Purpose: The present research was performed to evaluate the effect of food thickeners on the bitterness and dissolution of bitter drugs when co-administered to patients with dysphagia. Methods: Amlodipine besilate (AM...Purpose: The present research was performed to evaluate the effect of food thickeners on the bitterness and dissolution of bitter drugs when co-administered to patients with dysphagia. Methods: Amlodipine besilate (AMPB) powder was used as a model drug. Starch- and xanthan gum-based food thickeners were examined, with swallowing-aid jelly as a reference. The line-spread test (LST), texture prolife analysis (TPA) were done firstly. In related to AMPB powder mixed with food thickeners solution, a conventional dissolution test simulating the oral cavity was performed, the amlodipine (AMP) concentration and taste sensor output for dissolved medium versus time profiles were developed. The dissolution test at pH 1.2 and 4.5, representing typical gastric conditions for younger or elderly people, was performed in two kinds of thickener solution and swallowing-aid jelly those were mixed with AMPB powder. Results: LST demonstrated that xanthan gum-based food thickeners fulfilled the requirements for patients with dysphagia but that starch-based food thickeners did not. In TPA, hardness and adhesiveness decreased proportionally as the concentration increased for both kinds of food thickener. Conventional dissolution test simulating oral cavity demonstrated the following bitterness ranking: xanthan gum-based food thickener Conclusion: Although xanthan gum-based food thickeners were successful in masking the bitterness of AMP, they may reduce its bioavailability in humans. The 7.1 and 4.7 (w/v) % starch-based thickener show bitterness inhibition under simulated oral cavity conditions and complete dissolution of AMP under simulated gastric conditions.展开更多
Kush-Nāme,authored by Hakim Iranshan Ibn Abi al-Khair,offers information on Iran,its features,and even its neighbors,as other classical Persian literary works do.Although some of this historical information may need ...Kush-Nāme,authored by Hakim Iranshan Ibn Abi al-Khair,offers information on Iran,its features,and even its neighbors,as other classical Persian literary works do.Although some of this historical information may need to be more accurate due to the legendary nature of the work,it is important and worth studying.Aside from China,lands such as Makrān,Saqlab,Māchin,Besilā,and others are mentioned in Kush-Nāme.Besilāis the same as Korea based on the dynasty’s name,other details,and other references.The translation of Kush-Nāme into Korean has piqued the interest of many South Koreans.This study seeks to extract and,to some extent,examine Besilā’s many political,economic,geographical,and cultural representations in Kush-Nāme,not just to gain a better understanding of this country but this study serves as a foundation for future studies.According to the research,Besilāwas a remote and prosperous land with a monotheistic people and kingdom,a profitable and prosperous business,a huge army,and beautiful people who sheltered Abtin from the Chinese army and later married Abtin and Farārang,the daughter of BesilāKing and mother of Fereidun,and were somehow involved in Fereidun’s killing of Zahhāk.展开更多
文摘Purpose: The present research was performed to evaluate the effect of food thickeners on the bitterness and dissolution of bitter drugs when co-administered to patients with dysphagia. Methods: Amlodipine besilate (AMPB) powder was used as a model drug. Starch- and xanthan gum-based food thickeners were examined, with swallowing-aid jelly as a reference. The line-spread test (LST), texture prolife analysis (TPA) were done firstly. In related to AMPB powder mixed with food thickeners solution, a conventional dissolution test simulating the oral cavity was performed, the amlodipine (AMP) concentration and taste sensor output for dissolved medium versus time profiles were developed. The dissolution test at pH 1.2 and 4.5, representing typical gastric conditions for younger or elderly people, was performed in two kinds of thickener solution and swallowing-aid jelly those were mixed with AMPB powder. Results: LST demonstrated that xanthan gum-based food thickeners fulfilled the requirements for patients with dysphagia but that starch-based food thickeners did not. In TPA, hardness and adhesiveness decreased proportionally as the concentration increased for both kinds of food thickener. Conventional dissolution test simulating oral cavity demonstrated the following bitterness ranking: xanthan gum-based food thickener Conclusion: Although xanthan gum-based food thickeners were successful in masking the bitterness of AMP, they may reduce its bioavailability in humans. The 7.1 and 4.7 (w/v) % starch-based thickener show bitterness inhibition under simulated oral cavity conditions and complete dissolution of AMP under simulated gastric conditions.
文摘Kush-Nāme,authored by Hakim Iranshan Ibn Abi al-Khair,offers information on Iran,its features,and even its neighbors,as other classical Persian literary works do.Although some of this historical information may need to be more accurate due to the legendary nature of the work,it is important and worth studying.Aside from China,lands such as Makrān,Saqlab,Māchin,Besilā,and others are mentioned in Kush-Nāme.Besilāis the same as Korea based on the dynasty’s name,other details,and other references.The translation of Kush-Nāme into Korean has piqued the interest of many South Koreans.This study seeks to extract and,to some extent,examine Besilā’s many political,economic,geographical,and cultural representations in Kush-Nāme,not just to gain a better understanding of this country but this study serves as a foundation for future studies.According to the research,Besilāwas a remote and prosperous land with a monotheistic people and kingdom,a profitable and prosperous business,a huge army,and beautiful people who sheltered Abtin from the Chinese army and later married Abtin and Farārang,the daughter of BesilāKing and mother of Fereidun,and were somehow involved in Fereidun’s killing of Zahhāk.
