With the progress of urbanization,rural tourism has emerged as a popular leisure activity in China.The crop field with pattern art has been gaining popularity over the years,using strains with colorful leaves to creat...With the progress of urbanization,rural tourism has emerged as a popular leisure activity in China.The crop field with pattern art has been gaining popularity over the years,using strains with colorful leaves to create various impressive designs(Xu 2024).A lot of successful cases in rice fields have not only attracted tourists but also increased the income of farmers(Song et al.2020).Plants with colorful leaves also have gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.Therefore,developing plants with colorful leaves has gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.展开更多
Betalains are natural coloring pigments with betalamic acid as the core structure of all subclasses.Besides their coloring properties,betalains exhibit various biological activities,including antioxidant and anti-infl...Betalains are natural coloring pigments with betalamic acid as the core structure of all subclasses.Besides their coloring properties,betalains exhibit various biological activities,including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,which are highly imperative.Further in-vivo studies reported that betalains protect various body organs,leading to health enhancement.Body organs,including the heart,liver,kidney,lung,etc.,are important for a healthy life.However,these organs can be affected or damaged by various stress factors,toxicants,and harmful substances.Recent studies have claimed that betalains could protect all vital organs of the body through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.This review article described the in-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of betalains in various cell-line or animal models.A comprehensive discussion has been provided on the mechanism of action of betalains in protecting various body organs,including cardio-protective effect,hepato-protective ability,renal protection capacity,repro-protective ability,neuro-protective effect,lung protection,and gut protection ability.Finally,future research directions and conclusions have been outlined.展开更多
Betalains are tyrosine-derived pigments that occur solely in one plant order, the Caryophyllales, where they largely replace the anthocyanins in a mutually exclusive manner. In this study, we conducted multi-species t...Betalains are tyrosine-derived pigments that occur solely in one plant order, the Caryophyllales, where they largely replace the anthocyanins in a mutually exclusive manner. In this study, we conducted multi-species transcriptome and metabolic profiling in Mirabilisjalapa and additional betalain-producing species to identify candidate genes possibly involved in betalain biosynthesis. Among the candidates identified, betalainrelated ytochrome P450 and glucosyltransferase-type genes, which catalyze tyrosine hydroxylation or （hydroxy）cinnamoyl-glucose formation, respectively, were further functionally characterized. We detected the expression of genes in the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways as well as their metabolite intermediates in betalain-accumulating M. jalapa flowers, and found that the anthocyanin-related gene ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE （MjANS） is highly expressed in the betalain-accumulating petals. However, it appears that MjANS contains a significant deletion in a region spanning the corresponding enzyme active site. These findings provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and a possible explanation for how anthocyanins have been lost in this plant species. Our study also implies a complex, non-uniform history for the loss of anthocyanin production across betalain producers, previously assumed to be strictly due to diminished expression of anthocyanin-related genes.展开更多
Betalains are tyrosine-derived red-violet and yellow pigments found exclusively in plants of the Caryophyllales order, which have drawn both scientific and economic interest. Nevertheless, research into betalain chemi...Betalains are tyrosine-derived red-violet and yellow pigments found exclusively in plants of the Caryophyllales order, which have drawn both scientific and economic interest. Nevertheless, research into betalain chemistry, biochemistry, and function has been limited as comparison with other major classes of plant pigments such as anthocyanins and carotenoids. The core biosynthetic pathway of this pigment class has only been fully elucidated in the past few years, opening up the possibility for betalain pigment engineering in plants and microbes. In this review, we discuss betalain metabolism in light of recent advances in the field, with a current survey of characterized genes and enzymes that take part in be- talain biosynthesis, catabolism, and transcriptional regulation, and an outlook of what is yet to be discovered. A broad view of currently used and potential new sources for betalains, including utilization of natural sources or metabolic engineering, is provided together with a summary of potential applications of beta- lains in research and commercial use.展开更多
Objectives:Myeloblastosis(MYB)proteins,recognized as crucial transcriptional regulators,play an integral role in orchestrating the range of plant colors.Materials and Methods:Pitaya(Hylocereus spp.),a distinctive comm...Objectives:Myeloblastosis(MYB)proteins,recognized as crucial transcriptional regulators,play an integral role in orchestrating the range of plant colors.Materials and Methods:Pitaya(Hylocereus spp.),a distinctive commercially cultivated fruit,stands apart due to its unique betalains,water-soluble nitrogen-enriched pigments that confer its vibrant hues.Although betalain biosynthesis has been extensively explored,the potential infuence of co-activators that might disrupt pigment production remains relatively unexplored.Results:In this study,we found that HuMYB9,an R2R3-MYB repressor,exhibited a remarkable decreasing during pitaya maturation.Sequence alignment analyses showed conserved R2 and R3 domains within the C-terminal of HuMYB9.HuMYB9’s regulatory activities were found to be nuclear localized and it interacted with specifc elements within the promoters of HuDODA1,HuADH1,and HuCYP76AD1-1,thus infuencing the transcriptional activities in vitro.HuMYB9 transiently downregulated the expression of key betalain biosynthetic genes with a corresponding effect on the levels of pitaya pulp betalains.Conclusions:Our results suggest that HuMYB9 operates as a suppressor,specifcally downregulating the expression of HuCYP76AD1-1,HuDODA1,and HuADH,thereby modulating betalain biosynthesis in pitaya.Collectively,our fndings provide invaluable insights into the regulation of betalain accumulation in pitaya.展开更多
Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are the next generation of green solvents that are considered for their stability and biocompatibility.This study used 10 different DESs synthesized from choline chloride,alcohols,organic a...Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are the next generation of green solvents that are considered for their stability and biocompatibility.This study used 10 different DESs synthesized from choline chloride,alcohols,organic acids and sugars.Red beet betalains were extracted using three conventional solvents and DESs.Characterization experiments of DESs suggested that the electrical conductivity,pH,viscosity,water activity,density and chemical structure were greatly affected by the composition of the hydrogen bond acceptors(HBA)and hydrogen bond donors(HBD).Betacyanin,betaxanthin and total betalain contents ranges were 23.68-702.17,21.49-467.77,and 45.17-1169.94 mg kg^(−1),respec-tively,with choline chloride(ChCl):glucose(Glu)(1:2)giving the highest values.ChCl:Glu was chosen for the optimization process considering the molar ratio(ChC=1:Glu=0.75-1.75),water content(15-35%)and temperature(30-60℃)factors for the central composite design.The optimum conditions were recorded as 1:0.75 molar,30.83%water content,and 30℃,respectively.Under optimum conditions,the yields of betalain,betacyanin and betaxanthin were found to be 1192.17±23.63,738.83±17.87,and 453.34±5.93 mg kg^(−1),respectively.Bioaccessibility analy-sis and stability tests were performed on the extracts obtained under optimum conditions.Stability tests revealed that the betalains of red beetroot are less stable in the light than in the dark.Bioaccessibility values for betacyanin,betaxanthin,and betalain were found to be 44.67±1.40,75.02±1.20,and 56.21±1.33%,respectively.Green extraction of betalains from red beetroot using DES,such as ChCl:Glu,is promising for a strong stabilization and high bioaccessibility of betalains.展开更多
垂序商陆(Phytolacca Americana L.)又称美洲商陆,浆果中含有商陆红色素(主要为甜菜红素)。商陆浆果经挤压破碎、室温密闭恒压处理45天后,提取的商陆红色素粗品达商陆浆果质量的8.96%,色价达22。商陆红色素粗品和脱皂苷商陆红色素制品...垂序商陆(Phytolacca Americana L.)又称美洲商陆,浆果中含有商陆红色素(主要为甜菜红素)。商陆浆果经挤压破碎、室温密闭恒压处理45天后,提取的商陆红色素粗品达商陆浆果质量的8.96%,色价达22。商陆红色素粗品和脱皂苷商陆红色素制品中商陆总皂苷的含量分别为0.46%和0.19%。展开更多
基金supported by the Guangdong Provincial Key Research and Development Program-Modern Seed Industry,China(2022B0202060004)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research,China(2022020801010291)+1 种基金the Project of the Development for High-quality Seed Industry of Hubei Province,China(HBZY2023B003)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2023-2060299-089-031)。
文摘With the progress of urbanization,rural tourism has emerged as a popular leisure activity in China.The crop field with pattern art has been gaining popularity over the years,using strains with colorful leaves to create various impressive designs(Xu 2024).A lot of successful cases in rice fields have not only attracted tourists but also increased the income of farmers(Song et al.2020).Plants with colorful leaves also have gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.Therefore,developing plants with colorful leaves has gained significant popularity in ornamental agriculture.
文摘Betalains are natural coloring pigments with betalamic acid as the core structure of all subclasses.Besides their coloring properties,betalains exhibit various biological activities,including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,which are highly imperative.Further in-vivo studies reported that betalains protect various body organs,leading to health enhancement.Body organs,including the heart,liver,kidney,lung,etc.,are important for a healthy life.However,these organs can be affected or damaged by various stress factors,toxicants,and harmful substances.Recent studies have claimed that betalains could protect all vital organs of the body through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.This review article described the in-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of betalains in various cell-line or animal models.A comprehensive discussion has been provided on the mechanism of action of betalains in protecting various body organs,including cardio-protective effect,hepato-protective ability,renal protection capacity,repro-protective ability,neuro-protective effect,lung protection,and gut protection ability.Finally,future research directions and conclusions have been outlined.
文摘Betalains are tyrosine-derived pigments that occur solely in one plant order, the Caryophyllales, where they largely replace the anthocyanins in a mutually exclusive manner. In this study, we conducted multi-species transcriptome and metabolic profiling in Mirabilisjalapa and additional betalain-producing species to identify candidate genes possibly involved in betalain biosynthesis. Among the candidates identified, betalainrelated ytochrome P450 and glucosyltransferase-type genes, which catalyze tyrosine hydroxylation or （hydroxy）cinnamoyl-glucose formation, respectively, were further functionally characterized. We detected the expression of genes in the flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways as well as their metabolite intermediates in betalain-accumulating M. jalapa flowers, and found that the anthocyanin-related gene ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE （MjANS） is highly expressed in the betalain-accumulating petals. However, it appears that MjANS contains a significant deletion in a region spanning the corresponding enzyme active site. These findings provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and a possible explanation for how anthocyanins have been lost in this plant species. Our study also implies a complex, non-uniform history for the loss of anthocyanin production across betalain producers, previously assumed to be strictly due to diminished expression of anthocyanin-related genes.
文摘Betalains are tyrosine-derived red-violet and yellow pigments found exclusively in plants of the Caryophyllales order, which have drawn both scientific and economic interest. Nevertheless, research into betalain chemistry, biochemistry, and function has been limited as comparison with other major classes of plant pigments such as anthocyanins and carotenoids. The core biosynthetic pathway of this pigment class has only been fully elucidated in the past few years, opening up the possibility for betalain pigment engineering in plants and microbes. In this review, we discuss betalain metabolism in light of recent advances in the field, with a current survey of characterized genes and enzymes that take part in be- talain biosynthesis, catabolism, and transcriptional regulation, and an outlook of what is yet to be discovered. A broad view of currently used and potential new sources for betalains, including utilization of natural sources or metabolic engineering, is provided together with a summary of potential applications of beta- lains in research and commercial use.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972367)the Science and Technology Program of Yangjiang(No.yangketong[2021]50)the Provincial Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Project of Guangdong in 2022(No.2022-NPY-00-034),China.
文摘Objectives:Myeloblastosis(MYB)proteins,recognized as crucial transcriptional regulators,play an integral role in orchestrating the range of plant colors.Materials and Methods:Pitaya(Hylocereus spp.),a distinctive commercially cultivated fruit,stands apart due to its unique betalains,water-soluble nitrogen-enriched pigments that confer its vibrant hues.Although betalain biosynthesis has been extensively explored,the potential infuence of co-activators that might disrupt pigment production remains relatively unexplored.Results:In this study,we found that HuMYB9,an R2R3-MYB repressor,exhibited a remarkable decreasing during pitaya maturation.Sequence alignment analyses showed conserved R2 and R3 domains within the C-terminal of HuMYB9.HuMYB9’s regulatory activities were found to be nuclear localized and it interacted with specifc elements within the promoters of HuDODA1,HuADH1,and HuCYP76AD1-1,thus infuencing the transcriptional activities in vitro.HuMYB9 transiently downregulated the expression of key betalain biosynthetic genes with a corresponding effect on the levels of pitaya pulp betalains.Conclusions:Our results suggest that HuMYB9 operates as a suppressor,specifcally downregulating the expression of HuCYP76AD1-1,HuDODA1,and HuADH,thereby modulating betalain biosynthesis in pitaya.Collectively,our fndings provide invaluable insights into the regulation of betalain accumulation in pitaya.
基金Ondokuz Mayıs University Scientific Research ProjectsOffice for providing financial support to this project. (Project Number: PYO.MUH.1904.22.019).
文摘Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are the next generation of green solvents that are considered for their stability and biocompatibility.This study used 10 different DESs synthesized from choline chloride,alcohols,organic acids and sugars.Red beet betalains were extracted using three conventional solvents and DESs.Characterization experiments of DESs suggested that the electrical conductivity,pH,viscosity,water activity,density and chemical structure were greatly affected by the composition of the hydrogen bond acceptors(HBA)and hydrogen bond donors(HBD).Betacyanin,betaxanthin and total betalain contents ranges were 23.68-702.17,21.49-467.77,and 45.17-1169.94 mg kg^(−1),respec-tively,with choline chloride(ChCl):glucose(Glu)(1:2)giving the highest values.ChCl:Glu was chosen for the optimization process considering the molar ratio(ChC=1:Glu=0.75-1.75),water content(15-35%)and temperature(30-60℃)factors for the central composite design.The optimum conditions were recorded as 1:0.75 molar,30.83%water content,and 30℃,respectively.Under optimum conditions,the yields of betalain,betacyanin and betaxanthin were found to be 1192.17±23.63,738.83±17.87,and 453.34±5.93 mg kg^(−1),respectively.Bioaccessibility analy-sis and stability tests were performed on the extracts obtained under optimum conditions.Stability tests revealed that the betalains of red beetroot are less stable in the light than in the dark.Bioaccessibility values for betacyanin,betaxanthin,and betalain were found to be 44.67±1.40,75.02±1.20,and 56.21±1.33%,respectively.Green extraction of betalains from red beetroot using DES,such as ChCl:Glu,is promising for a strong stabilization and high bioaccessibility of betalains.
文摘垂序商陆(Phytolacca Americana L.)又称美洲商陆,浆果中含有商陆红色素(主要为甜菜红素)。商陆浆果经挤压破碎、室温密闭恒压处理45天后,提取的商陆红色素粗品达商陆浆果质量的8.96%,色价达22。商陆红色素粗品和脱皂苷商陆红色素制品中商陆总皂苷的含量分别为0.46%和0.19%。
