To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Th...To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Then,the characteristics of rock mass crack development were analyzed,and the pressure resistance values of core samples before and after blasting were compared to study the trends of rock mass damage.Moreover,a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established by LS-DYNA to analyze the stress wave propagation,cavity shape and crack propagation characteristics under different confining pressures.The propagation of rock blasting cracks is negatively correlated with the confining pressure.The greater the confining pressure,the shorter the crack development time.Additionally,the crack width is reduced from 0.4-1.7 to 0.04-1.4 mm,and the length is shortened from 280 to 120 mm.A comparison of the compressive strength revealed that blasting reduces the compressive strength of the rock mass.The greater the distance from the explosion source,the lower the degree of strength attenuation.An increase in the confining pressure can inhibit strength attenuation.Numerical simulations revealed that under the same confining pressure,the stress first peaks at the bottom of the blast hole.The greater the confining pressure,the longer the stress peak duration,the smaller the cavity volume,and the shorter the crack propagation length and depth.Under a confining pressure of 4 MPa,the longest crack was only 154.5 mm in length and 102 mm in depth.The research results provide a scientific basis for controlling rock damage and optimizing design in the excavation of deep rock roadways by blasting.展开更多
Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solv...Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solve this problem,in this work,we developed a biaxial rotation grouting process for deep-sea ceramic hollow buoyancy spheres,which improves the drawbacks of the traditional rotary grouting method that results in poor wall thickness uniformity of the hollow spheres due to its irregular rotational processing.In this paper,an experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of different rotational methods,rotational speeds,rotational time,solid phase content,etc.on the wall thickness uniformity of ceramic hollow spheres.The results show that the hollow floating balls prepared by the biaxial rotation method have the lowest wall thickness standard deviation(0.04)when the rotation speed is 60 rpm,the molding time is 8 min,and the solid phase content is 70 wt%.After the hydrostatic pressure test of 120 MPa,the hydrostatic compressive strength of hollow spheres prepared by the biaxial rotation method was increased by 31.67%compared with that of the traditional process.展开更多
The electronic structure,elasticity,and magnetic properties of the Mn_(2)XIn(X=Fe,Co)full-Heusler compounds are comprehensively investigated via first-principles calculations.The calculated elastic constants indicate ...The electronic structure,elasticity,and magnetic properties of the Mn_(2)XIn(X=Fe,Co)full-Heusler compounds are comprehensively investigated via first-principles calculations.The calculated elastic constants indicate that both Mn_(2)FeIn and Mn_(2)Co In possess ductility.At the optimal lattice constants,the magnetic moments are found to be 1.40μB/f.u.for Mn_(2)FeIn and 1.69μB/f.u.for Mn_(2)CoIn.Under the biaxial strain ranging from-2%to 5%,Mn_(2)FeIn demonstrates a remarkable variation in the spin polarization,spanning from-2%to 74%,positioning it as a promising candidate for applications in spintronic devices.Analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the change in spin polarization under strain is due to the shift of the spin-down states at the Fermi surface.Additionally,under biaxial strain,the magnetic anisotropy of Mn_(2)FeIn undergoes a transition of easy-axis direction.Utilizing second-order perturbation theory and electronic structure analysis,the variation in magnetic anisotropy with strain can be attributed to changes of d-orbital states near the Fermi surface.展开更多
Studies on coral aggregate concrete(CAC)mainly focus on uniaxial stress conditions.However,concrete structures often experience complex stress conditions in practical engineering.It is essential to investigate the mec...Studies on coral aggregate concrete(CAC)mainly focus on uniaxial stress conditions.However,concrete structures often experience complex stress conditions in practical engineering.It is essential to investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of CAC under multiaxial stress conditions.This paper employs a 3D mesoscale model that considers the actual size,shape,and spatial distribution of aggregates.The reliability of the model and material parameters is verified through comparison with existing experimental data.Subsequently,the model is used to systematically study the mechanical properties,failure modes,and failure processes of C40 CAC under the biaxial compression.The numerical results are compared with the experimental results of CAC and ordinary portland concrete(OPC).The results indicate that the failure modes of CAC under the biaxial compression are diagonal shear failure.The biaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of CAC are greater than those under uniaxial stress and exhibit a significant intermediate principal stress effect.The biaxial compressive strength reaches its maximum value when the stress ratio is 0.5,which is consistent with the conclusions for OPC.Finally,failure criteria and strength envelopes for CAC under the biaxial compression are established in order to provide a reference for analyzing the strength characteristics and structural design of CAC.展开更多
The dynamic failure behavior of CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy(HEA)under plane biaxial stress was investigated in detail.The dynamic biaxial tensile tests were conducted using an Electromagnetic Biaxial Split Hopkinson T...The dynamic failure behavior of CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy(HEA)under plane biaxial stress was investigated in detail.The dynamic biaxial tensile tests were conducted using an Electromagnetic Biaxial Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar(EBSHTB)system.For comparison,the quasi-static uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests,as well as dynamic uniaxial tensile tests,were per-formed respectively.A cruciform specimen suitable for large plastic deformation was designed and employed in the experiments.The Finite Element Method(FEM)verified that the improved cruciform specimen could satisfy the basic requirements.The feasibility of the proposed specimen was further confirmed through loading tests.Finally,the quasi-static and dynamic yield loci of the HEA in the first quadrant of the principal stress space were plotted.The results indicate that the alloy exhibits obvious strain hardening effect and strain rate strengthening effect,the yield locus and plastic work contours can be accurately described by Hill'48 criterion.展开更多
Interest in soundless chemical demolition agents(SCDAs),also known as expansive cements,as potentially viable alternatives to explosives for rock fragmentation,has been growing in recent years.Consequently,there is an...Interest in soundless chemical demolition agents(SCDAs),also known as expansive cements,as potentially viable alternatives to explosives for rock fragmentation,has been growing in recent years.Consequently,there is an increasing amount of literature on the use of SCDA for the breakage of rock blocks and boulders.Limited research has been conducted so far on the breakage of excavation fronts,such as tunnel or drift faces,using SCDA.This is due to the perception that the planar compressive in-situ stresses in the face would inhibit the creation and propagation of fracturing due to expansive pressure.This study proposes a novel V-cut method for demolishing rock panels under biaxial stress using SCDA.This method was examined through large-scale tests and numerical modelling.The rock panels were subjected to high biaxial confinements of 26 MPa and 40 MPa.Such a level of confinement corresponds to an in-situ stress state 1000 m below the surface in the Canadian shield.The V-cut drillhole pattern employs two sets of three SCDA holes angled at 45from the face of a Stanstead granite panel.The drillhole arrangement aims to create a V-shaped wedge in the plane of major principal stress.When angled drillholes are subjected to expansive pressure,they tend to cast out of the panel face,causing fragmentation.Two panels of 1 m×1 m×0.25 m were successfully demolished using the proposed method.The three-dimensional fast Lagrangian analysis code FLAC3D modelling was used to reconstruct the panel failure mechanism owing to the V-cut.This study demonstrates the feasibility of fragmenting an excavation front,such as a rock excavation face,with SCDA using a V-cut drill hole pattern while subjected to high biaxial confinement.展开更多
In this work,the lamellar structural evolution and microvoids variations of βpolypropylene(β-PP)during the processing of two different stretching methods,sequential biaxial stretching and simultaneous biaxial stretc...In this work,the lamellar structural evolution and microvoids variations of βpolypropylene(β-PP)during the processing of two different stretching methods,sequential biaxial stretching and simultaneous biaxial stretching,were investigated in detail.It was found that different stretching methods led to significantly different lamellae deformation modes,and the microporous membranes obtained from the simultaneous biaxial stretching exhibited better mechanical properties.For the sequential biaxial stretching,abundant coarse fibers originated from the tight accumulation of the lamellae parallel to the longitudinal stretching direction,whereas the lamellae perpendicular to the stretching direction were easily deformed and separated.Those coarse fibers were difficult to be separated to form micropores during the subsequent transverse stretching process,resulting in a poor micropores distribution.However,for the simultaneous biaxial stretching,theβcrystal had the same deformation mode,that is,the lamellae distributed in different directions were all destroyed,forming abundant microvoids and little coarse fibers.展开更多
Biaxial compression tests are performed on 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubic specimens of plain high-strength highperformance concrete （HSHPC） at seven kinds of stress ratios, σ2：σ3 =0 ： - 1, -0.20 ： - 1...Biaxial compression tests are performed on 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubic specimens of plain high-strength highperformance concrete （HSHPC） at seven kinds of stress ratios, σ2：σ3 =0 ： - 1, -0.20 ： - 1, -0.30 ： - 1, -0.40 ： - 1, -0.50 ： -1, -0. 75 ： - 1, and - 1.00 ： - 1 after exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ℃, using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. Frictionreducing pads are three layers of plastic membranes with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Failure modes of the specimens are described. The two principally static compressive strengths are measured. The influences of the temperatures and stress ratios on the biaxial strengths of HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures are also analyzed. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease completely with the increase in temperature; the ratios of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strengths depend on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different high temperatures. The formula of the Kupfer-Gerstle failure criterion modified with the temperature and stress ratio parameters for plain HSHPC is proposed.展开更多
Lots of field investigations have proven that layer-crack structure usually appears during the excavation process of deep rock or coal mass.To provide experimental data for studying the formation mechanism of layer-cr...Lots of field investigations have proven that layer-crack structure usually appears during the excavation process of deep rock or coal mass.To provide experimental data for studying the formation mechanism of layer-crack structure,this study researches the influence of lateral pressure on the mechanical behavior of different rock types.Four rock types have been tested and the formation mechanism of macro-fracture surface is analyzed.Results indicate that the brittleness and burst proneness of rock or coal material are stronger than that of gypsum material due to the different mineral compositions and structures.When the lateral pressure is less than 10%uniaxial strength,the peak stress and elastic modulus increase with the increase of lateral pressure;but when the lateral pressure is larger than 10%uniaxial strength,the two parameters decrease slightly or keep steady.This is because when the lateral pressure reaches a certain value,local failure will be formed during the process of applying lateral pressure.Under the condition of low lateral pressure,the failure of the specimen is dominated by the tensile mechanism;under the condition of relatively high lateral pressure,the area of the specimen close to the free surface is tensile splitting failure,and the area far from the free surface is shear failure.展开更多
In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate tha...In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate that the biaxial compressive strength of rocks under biaxial compression increases firstly,and subsequently decreases with increase of the intermediate principal stress.The fatigue failure characteristics of the rocks in biaxial fatigue tests are functions of the peak value of fatigue loads,the intermediate principal stress and the rock lithology.With the increase of the peak values of fatigue loads,the fatigue lives of rocks decrease.The intermediate principal stress strengthens the resistance ability of rocks to fatigue loads except considering the strength increasing under biaxial confinements.The fatigue lives of rocks increase with the increase of the intermediate principal stress under the same ratio of the fatigue load and their biaxial compressive strength.The acoustic emission(AE)and fragments studies showed that the sandstone has higher ability to resist the fatigue loads compared to the marble,and the marble generated a greater number of smaller fragments after fatigue failure compared to the sandstone.So,it can be inferred that the rock breaking efficiency and rock burst is higher or severer induced by fatigue loading than that induced by monotonous quasi-static loading,especially for hard rocks.展开更多
The stress concentration problem in structures with a circular or elliptic hole can be investigated by analytical methods. For the problem with a rectangular hole, only approximate results are derived. This paper dedu...The stress concentration problem in structures with a circular or elliptic hole can be investigated by analytical methods. For the problem with a rectangular hole, only approximate results are derived. This paper deduces the analytical solutions to the stress concentration problem in plates with a rectangular hole under biaxial tensions. By using the U-transformation technique and the finite element method, the analytical displacement solutions of the finite element equations are derived in the series form. Therefore, the stress concentration can then be discussed easily and conveniently. For plate problem the bilinear rectangular element with four nodes is taken as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The stress concentration factors for various ratios of height to width of the hole are obtained.展开更多
The effects of biaxial tensile pre-strain on the forming limit of DP590 high-strength steel under high strain rate were investigated. The stress-strain curves of DP590 steel sheet under the biaxial tensile of differen...The effects of biaxial tensile pre-strain on the forming limit of DP590 high-strength steel under high strain rate were investigated. The stress-strain curves of DP590 steel sheet under the biaxial tensile of different load ratios were obtained. The forming limit diagrams（FLDs） of DP590 steel sheet under biaxial tensile pre-strain and electromagnetic hybrid forming were established. Results showed that the biaxial tensile pre-strain had significant effects on the formability of DP590 steel. The pre-strain in a certain range improved the forming limit of DP590 steel under high rate, and the forming limit increased with the pre-strain. The prestrain in the same direction of high rate increased the forming limit of the final deformation under complex strain paths conditions, but the pre-strain in the vertical direction decreased the minor strain under the high strain rate.展开更多
Combined shear-compression tests and simulations were performed on a closed-cell aluminum foam over a wide range of loading angles in order to probe their yield behaviors under biaxial loading conditions.Combined shea...Combined shear-compression tests and simulations were performed on a closed-cell aluminum foam over a wide range of loading angles in order to probe their yield behaviors under biaxial loading conditions.Combined shear-compression tests were carried out by using a pair of cylindrical bars with beveled ends.The yield surfaces were experimentally measured and compared with various theoretical yield surface models.The cellular structures of closed-cell aluminum foams were modeled as tetrakaidecahedrons and their biaxial crushing behaviors were simulated by the finite element method.The results show that,yield initiates from the stress-concentrated corners in the specimens under combined shear-compression loading and the stress distribution is no longer uniform at the specimen/bar interfaces.In the range of cell sizes studied,the larger the foam cell size is,the higher the yield stress is.Aluminum foam density is found to be the dominant factor on its mechanical properties compared with the cell size and is much more significant in engineering practice.展开更多
In this paper,the seismic behaviors of precast bridge columns connected with grouted corrugated-metal duct(GCMD)were investigated through the biaxial quasi-static experiment and numerical simulation.With a geometric s...In this paper,the seismic behaviors of precast bridge columns connected with grouted corrugated-metal duct(GCMD)were investigated through the biaxial quasi-static experiment and numerical simulation.With a geometric scale ratio of 1:5,five specimens were fabricated,including four precast bridge columns connected with GCMD and one cast-in-place(CIP)bridge column.A finite element analysis model was also established by using OpenSees and was then calibrated by using the experimental results for parameter analysis.The results show the biaxial seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD was similar to the CIP bridge columns regarding ultimate bearing capacity and hysteresis energy,and further,that it could meet the design goal of equivalent performance.The seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD deteriorated more significantly under bi-directional load than under uni-directional load.A proper slenderness ratio(e.g.,7.0-10.0)and longitudinal reinforcement ratio could significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity of the precast bridge columns,while the axial load ratio and concrete strength had little influence on the above properties.The research results could bring insights to the development of the seismic design of precast bridge columns connected with GCMD.展开更多
Magnesium alloys are frequently subjected to biaxial stress during manufacturing process,however,the work hardening behavior under such circumstance are not well understood.In this study,the deformation mechanisms and...Magnesium alloys are frequently subjected to biaxial stress during manufacturing process,however,the work hardening behavior under such circumstance are not well understood.In this study,the deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets under biaxial loading are investigated.The change of plastic work contours with increasing plastic strain indicates the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state,resulting in higher macroscopic work hardening rates of biaxial loading than uniaxial loading,with the elastic-plastic transition part of work hardening extended and stage Ⅲ hardly emerged.Electron backscatter diffraction and Schmid factor analysis confirm the low activation of non-basalslip during biaxial loading tests.While the thickness strain is primarily accommodated by pyramidal<c+a>slip at the initial stage of biaxial deformation,{10–11}contraction twinning is activated at larger plastic strain.The low activation of non-basalslip also retards the dynamic recovery and cross-slip of basal and prismaticslips,leading to the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state.展开更多
The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic performance of rectangular and circular reinforced concrete(RC)columns considering biaxial multiple excitations.For this purpose,an advanced nonlinear finite element...The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic performance of rectangular and circular reinforced concrete(RC)columns considering biaxial multiple excitations.For this purpose,an advanced nonlinear finite element model which can simulate various features of cyclic degradation in material and structural components is used.The implemented nonlinear fiber beam-column model accounts for inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement and can simulate multiple failure modes of RC columns under dynamic loading.Hypothetical rectangular and circular columns are used to investigate the failure modes of RC columns.A detailed ground motion selection is implemented to generate real mainshock and aftershocks.It was found that multiple excitations due to aftershock has the potential of increasing the damage of the RC columns and longitudinal reinforcements are significantly affected low-cycle fatigue.Also,it was found that rectangular column is more sensitive to accumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue.This study increases the accuracy of structural analysis of RC columns and consequently improves understanding the failure modes of RC columns with different cross-sectional shapes.展开更多
The performance of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the response of RC columns subjected to axial load combined with cyclic biaxial horizontal loading is compared. The models studied are classified...The performance of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the response of RC columns subjected to axial load combined with cyclic biaxial horizontal loading is compared. The models studied are classified into two categories according to the nonlinearity distribution assumed in the elements： lumped-plasticity and distributed inelasticity. For this study, results of tests on 24 columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial and biaxial lateral displacements were numerically reproduced. The analyses show that the global envelope response is satisfactorily represented with the three modelling strategies, but significant differences were found in the strength degradation for higher drift demands and energy dissipation.展开更多
In this study,servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process.The complete stressestrain curves were obtained,and the t...In this study,servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process.The complete stressestrain curves were obtained,and the three-dimensional(3D)features of the failure surfaces were acquired by 3D laser scanning.Acoustic emission(AE)monitoring and moment tensor(MT)analysis were used in combination to better understand the fracturing mechanism of marble under biaxial compression.It was noted that a type of 3D stepwise cracking behaviour occurred on the fracturing surfaces of the examined specimens.The stress dropped multiple times,and a repeated fracturing mode corresponding to the repeated stress drops in the post-peak regime was observed.Three substages,i.e.stress stabilisation,stress decrease and stress increase,were identified for a single fracturing mode.Then quantitative and statistical analyses of the fracturing process at each substage were discussed.Based on the testing results,it was found that at the stress stabilisation substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures increased.At the stress decrease substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures decreased,and the tensile or shear fractures increased.At the stress increase substage,the proportion of mixed-mode or tensile fractures decreased,and the shear fractures increased.Finally,a conceptual model for the stepwise crack formation was proposed.展开更多
In this study, commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene （BOPP）, polyvinyl chlo- ride （PVC） and poly （methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） films were treated with nitrogen plasma over different exposure times in a Py...In this study, commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene （BOPP）, polyvinyl chlo- ride （PVC） and poly （methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） films were treated with nitrogen plasma over different exposure times in a Pyrex tube surrounded by a DC variable magnetic field. The chemi- cal changes that appeared on the surface of the samples were investigated using Fourier transform infrared （FT4R） spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR- FTIR） spectroscopy after treatment for 2 min, 4 min and 6 rain in a nitrogen plasma chamber. Effects of the plasma treatment on the surface topographies and contact angles of the untreated and plasma treated films were also analyzed by atomic force microscopy （AFM） and a contact angle measuring system. The results show that the plasma treated films become more hydrophilic with an enhanced wettability due to the formation of some new polar groups on the surface of the treated films. Moreover, at higher exposure times, the total surface energy in all treated films increased while a reduction in contact angle occurred. The behavior of surface roughness in each sample was completely different at higher exposure times.展开更多
An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for char...An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874189)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2023ME106 and ZR2023ME055)the Open Fund Project of the Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Mining Underground Engineering(No.JYBGCZX2021102).
文摘To study the relationships between rock mass crack propagation and damage and confining pressure under blast impact loading during straight-hole cut blasting,tests were performed under different confining pressures.Then,the characteristics of rock mass crack development were analyzed,and the pressure resistance values of core samples before and after blasting were compared to study the trends of rock mass damage.Moreover,a three-dimensional numerical simulation model was established by LS-DYNA to analyze the stress wave propagation,cavity shape and crack propagation characteristics under different confining pressures.The propagation of rock blasting cracks is negatively correlated with the confining pressure.The greater the confining pressure,the shorter the crack development time.Additionally,the crack width is reduced from 0.4-1.7 to 0.04-1.4 mm,and the length is shortened from 280 to 120 mm.A comparison of the compressive strength revealed that blasting reduces the compressive strength of the rock mass.The greater the distance from the explosion source,the lower the degree of strength attenuation.An increase in the confining pressure can inhibit strength attenuation.Numerical simulations revealed that under the same confining pressure,the stress first peaks at the bottom of the blast hole.The greater the confining pressure,the longer the stress peak duration,the smaller the cavity volume,and the shorter the crack propagation length and depth.Under a confining pressure of 4 MPa,the longest crack was only 154.5 mm in length and 102 mm in depth.The research results provide a scientific basis for controlling rock damage and optimizing design in the excavation of deep rock roadways by blasting.
基金Funded by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(No.2020JMRH0101)。
文摘Ceramic hollow spheres have great potential for deep-sea applications.However,the irregularity of the conventional molding process,among other reasons,results in low wall thickness uniformity of hollow spheres.To solve this problem,in this work,we developed a biaxial rotation grouting process for deep-sea ceramic hollow buoyancy spheres,which improves the drawbacks of the traditional rotary grouting method that results in poor wall thickness uniformity of the hollow spheres due to its irregular rotational processing.In this paper,an experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of different rotational methods,rotational speeds,rotational time,solid phase content,etc.on the wall thickness uniformity of ceramic hollow spheres.The results show that the hollow floating balls prepared by the biaxial rotation method have the lowest wall thickness standard deviation(0.04)when the rotation speed is 60 rpm,the molding time is 8 min,and the solid phase content is 70 wt%.After the hydrostatic pressure test of 120 MPa,the hydrostatic compressive strength of hollow spheres prepared by the biaxial rotation method was increased by 31.67%compared with that of the traditional process.
基金Project supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang Province,China(Grant No.GK229909299001-05)Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Projects of China(Grant No.LGG22F030017)。
文摘The electronic structure,elasticity,and magnetic properties of the Mn_(2)XIn(X=Fe,Co)full-Heusler compounds are comprehensively investigated via first-principles calculations.The calculated elastic constants indicate that both Mn_(2)FeIn and Mn_(2)Co In possess ductility.At the optimal lattice constants,the magnetic moments are found to be 1.40μB/f.u.for Mn_(2)FeIn and 1.69μB/f.u.for Mn_(2)CoIn.Under the biaxial strain ranging from-2%to 5%,Mn_(2)FeIn demonstrates a remarkable variation in the spin polarization,spanning from-2%to 74%,positioning it as a promising candidate for applications in spintronic devices.Analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the change in spin polarization under strain is due to the shift of the spin-down states at the Fermi surface.Additionally,under biaxial strain,the magnetic anisotropy of Mn_(2)FeIn undergoes a transition of easy-axis direction.Utilizing second-order perturbation theory and electronic structure analysis,the variation in magnetic anisotropy with strain can be attributed to changes of d-orbital states near the Fermi surface.
基金supported by the National Science Foundations of China(Nos.52078250,51878350,11832013,51678304,51508272)。
文摘Studies on coral aggregate concrete(CAC)mainly focus on uniaxial stress conditions.However,concrete structures often experience complex stress conditions in practical engineering.It is essential to investigate the mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of CAC under multiaxial stress conditions.This paper employs a 3D mesoscale model that considers the actual size,shape,and spatial distribution of aggregates.The reliability of the model and material parameters is verified through comparison with existing experimental data.Subsequently,the model is used to systematically study the mechanical properties,failure modes,and failure processes of C40 CAC under the biaxial compression.The numerical results are compared with the experimental results of CAC and ordinary portland concrete(OPC).The results indicate that the failure modes of CAC under the biaxial compression are diagonal shear failure.The biaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of CAC are greater than those under uniaxial stress and exhibit a significant intermediate principal stress effect.The biaxial compressive strength reaches its maximum value when the stress ratio is 0.5,which is consistent with the conclusions for OPC.Finally,failure criteria and strength envelopes for CAC under the biaxial compression are established in order to provide a reference for analyzing the strength characteristics and structural design of CAC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11922211,11832015,11527803)the 111 Project,China (No.BP0719007)the Science Challenge Project,China (No.TZ2018001).
文摘The dynamic failure behavior of CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy(HEA)under plane biaxial stress was investigated in detail.The dynamic biaxial tensile tests were conducted using an Electromagnetic Biaxial Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar(EBSHTB)system.For comparison,the quasi-static uniaxial and biaxial tensile tests,as well as dynamic uniaxial tensile tests,were per-formed respectively.A cruciform specimen suitable for large plastic deformation was designed and employed in the experiments.The Finite Element Method(FEM)verified that the improved cruciform specimen could satisfy the basic requirements.The feasibility of the proposed specimen was further confirmed through loading tests.Finally,the quasi-static and dynamic yield loci of the HEA in the first quadrant of the principal stress space were plotted.The results indicate that the alloy exhibits obvious strain hardening effect and strain rate strengthening effect,the yield locus and plastic work contours can be accurately described by Hill'48 criterion.
基金supported by a research grant from Natural Resources Canada,Clean Growth Program(Grant No.CGP-17-1003)and industry partner Newmont Corporation.
文摘Interest in soundless chemical demolition agents(SCDAs),also known as expansive cements,as potentially viable alternatives to explosives for rock fragmentation,has been growing in recent years.Consequently,there is an increasing amount of literature on the use of SCDA for the breakage of rock blocks and boulders.Limited research has been conducted so far on the breakage of excavation fronts,such as tunnel or drift faces,using SCDA.This is due to the perception that the planar compressive in-situ stresses in the face would inhibit the creation and propagation of fracturing due to expansive pressure.This study proposes a novel V-cut method for demolishing rock panels under biaxial stress using SCDA.This method was examined through large-scale tests and numerical modelling.The rock panels were subjected to high biaxial confinements of 26 MPa and 40 MPa.Such a level of confinement corresponds to an in-situ stress state 1000 m below the surface in the Canadian shield.The V-cut drillhole pattern employs two sets of three SCDA holes angled at 45from the face of a Stanstead granite panel.The drillhole arrangement aims to create a V-shaped wedge in the plane of major principal stress.When angled drillholes are subjected to expansive pressure,they tend to cast out of the panel face,causing fragmentation.Two panels of 1 m×1 m×0.25 m were successfully demolished using the proposed method.The three-dimensional fast Lagrangian analysis code FLAC3D modelling was used to reconstruct the panel failure mechanism owing to the V-cut.This study demonstrates the feasibility of fragmenting an excavation front,such as a rock excavation face,with SCDA using a V-cut drill hole pattern while subjected to high biaxial confinement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51721091).
文摘In this work,the lamellar structural evolution and microvoids variations of βpolypropylene(β-PP)during the processing of two different stretching methods,sequential biaxial stretching and simultaneous biaxial stretching,were investigated in detail.It was found that different stretching methods led to significantly different lamellae deformation modes,and the microporous membranes obtained from the simultaneous biaxial stretching exhibited better mechanical properties.For the sequential biaxial stretching,abundant coarse fibers originated from the tight accumulation of the lamellae parallel to the longitudinal stretching direction,whereas the lamellae perpendicular to the stretching direction were easily deformed and separated.Those coarse fibers were difficult to be separated to form micropores during the subsequent transverse stretching process,resulting in a poor micropores distribution.However,for the simultaneous biaxial stretching,theβcrystal had the same deformation mode,that is,the lamellae distributed in different directions were all destroyed,forming abundant microvoids and little coarse fibers.
文摘Biaxial compression tests are performed on 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubic specimens of plain high-strength highperformance concrete （HSHPC） at seven kinds of stress ratios, σ2：σ3 =0 ： - 1, -0.20 ： - 1, -0.30 ： - 1, -0.40 ： - 1, -0.50 ： -1, -0. 75 ： - 1, and - 1.00 ： - 1 after exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ℃, using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. Frictionreducing pads are three layers of plastic membranes with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Failure modes of the specimens are described. The two principally static compressive strengths are measured. The influences of the temperatures and stress ratios on the biaxial strengths of HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures are also analyzed. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease completely with the increase in temperature; the ratios of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strengths depend on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different high temperatures. The formula of the Kupfer-Gerstle failure criterion modified with the temperature and stress ratio parameters for plain HSHPC is proposed.
基金Project(51904165)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(ZR2019QEE026)supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,ChinaProject(ZR2019ZD13)supported by the Major Program of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China。
文摘Lots of field investigations have proven that layer-crack structure usually appears during the excavation process of deep rock or coal mass.To provide experimental data for studying the formation mechanism of layer-crack structure,this study researches the influence of lateral pressure on the mechanical behavior of different rock types.Four rock types have been tested and the formation mechanism of macro-fracture surface is analyzed.Results indicate that the brittleness and burst proneness of rock or coal material are stronger than that of gypsum material due to the different mineral compositions and structures.When the lateral pressure is less than 10%uniaxial strength,the peak stress and elastic modulus increase with the increase of lateral pressure;but when the lateral pressure is larger than 10%uniaxial strength,the two parameters decrease slightly or keep steady.This is because when the lateral pressure reaches a certain value,local failure will be formed during the process of applying lateral pressure.Under the condition of low lateral pressure,the failure of the specimen is dominated by the tensile mechanism;under the condition of relatively high lateral pressure,the area of the specimen close to the free surface is tensile splitting failure,and the area far from the free surface is shear failure.
基金Projects(51774326,41807259)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(MDPC201917)supported by Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Ministry Key Laboratory at Shandong University of Science and Technology,China。
文摘In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate that the biaxial compressive strength of rocks under biaxial compression increases firstly,and subsequently decreases with increase of the intermediate principal stress.The fatigue failure characteristics of the rocks in biaxial fatigue tests are functions of the peak value of fatigue loads,the intermediate principal stress and the rock lithology.With the increase of the peak values of fatigue loads,the fatigue lives of rocks decrease.The intermediate principal stress strengthens the resistance ability of rocks to fatigue loads except considering the strength increasing under biaxial confinements.The fatigue lives of rocks increase with the increase of the intermediate principal stress under the same ratio of the fatigue load and their biaxial compressive strength.The acoustic emission(AE)and fragments studies showed that the sandstone has higher ability to resist the fatigue loads compared to the marble,and the marble generated a greater number of smaller fragments after fatigue failure compared to the sandstone.So,it can be inferred that the rock breaking efficiency and rock burst is higher or severer induced by fatigue loading than that induced by monotonous quasi-static loading,especially for hard rocks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10772202)the Chinese PostdoctoralScience Foundation (No.20060400757).
文摘The stress concentration problem in structures with a circular or elliptic hole can be investigated by analytical methods. For the problem with a rectangular hole, only approximate results are derived. This paper deduces the analytical solutions to the stress concentration problem in plates with a rectangular hole under biaxial tensions. By using the U-transformation technique and the finite element method, the analytical displacement solutions of the finite element equations are derived in the series form. Therefore, the stress concentration can then be discussed easily and conveniently. For plate problem the bilinear rectangular element with four nodes is taken as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The stress concentration factors for various ratios of height to width of the hole are obtained.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51205298 and 51475345)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2014M552096)the Open Fund Project of State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die&Mould Technology,Huazhong University of Science and Technology(No.P2015-01)
文摘The effects of biaxial tensile pre-strain on the forming limit of DP590 high-strength steel under high strain rate were investigated. The stress-strain curves of DP590 steel sheet under the biaxial tensile of different load ratios were obtained. The forming limit diagrams（FLDs） of DP590 steel sheet under biaxial tensile pre-strain and electromagnetic hybrid forming were established. Results showed that the biaxial tensile pre-strain had significant effects on the formability of DP590 steel. The pre-strain in a certain range improved the forming limit of DP590 steel under high rate, and the forming limit increased with the pre-strain. The prestrain in the same direction of high rate increased the forming limit of the final deformation under complex strain paths conditions, but the pre-strain in the vertical direction decreased the minor strain under the high strain rate.
基金Project(2017JJ3359)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(KFJJ13-11M)supported by the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(Beijing Institute of Technology),China.
文摘Combined shear-compression tests and simulations were performed on a closed-cell aluminum foam over a wide range of loading angles in order to probe their yield behaviors under biaxial loading conditions.Combined shear-compression tests were carried out by using a pair of cylindrical bars with beveled ends.The yield surfaces were experimentally measured and compared with various theoretical yield surface models.The cellular structures of closed-cell aluminum foams were modeled as tetrakaidecahedrons and their biaxial crushing behaviors were simulated by the finite element method.The results show that,yield initiates from the stress-concentrated corners in the specimens under combined shear-compression loading and the stress distribution is no longer uniform at the specimen/bar interfaces.In the range of cell sizes studied,the larger the foam cell size is,the higher the yield stress is.Aluminum foam density is found to be the dominant factor on its mechanical properties compared with the cell size and is much more significant in engineering practice.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51408360the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian(NSFF)under Grant No.2020J01477the Technology Project of Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau(TPFB)under Grant No.2020-GX-18。
文摘In this paper,the seismic behaviors of precast bridge columns connected with grouted corrugated-metal duct(GCMD)were investigated through the biaxial quasi-static experiment and numerical simulation.With a geometric scale ratio of 1:5,five specimens were fabricated,including four precast bridge columns connected with GCMD and one cast-in-place(CIP)bridge column.A finite element analysis model was also established by using OpenSees and was then calibrated by using the experimental results for parameter analysis.The results show the biaxial seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD was similar to the CIP bridge columns regarding ultimate bearing capacity and hysteresis energy,and further,that it could meet the design goal of equivalent performance.The seismic performance of the precast bridge columns connected with GCMD deteriorated more significantly under bi-directional load than under uni-directional load.A proper slenderness ratio(e.g.,7.0-10.0)and longitudinal reinforcement ratio could significantly improve the energy dissipation capacity and deformation capacity of the precast bridge columns,while the axial load ratio and concrete strength had little influence on the above properties.The research results could bring insights to the development of the seismic design of precast bridge columns connected with GCMD.
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC0808800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51875398 and 51471116)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2019ZDZX0001).
文摘Magnesium alloys are frequently subjected to biaxial stress during manufacturing process,however,the work hardening behavior under such circumstance are not well understood.In this study,the deformation mechanisms and differential work hardening behavior of rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets under biaxial loading are investigated.The change of plastic work contours with increasing plastic strain indicates the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state,resulting in higher macroscopic work hardening rates of biaxial loading than uniaxial loading,with the elastic-plastic transition part of work hardening extended and stage Ⅲ hardly emerged.Electron backscatter diffraction and Schmid factor analysis confirm the low activation of non-basalslip during biaxial loading tests.While the thickness strain is primarily accommodated by pyramidal<c+a>slip at the initial stage of biaxial deformation,{10–11}contraction twinning is activated at larger plastic strain.The low activation of non-basalslip also retards the dynamic recovery and cross-slip of basal and prismaticslips,leading to the differential work hardening behavior of AZ31 magnesium alloy under biaxial stress state.
文摘The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic performance of rectangular and circular reinforced concrete(RC)columns considering biaxial multiple excitations.For this purpose,an advanced nonlinear finite element model which can simulate various features of cyclic degradation in material and structural components is used.The implemented nonlinear fiber beam-column model accounts for inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement and can simulate multiple failure modes of RC columns under dynamic loading.Hypothetical rectangular and circular columns are used to investigate the failure modes of RC columns.A detailed ground motion selection is implemented to generate real mainshock and aftershocks.It was found that multiple excitations due to aftershock has the potential of increasing the damage of the RC columns and longitudinal reinforcements are significantly affected low-cycle fatigue.Also,it was found that rectangular column is more sensitive to accumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue.This study increases the accuracy of structural analysis of RC columns and consequently improves understanding the failure modes of RC columns with different cross-sectional shapes.
基金Financial support provided by "FCT - Fundao para a Ciência e Tecnologia,"Portugal,through the research project PTDC/ECM/102221/2008
文摘The performance of different nonlinear modelling strategies to simulate the response of RC columns subjected to axial load combined with cyclic biaxial horizontal loading is compared. The models studied are classified into two categories according to the nonlinearity distribution assumed in the elements： lumped-plasticity and distributed inelasticity. For this study, results of tests on 24 columns subjected to cyclic uniaxial and biaxial lateral displacements were numerically reproduced. The analyses show that the global envelope response is satisfactorily represented with the three modelling strategies, but significant differences were found in the strength degradation for higher drift demands and energy dissipation.
基金financial support received from the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-DQC016)。
文摘In this study,servo-controlled biaxial compression tests were conducted on marble specimens to investigate their failure characteristics and fracturing process.The complete stressestrain curves were obtained,and the three-dimensional(3D)features of the failure surfaces were acquired by 3D laser scanning.Acoustic emission(AE)monitoring and moment tensor(MT)analysis were used in combination to better understand the fracturing mechanism of marble under biaxial compression.It was noted that a type of 3D stepwise cracking behaviour occurred on the fracturing surfaces of the examined specimens.The stress dropped multiple times,and a repeated fracturing mode corresponding to the repeated stress drops in the post-peak regime was observed.Three substages,i.e.stress stabilisation,stress decrease and stress increase,were identified for a single fracturing mode.Then quantitative and statistical analyses of the fracturing process at each substage were discussed.Based on the testing results,it was found that at the stress stabilisation substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures increased.At the stress decrease substage,the proportion of mixed-mode fractures decreased,and the tensile or shear fractures increased.At the stress increase substage,the proportion of mixed-mode or tensile fractures decreased,and the shear fractures increased.Finally,a conceptual model for the stepwise crack formation was proposed.
文摘In this study, commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene （BOPP）, polyvinyl chlo- ride （PVC） and poly （methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） films were treated with nitrogen plasma over different exposure times in a Pyrex tube surrounded by a DC variable magnetic field. The chemi- cal changes that appeared on the surface of the samples were investigated using Fourier transform infrared （FT4R） spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR- FTIR） spectroscopy after treatment for 2 min, 4 min and 6 rain in a nitrogen plasma chamber. Effects of the plasma treatment on the surface topographies and contact angles of the untreated and plasma treated films were also analyzed by atomic force microscopy （AFM） and a contact angle measuring system. The results show that the plasma treated films become more hydrophilic with an enhanced wettability due to the formation of some new polar groups on the surface of the treated films. Moreover, at higher exposure times, the total surface energy in all treated films increased while a reduction in contact angle occurred. The behavior of surface roughness in each sample was completely different at higher exposure times.
文摘An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.
