.Nonetheless,the inherent rigidity of the bulk silicon leads to incompatibility with soft tissues,hindering the utilization amid biomedical applications.Because of such issues,decades of research have enabled successful utilization of various techniques to precisely control the thickness and morphology of silicon layers at the scale of several nanometres.This review provides a comprehensive exploration on the features of ultra-thin single crystalline silicon as a semiconducting material,and its role especially among the frontier of advanced bioelectronics.Key processes that enable the transition of rigid silicon to flexible form factors are exhibited,in accordance with their chronological sequence.The inspected stages span both prior and subsequent to transferring the silicon membrane,categorized respectively as on-wafer manufacturing and rigid-to-soft integration.Extensive guidelines to unlock the full potential of flexible electronics are provided through ordered analysis of each manufacturing procedure,the latest findings of biomedical applications,along with practical perspectives for researchers and manufacturers.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Education(Singapore)(MOE-T2EP50220-0022)SUTD-MIT International Design Center(Singapore)+3 种基金SUTD-ZJU IDEA Grant Program(SUTD-ZJU(VP)201903)SUTD Kickstarter Initiative(SKI 2021_02_03,SKI 2021_02_17,SKI 2021_01_04)Agency of Science,Technology and Research(Singapore)(A20G9b0135)National Supercomputing Centre(Singapore)(15001618)。
文摘Neuromorphic computing has the potential to overcome limitations of traditional silicon technology in machine learning tasks.Recent advancements in large crossbar arrays and silicon-based asynchronous spiking neural networks have led to promising neuromorphic systems.However,developing compact parallel computing technology for integrating artificial neural networks into traditional hardware remains a challenge.Organic computational materials offer affordable,biocompatible neuromorphic devices with exceptional adjustability and energy-efficient switching.Here,the review investigates the advancements made in the development of organic neuromorphic devices.This review explores resistive switching mechanisms such as interface-regulated filament growth,molecular-electronic dynamics,nanowire-confined filament growth,and vacancy-assisted ion migration,while proposing methodologies to enhance state retention and conductance adjustment.The survey examines the challenges faced in implementing low-power neuromorphic computing,e.g.,reducing device size and improving switching time.The review analyses the potential of these materials in adjustable,flexible,and low-power consumption applications,viz.biohybrid spiking circuits interacting with biological systems,systems that respond to specific events,robotics,intelligent agents,neuromorphic computing,neuromorphic bioelectronics,neuroscience,and other applications,and prospects of this technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52475610)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001).
文摘Despite the promising progress in conductive hydrogels made with pure conducting polymer,great challenges remain in the interface adhesion and robustness in longterm monitoring.To address these challenges,Prof.Seung Hwan Ko and Taek-Soo Kim’s team introduced a laserinduced phase separation and adhesion method for fabricating conductive hydrogels consisting of pure poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate on polymer substrates.The laser-induced phase separation and adhesion treated conducting polymers can be selectively transformed into conductive hydrogels that exhibit wet conductivities of 101.4 S cm^(−1) with a spatial resolution down to 5μm.Moreover,they maintain impedance and charge-storage capacity even after 1 h of sonication.The micropatterned electrode arrays demonstrate their potential in long-term in vivo signal recordings,highlighting their promising role in the field of bioelectronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52125501,52405325)the Key Research Project of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2021LLRH-08,2024SF2-GJHX-34)+5 种基金the Program for Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-CX-TD17)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(No.GZB20230573)the Postdoctoral Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2023BSHYDZZ30)the Basic Research Program of Natural Science in Shaanxi Province(No.2021JQ-906)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundationthe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘The inherent complexities of excitable cardiac,nervous,and skeletal muscle tissues pose great challenges in constructing artificial counterparts that closely resemble their natural bioelectrical,structural,and mechanical properties.Recent advances have increasingly revealed the beneficial impact of bioelectrical microenvironments on cellular behaviors,tissue regeneration,and therapeutic efficacy for excitable tissues.This review aims to unveil the mechanisms by which electrical microenvironments enhance the regeneration and functionality of excitable cells and tissues,considering both endogenous electrical cues from electroactive biomaterials and exogenous electrical stimuli from external electronic systems.We explore the synergistic effects of these electrical microenvironments,combined with structural and mechanical guidance,on the regeneration of excitable tissues using tissue engineering scaffolds.Additionally,the emergence of micro/nanoscale bioelectronics has significantly broadened this field,facilitating intimate interactions between implantable bioelectronics and excitable tissues across cellular,tissue,and organ levels.These interactions enable precise data acquisition and localized modulation of cell and tissue functionalities through intricately designed electronic components according to physiological needs.The integration of tissue engineering and bioelectronics promises optimal outcomes,highlighting a growing trend in developing living tissue construct-bioelectronic hybrids for restoring and monitoring damaged excitable tissues.Furthermore,we envision critical challenges in engineering the next-generation hybrids,focusing on integrated fabrication strategies,the development of ionic conductive biomaterials,and their convergence with biosensors.
基金This work was financially supported by the R&D Program in Key Areas of Guangdong(2019B010941002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700802),NSFC(81671824,31700841)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682019JQ03).
文摘Conductive polymers(CPs)are generally insoluble,and developing hydrophilic CPs is significant to broaden the applications of CPs.In this work,a mussel-inspired strategy was proposed to construct hydrophilic CP nanoparticles(CP NPs),while endowing the CP NPs with redox activity and biocompatibility.This is a universal strategy applicable for a series of CPs,including polyaniline,polypyrrole,and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).The catechol/quinone contained sulfonated lignin(LS)was doped into various CPs to form CP/LS NPs with hydrophilicity,conductivity,and redox activity.These CP/LS NPs were used as versatile nanofillers to prepare the conductive hydrogels with long-term adhesiveness.The CP/LS NPs-incorporated hydrogels have a good conductivity because of the uniform distribution of the hydrophilic NPs in the hydrogel network,forming a well-connected electric path.The hydrogel exhibits long-term adhesiveness,which is attributed to the mussel-inspired dynamic redox balance of catechol/quinone groups on the CP/LS NPs.This conductive and adhesive hydrogel shows good electroactivity and biocompatibility and therefore has broad applications in electrostimulation of tissue regeneration and implantable bioelectronics.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32171399)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2021YFF1200700,2021YFA0911100)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32171456,32171335,61901535,31900954,62104264)。
文摘Developing techniques to effectively and real-time monitor and regulate the interior environment of biological objects is significantly important for many biomedical engineering and scientific applications, including drug delivery, electrophysiological recording and regulation of intracellular activities. Semi-implantable bioelectronics is currently a hot spot in biomedical engineering research area, because it not only meets the increasing technical demands for precise detection or regulation of biological activities, but also provides a desirable platform for externally incorporating complex functionalities and electronic integration. Although there is less definition and summary to distinguish it from the well-reviewed non-invasive bioelectronics and fully implantable bioelectronics, semi-implantable bioelectronics have emerged as highly unique technology to boost the development of biochips and smart wearable device. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in this field and raised the concept of “Semi-implantable bioelectronics”, summarizing the principle and strategies of semi-implantable device for cell applications and in vivo applications, discussing the typical methodologies to access to intracellular environment or in vivo environment, biosafety aspects and typical applications. This review is meaningful for understanding in-depth the design principles, materials fabrication techniques, device integration processes, cell/tissue penetration methodologies, biosafety aspects, and applications strategies that are essential to the development of future minimally invasive bioelectronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22274053,22274051)the director fund of Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration(SHUES2022C03)+2 种基金the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(“Beyond Limits manufacture”),and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesAll experiments with human research participants were approved by the Human Research Protection Committee of East China Normal University(approved number:HR 805-2022)Study Participation:Prior to participation in the experiments,informed consent was obtained from the volunteer in all experiments.All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of East China Normal University(approved number:ARXM2022163).
文摘An increasing utilization of wound-related therapeutic materials and skin bioelectronics urges the development of multifunctional biogels for personal therapy and health management.Nevertheless,conventional dressings and skin bioelectronics with single function,mechanical mismatches,and impracticality severely limit their widespread applications in clinical.Herein,we explore a gelling mechanism,fabrication method,and functionalization for broadly applicable food biopolymers-based biogels that unite the challenging needs of elastic yet injectable wound dressing and skin bioelectronics in a single system.We combine our biogels with functional nanomaterials,such as cuttlefish ink nanoparticles and silver nanowires,to endow the biogels with reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and electrical conductivity,and finally realized the improvement in diabetic wound microenvironment and the monitoring of electrophysiological signals on skin.This line of research work sheds light on preparing food biopolymers-based biogels with multifunctional integration of wound treatment and smart medical treatment.
基金the Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications Grant(Y01796303)Southern University of Science and Technology Grant(Y01796108,Y01796208).
文摘With the growing market of wearable devices for smart sensing and personalized healthcare applications,energy storage devices that ensure stable power supply and can be constructed in flexible platforms have attracted tremendous research interests.A variety of active materials and fabrication strategies of flexible energy storage devices have been intensively studied in recent years,especially for integrated self-powered systems and biosensing.A series of materials and applications for flexible energy storage devices have been studied in recent years.In this review,the commonly adopted fabrication methods of flexible energy storage devices are introduced.Besides,recent advances in integrating these energy devices into flexible self-powered systems are presented.Furthermore,the applications of flexible energy storage devices for biosensing are summarized.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the self-powered sensing system for wearable electronics are discussed.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB014)Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2022KJ192)+3 种基金Academic Promotion Program of Shandong First Medical University(2019QL009)Science and Technology Funding from Jinan(2020GXRC018)Talent Introduction Project of Shandong First Medical University(003067)High-level University and High-level Discipline Construction Project of Shandong First Medical University(923002011).
文摘Benefiting from the unique advantages of superior biocompatibility,strong stability,good biodegradability,and adjustable mechanical properties,hydrogels have attracted extensive research interests in bioelectronics.However,due to the existence of an interface between hydrogels and human tissues,the transmission of electrical signals from the human tissues to the hydrogel electronic devices will be hindered.The adhesive hydrogels with adhesive properties can tightly combine with the human tissue,which can enhance the contact between the electronic devices and human tissues and reduce the contact resistance,thereby improving the performance of hydrogel electronic devices.In this review,we will discuss in detail the adhesion mechanism of adhesive hydrogels and elaborate on the design principles of adhesive hydrogels.After that,we will introduce some methods of performance evaluation for adhesive hydrogels.Finally,we will provide a perspective on the development of adhesive hydrogel bioelectronics.
文摘Advanced biological systems are characterized by dynamic,complex,and functional biointerfaces.Human skin,for example,exemplifies such a biointerface,featuring diverse micro-and nano-scale surface structures.It serves as an ideal window for bioelectronic devices to acquire vital physiological information,enabling continuous health monitoring,and disease intervention.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62121003,T2293730,T2293731,62171434,62333020,62401083,62471291,and 62501572)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2402501 and 2022YFB3205602)+3 种基金the Major Program of Scientific and Technical Innovation 2030(2021ZD02016030)the Joint Foundation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(8091A170201)the Scientific,Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(PTYQ2024BJ0009)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(F252069)。
文摘The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in flexible and stretchable bioelectronics,which have substantially improved the integration of implantable devices with biological tissues[1-5].Compared with rigid metallic electrodes,flexible probes offer superior mechanical compliance,reduce immune rejection,and enable long-term monitoring of physiological signals[6-9].Among various device geometries,fiber-shaped probes are particularly advantageous due to their small dimensions,which minimize immune responses,and their capability for multifunctional integration[10-14].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52422310,22175086)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20240169)+2 种基金the Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneurs in Jiangsu(JSSCTD202138)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731578)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB789).
文摘CONSPECTUS:Implantable bioelectronics that interface directly with biological tissues have been widely used to alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases,restore lost or degraded body functions,and monitor health conditions in real-time.These devices have revolutionized medicine by providing continuous therapeutic interventions and diagnostics.Energy sources are the most critical components in implantable bioelectronics,as they determine operational lifetime and reliability.Compared with other energy storage and harvesting devices and wireless charging methods,batteries provide high energy density and stable power output,making them the preferred choice for many implantable applications.The advent of implantable bioelectronic devices has been significantly propelled by the high energy densities offered by lithium battery technology,which has led to a profound transformation in our daily lives.To advance the field of implantable bioelectronics,the development of next-generation implantable batteries is essential.These batteries must be soft to match the mechanical properties of biological tissues,minimizing tissue damage and immune responses.Additionally,they must be biocompatible,particularly when in proximity to vital organs like the heart and brain,to prevent toxicity and adverse reactions.Beyond biocompatibility,these batteries need to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance,thermomechanical resilience,and structural integrity for reliable operation in body fluids over extended periods.Enhancing the energy and power density of these batteries can lead to device miniaturization,extend their service life,improve operating efficiency,and meet a broader range of high-power applications.Achieving these advancements not only enables cableless and shape-conformal integration with multifunctionality but also underscores the significant research efforts dedicated to understanding and optimizing the performance of next-generation implantable batteries.To this end,numerous research efforts have been devoted in recent years to developing next-generation implantable batteries from material development,structural design,and performance optimization perspectives.In this Account,we first outline the development history of current implantable batteries from their inception to the present day.We then delineate the requirements for the next generation of implantable batteries,considering emerging application scenarios.Subsequently,we review the recent advancements in the development of soft,biocompatible,long-term stable,high-energy,and high-power-density implantable batteries.Additionally,we explore the efficient integration of these batteries into biomedical devices.We conclude with the development routes and future perspectives for implantable batteries.This Account promotes the development of new implantable batteries through the collaboration of multiple disciplines,including energy,materials,chemistry,biomedical science,and engineering.The emergence of advanced implantable battery technologies is expected to offer countless opportunities to enhance bioelectronics.These advancements will alter the current paradigm of medicine and pave the way for a revolutionary era of human-machine interaction.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(no.31925028)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.32171720 and 32371823).
文摘The conductive polymer poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(PEDOT),recognized for its superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility,has become an attractive material for developing wearable technologies and bioelectronics.Nevertheless,the complexities associated with PEDOT's patterning synthesis on diverse substrates persist despite recent technological progress.In this study,we introduce a novel deep eutectic solvent(DES)-induced vapor phase polymerization technique,facilitating nonrestrictive patterning polymerization of PEDOT across diverse substrates.By controlling the quantity of DES adsorbed per unit area on the substrates,PEDOT can be effectively patternized on cellulose,wood,plastic,glass,and even hydrogels.The resultant patterned PEDOT exhibits numerous benefits,such as an impressive electronic conductivity of 282 S·m-1,a high specific surface area of 5.29 m^(2)·g-1,and an extensive electrochemical stability range from-1.4 to 2.4 V in a phosphate-buffered saline.To underscore the practicality and diverse applications of this DES-induced approach,we present multiple examples emphasizing its integration into self-supporting flexible electrodes,neuroelectrode interfaces,and precision circuit repair methodologies.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.52473255,52173237)Nationally Funding Postdoctoral Researcher Program(Grants No.GZC20233469)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M764206)Research start-up funding project of Zhengzhou Research Institute of Harbin Institute of Technology(CUGD0200501623)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grants No.HIT.OCEF.2022018,HIT.NSRIF 202315)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(LH2022E051,LH2021B009).
文摘Hydrogel adhesives are rapidly emerging as a promising candidate toward flexible bioelectronics due to their adhesive characteristics and tissue-like mechanical properties.However,current hydrogel adhesives manifest weak anti-fatigue adhesion and an inability to ensure long-term integration of bioelectrodes on wet and dynamic tissue surfaces because they are constrained by their high swelling ratio and exclusive formation of covalent bonds at the tissue interface and its own weak cohesion.Here,we for the first time develop covalent bond topological adhesion paired with double covalent bond cross-linking in hydrogel to enhance cohesive force and adhesive force,achieving excellent anti-fatigue tissue adhesion and adhesive’s capacity to follow significant tissue deformation.The adhesive strength of our hydrogel(Sodium alginate-polyacrylamide-acrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester hydrogel(SPAN)as the substrate and liquid adhesive containing chitosan(LC)as the adhesive layer)reaches impressive 290 kPa,surpassing that of the reported hydrogels(~130 kPa).Additionally,fatigue threshold of SPAN/LC adhesion(240 J m^(-2))far exceeds SPAN(48.6 J m^(-2))and SPAN/LC(without NHS ester)(71.6 J m^(-2)).Simultaneously,micro-nano gel and pre-swelling strategy enhance the elongation at break(1330%)and limit swelling of SPAN in vivo(V/V_(0)=1)by storing SPAN chains and acting as physical crosslinking points,thereby increasing adhesion stability and biocompatibility.The adhesion strength of SPAN/LC to the tissue consistently remains above 125 kPa after 70 days of immersion in a buffer solution.Employing the hydrogel as the soft interfacing material,we further demonstrate stretchable micro-electrode arrays(MEAs)for long-term electrophysiological recording and stimulation in rat models.Thanks to the superior anti-fatigue performance of the hydrogel adhesives,this MEAs adheres tightly to the wet and continuously moving subcutaneous muscle of a living rat,enabling the stable collection of electrophysiological signals with high signal-tonoise ratios for 35 days.These excellent performances pave the way for establishing a new paradigm in long-term stable and highly efficient signal transmission at the dynamic electrodes-tissue interface.
文摘Wireless cellular stimulation has been widely applied for bioengineering and bidirectional communication with the brain.Different technologies,such as photoelectrical stimulation as an alternative to optogenetics,have emerged for a wide range of remote therapeutic applications using light.Metasurfaces enable pixel-wise control of electric field distribution by engineering absorption and wavefront shaping,with responses tuned to incident light polarization,frequency,and phase,offering precise stimulation and wireless control in retinal,cochlear,and cardiac implants.Moreover,by leveraging terahertz(THz)band patches,reconfigurable metasurfaces controlled via FPGA and holography,and virtual reality-assisted designs,these interfaces can revolutionize bioelectronic medicine.
文摘Enzymatic biofuel cells(EBFCs),which generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between metabolites and O2/air,are considered a promising alternative power source for wearable and implantable bioelectronics.However,the main challenges facing EBFCs are the poor stability of enzymes and the low electron transfer efficiency between enzymes and electrodes.To enhance the efficiency of EBFCs,researchers have been focusing on the development of novel functional nanomaterials.This mini-review first introduces the working principles and types of EBFCs,highlighting the key roles of nanomaterials,such as enzyme immobilization and stabilization,promotion of electron transfer and catalytic activity.It then summarizes the recent advancements in their application in wearable and implantable devices.Finally,it explores future research direction and the potential of high-performance EBFCs for practical applications.
基金supported by the Innovation Training Fund of the Sixth Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital (CXPY202318)。
文摘The rapid development of biomedical en-gineering has laid a solid foundation for integrated healthcare monitoring systems across hospital and ambulatory settings.As a key technology in this field,flexible and wearable bio-electronics,with distinct mechanical compliance and bio-compatibility,enable real-time,continuous electrocardiog-raphy(ECG)monitoring,offering new possibilities for early diagnosis and personalized treatment of cardiovascular dis-eases.This review presents a summary of recent advances in flexible and wearable bioelectronics for ECG monitoring from three major perspectives.First,in terms of materials,we highlight the roles of emerging functional materials,such as liquid metals,nanomaterials,and conductive hydrogels,in improving electrical performance and user comfort.Second,for structural design,we discuss strategies including micro-needle arrays,bioinspired geometries,and stretchable inter-connects to enhance skin-electrode interface stability and adaptability to body motion.Third,at the system level,we analyse the integration of multichannel and multimodal sen-sing and wireless transmission technologies to support prac-tical ECG applications.Finally,current challenges,including long-term reliability and data security risks,are discussed,and future directions are proposed,including material–structure co-optimization and AI-assisted analysis,to guide the devel-opment of next-generation intelligent ECG monitoring sys-tems.
文摘Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the first cause of death globally,posing a significant threat to human health.Cardiac electrophysiology is pivotal for the understanding and management of CVDs,particularly for addressing arrhythmias.A significant proliferation of micro-nano bioelectric devices and systems has occurred in the field of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology.These bioelectronic platforms feature distinctive electrode geometries that improve the fidelity of native electrophysiological signals.Despite the prevalence of planar microelectrode arrays(MEAs)for simultaneous multichannel recording of cellular electrophysiological signals,extracellular recordings often yield suboptimal signal quality.In contrast,three-dimensional(3D)MEAs and advanced penetration strategies allow highfidelity intracellular signal detection.3D nanodevices are categorized into the active and the passive.Active devices rely on external power sources to work,while passive devices operate without external power.Passive devices possess simplicity,biocompatibility,stability,and lower power consumption compared to active ones,making them ideal for sensors and implantable applications.This review comprehensively discusses the fabrication,geometric configuration,and penetration strategies of passive 3D micro/nanodevices,emphasizing their application in drug screening and disease modeling.Moreover,we summarize existing challenges and future opportunities to develop passive micro/nanobioelectronic devices from cardiac electrophysiological research to cardiovascular clinical practice.
基金supported by Beijing Nova Program(20220484096)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum-Beijing(No.2462023QNXZ005).
文摘1.INTRODUCTION Remarkable advances in soft bioelectronics have been made in recent decades for next-generation smart healthcare devices.The intrinsic dissimilarities in mechanical properties and charge carriers between the soft wet biological tissues and the rigid dry conventional electronic components of bioelectronics pose immense demands in material design for advanced bioelectronics.1 Owing to their on-demand tunable mechanical properties and ionic conductivity,as stretchable and ionic conductors,hydrogels have emerged as promising biocompat-ible materials for advanced bioelectronics,which enables mechanical,electrical,and biochemical coupling between devices and human tissues。
