BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have signi...BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.展开更多
This article reviews and discusses the definition, classification, performance, properties of the bioce-ramics which began to be researched on and developed in seventies and has been applied to the medical clinic sinc...This article reviews and discusses the definition, classification, performance, properties of the bioce-ramics which began to be researched on and developed in seventies and has been applied to the medical clinic since then, and the present situation of research on and development of the biological requirement put forward to bioce-ramic performance by the biont and comes to that the bioce-ramics is the most promising biological material in the modern medical clinic application.展开更多
To investigate the efficiency of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics,and to evaluate the effect of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics on the cells in vitro,clodronate modified the porous HA bioceramics for bone scaff...To investigate the efficiency of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics,and to evaluate the effect of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics on the cells in vitro,clodronate modified the porous HA bioceramics for bone scaffold by chelation .The outermost layer of the specimens was analyzd by XPS and FI-IR ,The depth profile was investigated by the argon-ion sputtering method.The cell culture test was conducted using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells,The cells were inoculated and cultured on the scaffolds.Morphological observation of the cells,MTT test and ALP activity test evaluated the cell attachment ,proliferation and activity on the scaffolds.The cell culture test in cell quantity and morphology indicated active proliferation of the cells on the scaffolds.The ALP activity of the cells cultured for 3d and 7d on clodronate-HA bioceramics was slightly higher than that on HA bioceramics ,but the difference was not signifcant,This result indicated that clodronate-HA bioeramics had favorable cytocompatibility to be used as bone scaffold with potential ability to improve asteogensis.展开更多
In this editorial,we comment on the hard and soft tissue applications of different ceramic-based scaffolds prepared by different mechanisms such as 3D printing,sol-gel,and electrospinning.The new concept of regenerati...In this editorial,we comment on the hard and soft tissue applications of different ceramic-based scaffolds prepared by different mechanisms such as 3D printing,sol-gel,and electrospinning.The new concept of regenerative medicine relies on biomaterials that can trigger in situ tissue regeneration and stem cell recruitment at the defect site.A large percentage of these biomaterials is ceramic-based as they provide the essential requirements of biomaterial principles such as tailored multisize porosity,antibacterial properties,and angiogenic properties.All these previously mentioned properties put bioceramics on top of the hierarchy of biomaterials utilized to stimulate tissue regeneration in soft and hard tissue wounds.Multiple clinical applications registered the use of these materials in triggering soft tissue regeneration in healthy and diabetic patients such as bioactive glass nanofibers.The results were promising and opened new frontiers for utilizing these materials on a larger scale.The same results were mentioned when using different forms and formulas of bioceramics in hard defect regeneration.Some bioceramics were used in combination with other polymers and biological scaffolds to improve their regenerative and mechanical properties.All this progress will enable a larger scale of patients to receive such services with ease and decrease the financial burden on the government.展开更多
Dense natural wollastonite bioceramics (CaSiO3) were prepared by a sintering method, varying the pressing load and sintering temperature, in order to obtain different phases of wollastonite, and different physical pro...Dense natural wollastonite bioceramics (CaSiO3) were prepared by a sintering method, varying the pressing load and sintering temperature, in order to obtain different phases of wollastonite, and different physical properties in the materials. The products were characterized by TGA-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, TEM and XPS techniques. The results indicate the presence of two polymorphic phases of wollastonite, the β-wollastonite and α-wollastonite with a transition temperature of the β phase to α phase at approximately 1250℃. These materials were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) during 1, 2 and 3 weeks, to study their solubility and bioactivity. The effect of different wollastonite phases on the solubility of Ca and Si, as well as the capacity of producing layers of “newly formed apatite” on the surfaces of these materials in SBF solution were analyzed.展开更多
Bioceramics have attracted extensive attention for bone defect repair due to their excellent bioactivity and degradability.However,challenges remain in matching the rate between bioceramic degradation and new bone for...Bioceramics have attracted extensive attention for bone defect repair due to their excellent bioactivity and degradability.However,challenges remain in matching the rate between bioceramic degradation and new bone formation,necessitating a deeper understanding of their degradation properties.In this study,density functional theory(DFT)calculations was employed to explore the structural and electronic characteristics of silicate bioceramics.These findings reveal a linear correlation between the maximum isosurface value of the valence band maximum(VBM_(Fmax))and the degradability of silicate bioceramics.This correlation was subsequently validated through degradation experiments.Furthermore,the investigation on phosphate bioceramics demonstrates the potential of this descriptor in predicting the degradability of a broader range of bioceramics.This discovery offers valuable insights into the degradation mechanism of bioceramics and holds promise for accelerating the design and development of bioceramics with controllable degradation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The objective of this work is displaying a successful treatment for an internal resorption case under operating microscope using bioceramic material.CASE SUMMARY Periapical radiograph showed radiolucent les...BACKGROUND The objective of this work is displaying a successful treatment for an internal resorption case under operating microscope using bioceramic material.CASE SUMMARY Periapical radiograph showed radiolucent lesion representing large internal resorption of the root.The respective defect was obturated using endoscquence bioceramic material follow up at the month 18 after treatment revealed no abnormal finings clinically and radiographically.CONCLUSION New generations bioceramics have many advantages that internal root resorption cases can benefit from.The use of operating microscope helps to apply obturating materials with precision.However,long term study on a large sample is required in future studies.展开更多
The article describes the performance, properties and application of bioceramics in the medical clinic and reviews and discusses the advance in the research into several typical bioceramics, such as aluminium oxide bi...The article describes the performance, properties and application of bioceramics in the medical clinic and reviews and discusses the advance in the research into several typical bioceramics, such as aluminium oxide bioceramics, carbons, bioactive glassceramics, calcium phosphate bioceramics, bioceramic composite materials etc, and comes to that bioceramics is the most promising bioactive material in the modern medical clinic application.展开更多
Hydroxyapatite bioceramics is simulated by using finite element method （FEM）. The influences of porosity, hole shape, angle of crack and other parameters on the ceramics are analyzed. The results show that with the ...Hydroxyapatite bioceramics is simulated by using finite element method （FEM）. The influences of porosity, hole shape, angle of crack and other parameters on the ceramics are analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the angle between crack and horizontal direction, the stress intensity factor KⅠ decreases gradually, but stress intensity factor KⅡ increases at first and then it decreases. The value of KⅡ reaches maximum when the angle between crack and horizontal direction is 45°. KⅠ and KⅡ rise with the increase of porosity, and they are almost the same for the circular and hexagonal holes. For elliptical holes, KⅠ and KⅡ reach maximum when the long axis of ellipse is perpendicular to the loading direction and they reach minimum when the same axis is parallel to the loading direction. Moreover, with the increase of the angle between the long axis and loading direction, KⅠ and KⅡ increase gradually.展开更多
Calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics and biphasic compositions of hydroxyapatite and β-calcium phosphate, in the form of microporous granular biomaterials, are research topics and present themselves as potential...Calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics and biphasic compositions of hydroxyapatite and β-calcium phosphate, in the form of microporous granular biomaterials, are research topics and present themselves as potential orthopedic and biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bones and tooth structure. This is associated with the characteristics of microstructure, biocompatibility, bioactivity and bone conductivity properties which these materials offer when applied in vivo or in a simulation environment. This study aimed to assess the behavior of bone neoformation of three types of calcium phosphate biomaterials in in vivo tests with sheep within 60 and 90 days, with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The biomaterials used were provided by the Group of Biomaterials at the Santa Catarina State University. The in vivo tests were carried out by generating, on sheep, tibial bone defects, three of which were filled with biomaterial (one different biomaterial for each bone defect generated), whilst the fourth received a bone fragment obtained during the generation of the defect in question, to serve as a control group. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used for carrying out the preliminary characterization studies so as to observe new bone formation and osseointegration. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) served as a support for the characterization of crystalline phases. The results obtained are encouraging and show that the biomaterials presented good performance in the process of bone formation, biomaterial osseointegration by a new tissue and bone mineralization.展开更多
Dental pulp-dentin complex defects remain a major unresolved problem in oral medicines.Clinical therapeutic methods including root canal therapy and vital pulp therapy are both considered as conservative strategies,wh...Dental pulp-dentin complex defects remain a major unresolved problem in oral medicines.Clinical therapeutic methods including root canal therapy and vital pulp therapy are both considered as conservative strategies,which are incapable of repairing the pulpdentin complex defects.Although biomaterial-based strategies show remarkable progress in antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and pulp regeneration,the important modulatory effects of nerves within pulp cavity have been greatly overlooked,making it challenging to achieve functional pulp-dentin complex regeneration.In this study,we propose an injectable bioceramicscontaining composite hydrogel in combination of Li-Ca-Si(LCS)bioceramics and gelatin methacrylate matrix with photocrosslinking properties.Due to the sustained release of bioactive Li,Ca and Si ions from LCS,the composite hydrogels possess multiple functions of promoting the neurogenic differentiation of Schwann cells,odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells,and neurogenesis-odontogenesis couples in vitro.In addition,the in vivo results showed that LCS-containing composite hydrogel can significantly promote the pulp-dentin complex repair.More importantly,LCS bioceramics-containing composite hydrogel can induce the growth of nerve fibers,leading to the re-innervation of pulp tissues.Taken together,the study suggests that LCS bioceramics can induce the innervation of pulp-dentin complex repair,offering a referable strategy of designing multifunctional filling materials for functional periodontal tissue regeneration.展开更多
Cold sintering has recently emerged as a promising approach for preparing dense ceramic materials and composites at low temperatures.It relies on utilizing transient,typically externally introduced,liquid phases to ac...Cold sintering has recently emerged as a promising approach for preparing dense ceramic materials and composites at low temperatures.It relies on utilizing transient,typically externally introduced,liquid phases to accelerate material diffusion and densification under applied pressure.Cold-sintered bioceramics,especially those prepared at temperatures below 100°C,may open up numerous possibilities,not only in producing dense ceramics with refined microstructural properties and reduced time/energy costs,but also in developing multifunctional platforms containing bioactive compounds,therapeutics,growth factors,and signaling molecules for enhanced and targeted biological responses.Cold sintering in the presence of liquids inherently involves dissolution and nucleation,which become particularly intricate under applied pressures and elevated temperatures.Pseudo bio-mineralization,an auspicious approach for tailoring synthetic bone grafts toward targeted mechanics,may serve as a viable route for enhancing the densification mechanisms inherent to cold sintering.We have carefully analyzed the current state of the art in cold-sintered bioceramics and the results achieved,with a focus on the chemistry of the employed liquids and the corresponding changes upon sintering,the selection of transient phases,and mineral nucleation,while also addressing the potential for developing new biomaterials.Despite the widely accepted classical dissolution-precipitation strategy,no clear roadmap can yet be defined regarding the type and amount of liquid phase that should be applied,at least in the case of hydroxyapatite(HAp)densification-the most important representative of calcium phosphates.We strongly advocate the use of water as the transient liquid of choice in the cold sintering of HAp-based bioceramics,instead of strong acids/bases,and emphasize the importance of understanding the various processes and parameters that govern and connect solution chemistry to mineral nucleation.This understanding will enable the advancement of cold sintering protocols in a target-oriented manner,and we provide perspectives on future developments,including practical advice.展开更多
Hydroxyapatite(HA)bioceramics have limited use in load-bearing implants because of their poor mechanical properties.Inspired by the oriented and Bouligand structures in natural organisms with remarkable strength and t...Hydroxyapatite(HA)bioceramics have limited use in load-bearing implants because of their poor mechanical properties.Inspired by the oriented and Bouligand structures in natural organisms with remarkable strength and toughness,this study aims to construct biomimetic HA bioceramics with fine microstructures at the nanoscale and microscale to enhance their mechanical properties.An innovative magnetic field-assisted three-dimensional(3D)printer was developed to create oriented and Bouligand structural HA ceramics under weak magnetic field strengths(58–116 mT).The oriented HA bioceramics demonstrate a compressive strength of 93.4 MPa along the printing direction,which is 2.3 times that of non-oriented HA ceramics.The bending strength in the thickness direction is 2.6 times that of non-oriented HA bioceramics,whereas the fracture toughness of oriented HA bioceramics in the printing direction reaches 17.3 MPa·m1/2,which is 1.44 times that of their non-oriented counterparts.The presence of HA grains hinders crack propagation along the thickness direction,thereby increasing the fracture toughness.Additionally,the compressive strength,bending strength,and fracture toughness of the Bouligand structural HA bioceramics are 2.6 times,2.8 times,and 1.2 times those of non-oriented HA bioceramics,respectively,with pseudoplastic deformation observed during compression.The Bouligand structural HA bioceramics achieve a combination of excellent strength and toughness comparable to that of cortical bone.This research establishes the magnetic field-assisted 3D printer as an effective method for balancing strength and toughness in brittle ceramics.Additionally,this work lays a foundation for the 3D printing of biomimetic materials with fine microstructures and tunable mechanical properties.展开更多
Osteoporosis is caused by an osteoclast activation mechanism.People suffering from osteoporosis are prone to bone defects.Increasing evidence indicates that scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS)can inhibit receptor ...Osteoporosis is caused by an osteoclast activation mechanism.People suffering from osteoporosis are prone to bone defects.Increasing evidence indicates that scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS)can inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand(RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and suppress ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.It is critical to develop biomaterials with antioxidant properties to modulate osteoclast activity for treating osteoporotic bone defects.Previous studies have shown that manganese(Mn)can improve bone regeneration,and Mn supplementation may treat osteoporosis.However,the effect of Mn on osteoclasts and the role of Mn in osteoporotic bone defects remain unclear.In present research,a model bioceramic,Mn-containedβ-tricalcium phosphate(Mn-TCP)was prepared by introducing Mn intoβ-TCP.The introduction of Mn intoβ-TCP significantly improved the scavenging of oxygen radicals and nitrogen radicals,demonstrating that Mn-TCP bioceramics might have antioxidant properties.The in vitro and in vivo findings revealed that Mn^(2+)ions released from Mn-TCP bioceramics could distinctly inhibit the formation and function of osteoclasts,promote the differentiation of osteoblasts,and accelerate bone regeneration under osteoporotic conditions in vivo.Mechanistically,Mn-TCP bioceramics inhibited osteoclastogenesis and promoted the regeneration of osteoporotic bone defects by scavenging ROS via Nrf2 activation.These results suggest that Mn-containing bioceramics with osteoconductivity,ROS scavenging and bone resorption inhibition abilities may be an ideal biomaterial for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defect.展开更多
Biomaterials can modulate the local immune and repair-supportive microenvironments to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Inorganic bioceramics have been widely used for regulating tissue regeneration and local imm...Biomaterials can modulate the local immune and repair-supportive microenvironments to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Inorganic bioceramics have been widely used for regulating tissue regeneration and local immune response. However, little is known on whether inorganic bioceramics can have potential for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration and what are the mechanisms underlying their actions. Here, the inorganic lithium-magnesium-silicon (Li-Mg-Si, LMS) bioceramics containing scaffolds are fabricated and characterized. The LMS-containing scaffolds had no cytotoxicity against rat Schwann cells (SCs), but promoted their migration and differentiation towards a remyelination state by up-regulating the expression of neurotrophic factors in a β-catenin-dependent manner. Furthermore, using single cell-sequencing, we showed that LMS-containing scaffolds promoted macrophage polarization towards the pro-regenerative M2-like cells, which subsequently facilitated the migration and differentiation of SCs. Moreover, implantation with the LMS-containing nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) increased the frequency of M2-like macrophage infiltration and enhanced nerve regeneration and motor functional recovery in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Collectively, these findings indicated that the inorganic LMS bioceramics offered a potential strategy for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration by modulating the immune microenvironment and promoting SCs remyelination.展开更多
Mechanical strength and its long-term stability of bioceramic scaffolds is still a problem to treat the osteonecrosis of the femoral head.Considering the long-term stability of diopside(DIO)ceramic but poor mechanical...Mechanical strength and its long-term stability of bioceramic scaffolds is still a problem to treat the osteonecrosis of the femoral head.Considering the long-term stability of diopside(DIO)ceramic but poor mechanical strength,we developed the DIO-based porous bioceramic composites via dilute magnesium substituted wollastonite reinforcing and three-dimensional(3D)printing.The experimental results showed that the secondary phase(i.e.10%magnesium substituting calcium silicate;CSM10)could readily improve the sintering property of the bioceramic composites(DIO/CSM10-x,x=0-30)with increasing the CSM10 content from 0%to 30%,and the presence of the CSM10 also improved the biomimetic apatite mineralization ability in the pore struts of the scaffolds.Furthermore,the flexible strength(12.5 -30 MPa)and compressive strength(14-37 MPa)of the 3D printed porous bioceramics remarkably increased with increasing CSM10 content,and the compressive strength of DIO/CSM10-30 showed a limited decay(from 37 MPa to 29 MPa)in the Tris buffer solution for a long time stage(8 weeks).These findings suggest that the new CSM10-reinforced diopside porous constructs possess excellent mechanical properties and can potentially be used to the clinic,especially for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head work as a bioceramic rod.展开更多
For the research of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering,it is still a challenge to fabricate bioceramics that overcome brittleness whilemaintaining the great biological performance.Here,inspired by the toughness o...For the research of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering,it is still a challenge to fabricate bioceramics that overcome brittleness whilemaintaining the great biological performance.Here,inspired by the toughness of naturalmaterials with hierarchical laminated structure,we presented a directional assembly-sintering approach to fabricate laminated MXene/calcium silicate-based(L-M/CS)bioceramics.Benefiting from the orderly laminated structure,the LM/CS bioceramics exhibited significantly enhanced toughness(2.23MPa·m^(1/2))and high flexural strength(145MPa),which were close to the mechanical properties of cortical bone.Furthermore,the L-M/CS bioceramics possessed more suitable degradability than traditional CaSiO_(3)bioceramics due to the newly formed CaTiSiO_(5)after sintering.Moreover,the L-M/CS bioceramics showed good biocompatibility and could stimulate the expression of osteogenesisrelated genes.The mechanism of promoting osteogenic differentiation had been shown to be related to theWnt signaling pathway.This work not only fabricated calciumsilicate-based bioceramics with excellentmechanical and biological properties for bone tissue engineering but also provided a strategy for the combination of bionics and bioceramics.展开更多
Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic and progressively fatal disease,but clinically available therapeutic drugs are limited due to efficacy and side effects.The possible mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis includes the dama...Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic and progressively fatal disease,but clinically available therapeutic drugs are limited due to efficacy and side effects.The possible mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis includes the damage of alveolar epithelial cells II(AEC2),and activation of immune cells such as macrophages.The ions released from bioceramics have shown the activity in stimulating soft tissue derived cells such as fibroblasts,endothelia cells and epithelia cells,and regulating macrophage polarization.Therefore,this study proposes an“ion therapy”approach based on the active ions of bioceramic materials,and investigates the therapeutic effect of bioactive ions derived from calcium silicate(CS)bioceramics on mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis.We demonstrate that silicate ions significantly reduce pulmonary fibrosis by simultaneously regulating the functions of AEC2 and macrophages.This result suggests potential clinical applications of ion therapy for lung fibrosis.展开更多
Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramics have potential applications in the field of oral medicine owing to their desirable me-chanical properties,biocompatibility,chemical stability,and aesthetic properties.To realize clinical appl...Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramics have potential applications in the field of oral medicine owing to their desirable me-chanical properties,biocompatibility,chemical stability,and aesthetic properties.To realize clinical applications,ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics for all-ceramic dental implants were prepared using vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology,and their process optimization,microstructure,mechanics,tribology,and biological proper-ties were studied.The results indicate that when the sintering temperature and holding time are 1600℃and 3 h,respectively,the density of ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics reaches 98.79%,and its Vickers hardness,compressive strength,flexural strength,and fracture toughness also reach their maximum values.Furthermore,the in vitro sim-ulated oral environment wear tests showed that artificial saliva provides a lubricating effect on ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics and improves wear resistance.The biosafety of ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics was evaluated and ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)had no obvious cytotoxicity and promoted cell proliferation,growth,and adhesion.In addition,its surface has appropriate roughness and good wettability.In conclusion,ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics prepared by vat photopolymerization are promising biomaterials with broad application prospects in dental restoration.展开更多
A technique for colloidal forming of Ca2P2O7 macroporous bioceramics,based on low-pressure injection molding(LPIM)of a glycerol-water slip containing Ca2P2O7 and Ca(Н2PO4)2 into a plastic mold fabricated via FDM 3Dpr...A technique for colloidal forming of Ca2P2O7 macroporous bioceramics,based on low-pressure injection molding(LPIM)of a glycerol-water slip containing Ca2P2O7 and Ca(Н2PO4)2 into a plastic mold fabricated via FDM 3Dprinting,was proposed.Chemical reaction between the solid phases of the water containing slip-Ca2P2O7 and Ca(Н2PO4)2,resulting in brushite(CaHPO4·2H2O)formation,led to consolidation of the casting and preserved its complex architecture in the course of mold burning-out.Macroporous ceramics of Kelvin structure(70%macropores with the sizes from 2 up to 4 mm),based on a pre-defined composition with 10 wt%Ca(PO3)2 and sintered in liquid-phase regime,demonstrated a compressive strength of 1.4±0.1 MPa at a density of 22±2%.In vitro tests on bioactivity in SBF solution,as well as on resorption of the ceramics in model solution of citric acid,were carried out.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.
文摘This article reviews and discusses the definition, classification, performance, properties of the bioce-ramics which began to be researched on and developed in seventies and has been applied to the medical clinic since then, and the present situation of research on and development of the biological requirement put forward to bioce-ramic performance by the biont and comes to that the bioce-ramics is the most promising biological material in the modern medical clinic application.
文摘To investigate the efficiency of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics,and to evaluate the effect of clodronate modifying HA bioceramics on the cells in vitro,clodronate modified the porous HA bioceramics for bone scaffold by chelation .The outermost layer of the specimens was analyzd by XPS and FI-IR ,The depth profile was investigated by the argon-ion sputtering method.The cell culture test was conducted using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells,The cells were inoculated and cultured on the scaffolds.Morphological observation of the cells,MTT test and ALP activity test evaluated the cell attachment ,proliferation and activity on the scaffolds.The cell culture test in cell quantity and morphology indicated active proliferation of the cells on the scaffolds.The ALP activity of the cells cultured for 3d and 7d on clodronate-HA bioceramics was slightly higher than that on HA bioceramics ,but the difference was not signifcant,This result indicated that clodronate-HA bioeramics had favorable cytocompatibility to be used as bone scaffold with potential ability to improve asteogensis.
文摘In this editorial,we comment on the hard and soft tissue applications of different ceramic-based scaffolds prepared by different mechanisms such as 3D printing,sol-gel,and electrospinning.The new concept of regenerative medicine relies on biomaterials that can trigger in situ tissue regeneration and stem cell recruitment at the defect site.A large percentage of these biomaterials is ceramic-based as they provide the essential requirements of biomaterial principles such as tailored multisize porosity,antibacterial properties,and angiogenic properties.All these previously mentioned properties put bioceramics on top of the hierarchy of biomaterials utilized to stimulate tissue regeneration in soft and hard tissue wounds.Multiple clinical applications registered the use of these materials in triggering soft tissue regeneration in healthy and diabetic patients such as bioactive glass nanofibers.The results were promising and opened new frontiers for utilizing these materials on a larger scale.The same results were mentioned when using different forms and formulas of bioceramics in hard defect regeneration.Some bioceramics were used in combination with other polymers and biological scaffolds to improve their regenerative and mechanical properties.All this progress will enable a larger scale of patients to receive such services with ease and decrease the financial burden on the government.
文摘Dense natural wollastonite bioceramics (CaSiO3) were prepared by a sintering method, varying the pressing load and sintering temperature, in order to obtain different phases of wollastonite, and different physical properties in the materials. The products were characterized by TGA-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, TEM and XPS techniques. The results indicate the presence of two polymorphic phases of wollastonite, the β-wollastonite and α-wollastonite with a transition temperature of the β phase to α phase at approximately 1250℃. These materials were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) during 1, 2 and 3 weeks, to study their solubility and bioactivity. The effect of different wollastonite phases on the solubility of Ca and Si, as well as the capacity of producing layers of “newly formed apatite” on the surfaces of these materials in SBF solution were analyzed.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFB3813000)National Natural Science Foundation of China (52272256)State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing (Wuhan University of Technology)(2022-KF-77)。
文摘Bioceramics have attracted extensive attention for bone defect repair due to their excellent bioactivity and degradability.However,challenges remain in matching the rate between bioceramic degradation and new bone formation,necessitating a deeper understanding of their degradation properties.In this study,density functional theory(DFT)calculations was employed to explore the structural and electronic characteristics of silicate bioceramics.These findings reveal a linear correlation between the maximum isosurface value of the valence band maximum(VBM_(Fmax))and the degradability of silicate bioceramics.This correlation was subsequently validated through degradation experiments.Furthermore,the investigation on phosphate bioceramics demonstrates the potential of this descriptor in predicting the degradability of a broader range of bioceramics.This discovery offers valuable insights into the degradation mechanism of bioceramics and holds promise for accelerating the design and development of bioceramics with controllable degradation.
文摘BACKGROUND The objective of this work is displaying a successful treatment for an internal resorption case under operating microscope using bioceramic material.CASE SUMMARY Periapical radiograph showed radiolucent lesion representing large internal resorption of the root.The respective defect was obturated using endoscquence bioceramic material follow up at the month 18 after treatment revealed no abnormal finings clinically and radiographically.CONCLUSION New generations bioceramics have many advantages that internal root resorption cases can benefit from.The use of operating microscope helps to apply obturating materials with precision.However,long term study on a large sample is required in future studies.
文摘The article describes the performance, properties and application of bioceramics in the medical clinic and reviews and discusses the advance in the research into several typical bioceramics, such as aluminium oxide bioceramics, carbons, bioactive glassceramics, calcium phosphate bioceramics, bioceramic composite materials etc, and comes to that bioceramics is the most promising bioactive material in the modern medical clinic application.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10772133 and No.11072172)Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20090032110006)
文摘Hydroxyapatite bioceramics is simulated by using finite element method （FEM）. The influences of porosity, hole shape, angle of crack and other parameters on the ceramics are analyzed. The results show that with the increase of the angle between crack and horizontal direction, the stress intensity factor KⅠ decreases gradually, but stress intensity factor KⅡ increases at first and then it decreases. The value of KⅡ reaches maximum when the angle between crack and horizontal direction is 45°. KⅠ and KⅡ rise with the increase of porosity, and they are almost the same for the circular and hexagonal holes. For elliptical holes, KⅠ and KⅡ reach maximum when the long axis of ellipse is perpendicular to the loading direction and they reach minimum when the same axis is parallel to the loading direction. Moreover, with the increase of the angle between the long axis and loading direction, KⅠ and KⅡ increase gradually.
文摘Calcium phosphate microporous bioceramics and biphasic compositions of hydroxyapatite and β-calcium phosphate, in the form of microporous granular biomaterials, are research topics and present themselves as potential orthopedic and biomedical applications in rebuilding and repairing maxillofacial bones and tooth structure. This is associated with the characteristics of microstructure, biocompatibility, bioactivity and bone conductivity properties which these materials offer when applied in vivo or in a simulation environment. This study aimed to assess the behavior of bone neoformation of three types of calcium phosphate biomaterials in in vivo tests with sheep within 60 and 90 days, with the help of a scanning electron microscope. The biomaterials used were provided by the Group of Biomaterials at the Santa Catarina State University. The in vivo tests were carried out by generating, on sheep, tibial bone defects, three of which were filled with biomaterial (one different biomaterial for each bone defect generated), whilst the fourth received a bone fragment obtained during the generation of the defect in question, to serve as a control group. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used for carrying out the preliminary characterization studies so as to observe new bone formation and osseointegration. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD) served as a support for the characterization of crystalline phases. The results obtained are encouraging and show that the biomaterials presented good performance in the process of bone formation, biomaterial osseointegration by a new tissue and bone mineralization.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC2405904)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272284,32225028)+1 种基金Joint Research Unit Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(121631ZYLH20240014)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(24520750100)。
文摘Dental pulp-dentin complex defects remain a major unresolved problem in oral medicines.Clinical therapeutic methods including root canal therapy and vital pulp therapy are both considered as conservative strategies,which are incapable of repairing the pulpdentin complex defects.Although biomaterial-based strategies show remarkable progress in antibacterial,anti-inflammatory,and pulp regeneration,the important modulatory effects of nerves within pulp cavity have been greatly overlooked,making it challenging to achieve functional pulp-dentin complex regeneration.In this study,we propose an injectable bioceramicscontaining composite hydrogel in combination of Li-Ca-Si(LCS)bioceramics and gelatin methacrylate matrix with photocrosslinking properties.Due to the sustained release of bioactive Li,Ca and Si ions from LCS,the composite hydrogels possess multiple functions of promoting the neurogenic differentiation of Schwann cells,odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells,and neurogenesis-odontogenesis couples in vitro.In addition,the in vivo results showed that LCS-containing composite hydrogel can significantly promote the pulp-dentin complex repair.More importantly,LCS bioceramics-containing composite hydrogel can induce the growth of nerve fibers,leading to the re-innervation of pulp tissues.Taken together,the study suggests that LCS bioceramics can induce the innervation of pulp-dentin complex repair,offering a referable strategy of designing multifunctional filling materials for functional periodontal tissue regeneration.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science,Technological Development,and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia(Contract No:451-03-136/2025-03/200017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No:32271421).
文摘Cold sintering has recently emerged as a promising approach for preparing dense ceramic materials and composites at low temperatures.It relies on utilizing transient,typically externally introduced,liquid phases to accelerate material diffusion and densification under applied pressure.Cold-sintered bioceramics,especially those prepared at temperatures below 100°C,may open up numerous possibilities,not only in producing dense ceramics with refined microstructural properties and reduced time/energy costs,but also in developing multifunctional platforms containing bioactive compounds,therapeutics,growth factors,and signaling molecules for enhanced and targeted biological responses.Cold sintering in the presence of liquids inherently involves dissolution and nucleation,which become particularly intricate under applied pressures and elevated temperatures.Pseudo bio-mineralization,an auspicious approach for tailoring synthetic bone grafts toward targeted mechanics,may serve as a viable route for enhancing the densification mechanisms inherent to cold sintering.We have carefully analyzed the current state of the art in cold-sintered bioceramics and the results achieved,with a focus on the chemistry of the employed liquids and the corresponding changes upon sintering,the selection of transient phases,and mineral nucleation,while also addressing the potential for developing new biomaterials.Despite the widely accepted classical dissolution-precipitation strategy,no clear roadmap can yet be defined regarding the type and amount of liquid phase that should be applied,at least in the case of hydroxyapatite(HAp)densification-the most important representative of calcium phosphates.We strongly advocate the use of water as the transient liquid of choice in the cold sintering of HAp-based bioceramics,instead of strong acids/bases,and emphasize the importance of understanding the various processes and parameters that govern and connect solution chemistry to mineral nucleation.This understanding will enable the advancement of cold sintering protocols in a target-oriented manner,and we provide perspectives on future developments,including practical advice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52472285 and 51772179)the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2023-CX-TD-16)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2024GX-YBXM-171)the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities(2019)the Science Research Plan Program of Youth Innovation Team Construction of Education Department of Shaanxi Province(No.21JP018).
文摘Hydroxyapatite(HA)bioceramics have limited use in load-bearing implants because of their poor mechanical properties.Inspired by the oriented and Bouligand structures in natural organisms with remarkable strength and toughness,this study aims to construct biomimetic HA bioceramics with fine microstructures at the nanoscale and microscale to enhance their mechanical properties.An innovative magnetic field-assisted three-dimensional(3D)printer was developed to create oriented and Bouligand structural HA ceramics under weak magnetic field strengths(58–116 mT).The oriented HA bioceramics demonstrate a compressive strength of 93.4 MPa along the printing direction,which is 2.3 times that of non-oriented HA ceramics.The bending strength in the thickness direction is 2.6 times that of non-oriented HA bioceramics,whereas the fracture toughness of oriented HA bioceramics in the printing direction reaches 17.3 MPa·m1/2,which is 1.44 times that of their non-oriented counterparts.The presence of HA grains hinders crack propagation along the thickness direction,thereby increasing the fracture toughness.Additionally,the compressive strength,bending strength,and fracture toughness of the Bouligand structural HA bioceramics are 2.6 times,2.8 times,and 1.2 times those of non-oriented HA bioceramics,respectively,with pseudoplastic deformation observed during compression.The Bouligand structural HA bioceramics achieve a combination of excellent strength and toughness comparable to that of cortical bone.This research establishes the magnetic field-assisted 3D printer as an effective method for balancing strength and toughness in brittle ceramics.Additionally,this work lays a foundation for the 3D printing of biomimetic materials with fine microstructures and tunable mechanical properties.
基金the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(81930067)the Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 82002316)+1 种基金the Youth Cultivation Project of Army Medical University(2020XQN08)General Program of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0176).
文摘Osteoporosis is caused by an osteoclast activation mechanism.People suffering from osteoporosis are prone to bone defects.Increasing evidence indicates that scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS)can inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factorκB ligand(RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and suppress ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.It is critical to develop biomaterials with antioxidant properties to modulate osteoclast activity for treating osteoporotic bone defects.Previous studies have shown that manganese(Mn)can improve bone regeneration,and Mn supplementation may treat osteoporosis.However,the effect of Mn on osteoclasts and the role of Mn in osteoporotic bone defects remain unclear.In present research,a model bioceramic,Mn-containedβ-tricalcium phosphate(Mn-TCP)was prepared by introducing Mn intoβ-TCP.The introduction of Mn intoβ-TCP significantly improved the scavenging of oxygen radicals and nitrogen radicals,demonstrating that Mn-TCP bioceramics might have antioxidant properties.The in vitro and in vivo findings revealed that Mn^(2+)ions released from Mn-TCP bioceramics could distinctly inhibit the formation and function of osteoclasts,promote the differentiation of osteoblasts,and accelerate bone regeneration under osteoporotic conditions in vivo.Mechanistically,Mn-TCP bioceramics inhibited osteoclastogenesis and promoted the regeneration of osteoporotic bone defects by scavenging ROS via Nrf2 activation.These results suggest that Mn-containing bioceramics with osteoconductivity,ROS scavenging and bone resorption inhibition abilities may be an ideal biomaterial for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defect.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81900968)Shanghai Sailing Program(20YF1409900)Shanghai Anticancer Association EYAS PROJECT(SACA-CY21A01 and SACA-CY22A01).
文摘Biomaterials can modulate the local immune and repair-supportive microenvironments to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Inorganic bioceramics have been widely used for regulating tissue regeneration and local immune response. However, little is known on whether inorganic bioceramics can have potential for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration and what are the mechanisms underlying their actions. Here, the inorganic lithium-magnesium-silicon (Li-Mg-Si, LMS) bioceramics containing scaffolds are fabricated and characterized. The LMS-containing scaffolds had no cytotoxicity against rat Schwann cells (SCs), but promoted their migration and differentiation towards a remyelination state by up-regulating the expression of neurotrophic factors in a β-catenin-dependent manner. Furthermore, using single cell-sequencing, we showed that LMS-containing scaffolds promoted macrophage polarization towards the pro-regenerative M2-like cells, which subsequently facilitated the migration and differentiation of SCs. Moreover, implantation with the LMS-containing nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) increased the frequency of M2-like macrophage infiltration and enhanced nerve regeneration and motor functional recovery in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury. Collectively, these findings indicated that the inorganic LMS bioceramics offered a potential strategy for enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration by modulating the immune microenvironment and promoting SCs remyelination.
基金This work was supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ14E020001,LQ14H060003)gs2:National Science Foundation of China(51372218,81271956,81301326)the Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province Foundation(2015C33119,2014C33202).
文摘Mechanical strength and its long-term stability of bioceramic scaffolds is still a problem to treat the osteonecrosis of the femoral head.Considering the long-term stability of diopside(DIO)ceramic but poor mechanical strength,we developed the DIO-based porous bioceramic composites via dilute magnesium substituted wollastonite reinforcing and three-dimensional(3D)printing.The experimental results showed that the secondary phase(i.e.10%magnesium substituting calcium silicate;CSM10)could readily improve the sintering property of the bioceramic composites(DIO/CSM10-x,x=0-30)with increasing the CSM10 content from 0%to 30%,and the presence of the CSM10 also improved the biomimetic apatite mineralization ability in the pore struts of the scaffolds.Furthermore,the flexible strength(12.5 -30 MPa)and compressive strength(14-37 MPa)of the 3D printed porous bioceramics remarkably increased with increasing CSM10 content,and the compressive strength of DIO/CSM10-30 showed a limited decay(from 37 MPa to 29 MPa)in the Tris buffer solution for a long time stage(8 weeks).These findings suggest that the new CSM10-reinforced diopside porous constructs possess excellent mechanical properties and can potentially be used to the clinic,especially for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head work as a bioceramic rod.
基金supported by the National key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0715700)the Natural Science Foundation of China(32130062)Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research-Chinese Academy of Science,Shanghai Branch(JCYJ-SHFY-2022-003).
文摘For the research of biomaterials in bone tissue engineering,it is still a challenge to fabricate bioceramics that overcome brittleness whilemaintaining the great biological performance.Here,inspired by the toughness of naturalmaterials with hierarchical laminated structure,we presented a directional assembly-sintering approach to fabricate laminated MXene/calcium silicate-based(L-M/CS)bioceramics.Benefiting from the orderly laminated structure,the LM/CS bioceramics exhibited significantly enhanced toughness(2.23MPa·m^(1/2))and high flexural strength(145MPa),which were close to the mechanical properties of cortical bone.Furthermore,the L-M/CS bioceramics possessed more suitable degradability than traditional CaSiO_(3)bioceramics due to the newly formed CaTiSiO_(5)after sintering.Moreover,the L-M/CS bioceramics showed good biocompatibility and could stimulate the expression of osteogenesisrelated genes.The mechanism of promoting osteogenic differentiation had been shown to be related to theWnt signaling pathway.This work not only fabricated calciumsilicate-based bioceramics with excellentmechanical and biological properties for bone tissue engineering but also provided a strategy for the combination of bionics and bioceramics.
基金This study was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(Grant Nos.2016YFC1100200 and 2016YFC1100204 and 2016YFC1100201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81730002,81670055,81670056,91442103,81500052,32000945 and 81570057)+2 种基金National Science&Technology Major Project for Key New Drug Creation and Manufacturing Program(No:2018ZX09201002-006)National Science Foundation of Shanghai(18ZR143400)Shanghai Family Planning Commission Health Industry Clinical Research Project(Grant No.20184Y0084).
文摘Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic and progressively fatal disease,but clinically available therapeutic drugs are limited due to efficacy and side effects.The possible mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis includes the damage of alveolar epithelial cells II(AEC2),and activation of immune cells such as macrophages.The ions released from bioceramics have shown the activity in stimulating soft tissue derived cells such as fibroblasts,endothelia cells and epithelia cells,and regulating macrophage polarization.Therefore,this study proposes an“ion therapy”approach based on the active ions of bioceramic materials,and investigates the therapeutic effect of bioactive ions derived from calcium silicate(CS)bioceramics on mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis.We demonstrate that silicate ions significantly reduce pulmonary fibrosis by simultaneously regulating the functions of AEC2 and macrophages.This result suggests potential clinical applications of ion therapy for lung fibrosis.
基金supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Tech-nology Project(Grant No.KM202010005003)General Program of Science and Technology Development Project of the Beijing Municipal Education Commission.
文摘Zirconia(ZrO_(2))ceramics have potential applications in the field of oral medicine owing to their desirable me-chanical properties,biocompatibility,chemical stability,and aesthetic properties.To realize clinical applications,ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics for all-ceramic dental implants were prepared using vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology,and their process optimization,microstructure,mechanics,tribology,and biological proper-ties were studied.The results indicate that when the sintering temperature and holding time are 1600℃and 3 h,respectively,the density of ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics reaches 98.79%,and its Vickers hardness,compressive strength,flexural strength,and fracture toughness also reach their maximum values.Furthermore,the in vitro sim-ulated oral environment wear tests showed that artificial saliva provides a lubricating effect on ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics and improves wear resistance.The biosafety of ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics was evaluated and ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)had no obvious cytotoxicity and promoted cell proliferation,growth,and adhesion.In addition,its surface has appropriate roughness and good wettability.In conclusion,ZrO_(2)(3Y)/Al_(2)O_(3)bioceramics prepared by vat photopolymerization are promising biomaterials with broad application prospects in dental restoration.
基金supported by the RFBR(grants No.18-33-00789 mol_a,18-08-01473,19-03-00940)。
文摘A technique for colloidal forming of Ca2P2O7 macroporous bioceramics,based on low-pressure injection molding(LPIM)of a glycerol-water slip containing Ca2P2O7 and Ca(Н2PO4)2 into a plastic mold fabricated via FDM 3Dprinting,was proposed.Chemical reaction between the solid phases of the water containing slip-Ca2P2O7 and Ca(Н2PO4)2,resulting in brushite(CaHPO4·2H2O)formation,led to consolidation of the casting and preserved its complex architecture in the course of mold burning-out.Macroporous ceramics of Kelvin structure(70%macropores with the sizes from 2 up to 4 mm),based on a pre-defined composition with 10 wt%Ca(PO3)2 and sintered in liquid-phase regime,demonstrated a compressive strength of 1.4±0.1 MPa at a density of 22±2%.In vitro tests on bioactivity in SBF solution,as well as on resorption of the ceramics in model solution of citric acid,were carried out.
